Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Duplex Scanning of the Carotid Arteries

  • Chapter
Noninvasive Cerebrovascular Diagnosis

Abstract

The past 30 years have seen a significant evolution in the application of noninvasive technology for the diagnosis of extracranial vascular disease with more widespread utilization of direct methods of diagnosis. Of these, duplex scanning has achieved major prominence. In this time, a technology that was initially highly experimental has achieved clinical maturity with validation of its application by many comparative studies. An appreciation of why this technology has enjoyed such acceptance is best obtained by understanding the evolution of the concept of using combined imaging and velocity detection techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kossoff G. Gray Scale Echography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Report No. 60. Sydney, Australia, Commonwealth Acoustic Laboratories, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Olinger CP. Ultrasonic carotid echoarteriography. Am J Roentgenol 1969;106:282–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hartley DJ, Strandness DE Jr. The effects of atherosclerosis on the transmission of ultrasound. J Surg Res 1969;9: 575–582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barber FE, Baker DW, Nation AWC, et al. Ultrasonic duplex echo-Doppler scanner. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1974;81:109–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Blackshear WM, Phillips DJ, Chikos RM, et al. Carotid artery velocity patterns in normal and stenotic vessels. Stroke 1980;11:67–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Reilly LM. Importance of carotid plaque morphology. In: Bernstein EF (ed). Vascular Diagnosis, 4th ed., pp. 333–340. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  7. AbuRahma AF, Kyer PR, Robinson P, et al. The correlation of ultrasonic carotid plaque morphology and carotid plaque hemorrhage: Clinical implications. Surgery 1998;124:721– 726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. AbuRahma AF, Thiele S, Wulu J. Prospective controlled study of the natural history of asymptomatic 60% to 69% carotid stenosis according to ultrasonic plaque morphology. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:437–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gronholdt M, Nordestgaard B, Schroeder T, et al. Ultrasonic echolucent carotid plaques predict future strokes. Circulation 2001;104:68–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Thiele BL, Hutchison KJ, Green RM, et al. Pulsed Doppler waveform patterns produced by smooth stenosis in the dog thoracic aorta. In: Taylor DEM (ed). Blood Flow Theory and Practice, pp. 85–104. New York: Academic Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zierler RE, Strandness DE Jr. Noninvasive dynamic and real-time assessment of extracranial cerebrovasculature. In: Wood JH (ed). Cerebral Blood Flow: Physiologic and Clinical Aspects, pp. 311–323. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bodily KC, Phillips DJ, Thiele BL, et al. Noninvasive detection of internal carotid artery occlusion. Angiology 1981;32: 517–521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. AbuRahma AF, Jarrett K, Hayes JD. Clinical implications of power Doppler three-dimensional ultrasonography. Vascular 2004;12:293–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. AbuRahma AF, Robinson, PA, Stickler, DL, et al. Proposed new duplex classification for threshold stenoses used in various symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy trials. Ann Vasc Surg 1998;12:349–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group. Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic atherosclerosis. Stroke 1989; 20:844–849.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Veteran’s Administration Cooperative Study. Role of carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 1986;17:534–539.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Faught WE, Mattos MA, van Bemmelen PS, et al. Colorflow duplex scanning of carotid arteries: New velocity criteria based on receiver operator characteristic analysis for threshold stenoses used in the symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid trials. J Vasc Surg 1994;19:818–828.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Neale ML, Chambers JL, Kelly AT, et al. Reappraisal of duplex criteria to assess significant carotid stenosis with special reference to reports from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial. J Vasc Surg 1994;20: 642–649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Chitwood RW, et al. Correlation of North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) angiographic definition of 70% to 99% internal carotid artery stenosis with duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 1993;17:152–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hood DB, Mattos MA, Mansour A, et al. Prospective evaluation of new duplex criteria to identify 70% internal carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 1996;23:254–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421–1428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Papanicolaou G, et al. Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis: Duplex criteria for discriminating 60% to 99% stenosis. J Vasc Surg 1995;21:989–994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT. Determination of sixty percent or greater carotid artery stenosis by duplex Doppler ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 1995;22:697–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Burnham CB, Liguish J Jr, Burnham SJ. Velocity criteria redefined for the 60% carotid stenosis. J Vasc Technol 1996;20(1):5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  26. AbuRahma AF, Pollack JA, Robinson, PA, et al. New duplex criteria for threshold stenoses used in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study (ACAS). Vasc Surg 1999;33:23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Marshall WG Jr, Kouchoukos NT, Murphy SF, et al. Carotid endarterectomy based on duplex scanning without preoperative arteriography. Circulation 1988;78(Suppl I):I-1–I-5.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Geuder JW, Lamparello PJ, Riles TS, et al. Is duplex scanning sufficient evaluation before carotid endarterectomy? J Vasc Surg 1989;9:193–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. AbuRahma AF, Richmond BK, Robinson PA, et al. Effect of contralateral severe stenosis or carotid occlusion on duplex criteria of ipsilateral stenoses: Comparative study of various duplex parameters. J Vasc Surg 1995;22:751–762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA, Boland JP, et al. Complications of arteriography in a recent series of 707 cases: Factors affecting outcome. Ann Vasc Surg 1993;7:122–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Haynes B, Thorpe K, Raylor W, et al. Poor performance of ultrasound in detecting high-grade carotid stenosis (Abstract). Can J Surg 1992;35:446.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Daigle RJ, Stavros AT, Lee RM. Overestimation of velocity and frequency values by multi-element linear array Dopplers. J Vasc Tech 1990;14:206–213.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Patel MR, Kuntz KM, Klufas RA, et al. Preoperative assessment of the carotid bifurcation: Can magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasonography replace contrast arteriography? Stroke 1995;26:1753–1758.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Huston J, Nichols DA, Luetmer PH, et al. MR angiographic and sonographic indications for endarterectomy. AJNR 1998;19:309–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Belsky M, Gaitini D, Goldsher D, et al. Color-coded duplex ultrasound compared to CT angiography for detection and quantification of carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Ultrasound 2000;12:49–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Anderson GB, Ashforth R, Steinke DE, et al. CT angiography for the detection and characterization of carotid artery bifurcation disease. Stroke 2000;31:2168–2174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Back MR, Wilson JS, Rushing G, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography is an accurate imaging adjunct to duplex ultrasound scan in patient selection for carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 2000;32:429–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Johnston DC, Goldstein LB. Clinical carotid endarterectomy decision-making. Neurology 2001;56:1009–1015.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nederkoorn PJ, Mali WP, Eikelboom BC, et al. Preoperative diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis: Accuracy of noninvasive testing. Stroke 2002;33:2003–2008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. MacKenzie KS, French-Sherry E, Burns K, et al. B-mode ultrasound measurement of carotid bifurcation stenoses: Is it reliable? Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;36:123–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Spadone DP, Barkmeier LD, Hodgson KJ, et al. Contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion: Pitfall of correct ipsilateral classification. A study performed with color flow imaging. J Vasc Surg 1990;11:642–649.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Forconi S, Johnston KW. Effect of contralateral internal carotid stenosis on the accuracy of continuous wave Doppler spectral analysis results. J Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 28:715–718.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hayes AC, Johnston KW, Baker WH, et al. The effect of contralateral disease on carotid Doppler frequency. Surgery 1988;103:19–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Beckett WW Jr, Davis PC, Hoffman JC Jr. Duplex Doppler sonography of the carotid artery: False positive results in an artery contralateral to an artery with marked stenosis. AJR 1990;155:1091–1095.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fujitani RM, Mills JL, Wang LM, et al. The effect of unilateral internal carotid arterial occlusion upon contralateral duplex study: Criteria for accurate interpretation. J Vasc Surg 1992;16:459–468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fisher M, Alexander K. Influence of contralateral obstructions on Doppler-frequency spectral analysis of ipsilateral stenoses of the carotid arteries. Stroke 1985;16:846–848.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Bluth EI, Stavros AT, Marich KW, et al. Carotid duplex sonography: A multicenter recommendation for standardized imaging and Doppler criteria. RadioGraphics 1988;8: 487–506.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lovelace TD, Moneta GL, Abou-Zamzam AM Jr, Edwards JM, Yeager RA, Landry GJ, Taylor LM Jr, Porter JM. Optimizing duplex follow-up in patients with an asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis of less than 60%. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:56–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lavensen GS. The carotid artery ultrasound reports: Considerations in evaluation and management. J Vasc Ultrasound 2004;28:15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Roederer GO, Langlois MD, Jager MD, et al. The natural history of carotid arterial disease in asymptomatic patients with cervical bruits. Stroke 1984;15:605–613.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Charleston, WV, USA

    Ali F. AbuRahma MD, FACS, FRCS, RVT, RPVI (Professor, Chief, Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, Medical Director, Vascular Laboratory, Co-Director, Vascular Center of Excellence)

  2. Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV, USA

    Ali F. AbuRahma MD, FACS, FRCS, RVT, RPVI (Professor, Chief, Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, Medical Director, Vascular Laboratory, Co-Director, Vascular Center of Excellence)

  3. Department of Surgery Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston Area Medical Center Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University, Charleston, WV, USA

    Kimberly S. Jarrett RVT (Technical Director, Vascular Laboratory)

Authors
  1. Ali F. AbuRahma MD, FACS, FRCS, RVT, RPVI
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kimberly S. Jarrett RVT
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Charleston, WV, USA

    Ali F. AbuRahma MD, FACS, FRCS, RVT, RPVI (Professor, Chief, Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, Medical Director, Vascular Laboratory, Co-Director, Vascular Center of Excellence) (Professor, Chief, Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, Medical Director, Vascular Laboratory, Co-Director, Vascular Center of Excellence)

  2. Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV, USA

    Ali F. AbuRahma MD, FACS, FRCS, RVT, RPVI (Professor, Chief, Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, Medical Director, Vascular Laboratory, Co-Director, Vascular Center of Excellence) (Professor, Chief, Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, Medical Director, Vascular Laboratory, Co-Director, Vascular Center of Excellence)

  3. UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

    John J. Bergan MD, FACS, Hon FRCS

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

AbuRahma, A.F., Jarrett, K.S. (2010). Duplex Scanning of the Carotid Arteries. In: AbuRahma, A.F., Bergan, J.J. (eds) Noninvasive Cerebrovascular Diagnosis. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-957-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-957-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-956-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-957-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation