Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological evidence have been accumulated in the last decades demonstrating a stringent correlation between nutrition lifestyle and chronic-inflammatory diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer. It is now agreed that the incidence of these diseases can be reduced by diet. The French paradox [1], or the Mediterranean diet [2], has provided a scientific explanation, namely that the antioxidants contained in red wine, vegetables, fruits, and olive oil have been found to have a beneficial effect on cellular oxidative stress. Thus food is now considered not only a resource to satisfy a caloric requirement but a way to acquire micronutrients with helpful consequences for our lifespan. Terms like “nutraceutical” and “functional food” have been coined to better describe the contribution of food to our health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Belleville J (2002) The French paradox: possible involvement of ethanol in the protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition 18(2):173–177
Hardin-Fanning F (2008) The effects of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk. Nurs Clin North Am 43(1):105–115
Ignarro LJ, Napoli C (2004) Novel features of nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 6(4):281–287
Napoli C, Palinski W (2005) Neurodegenerative diseases: insights into pathogenic mechanisms from atherosclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 26(3):293–302
Crimi E, Sica V, Williams-Ignarro S, Zhang H, Slutsky AS, Ignarro LJ et al (2006) The role of oxidative stress in adult critical care. Free Radic Biol Med 40(3):398–406
Schiffrin EL (2008) Oxidative stress, nitric oxide synthase, and superoxide dismutase: a matter of imbalance underlies endothelial dysfunction in the human coronary circulation. Hypertension 51(1):31–32
Crabtree MJ, Tatham AL, Al Wakeel Y, Warrick N, Hale AB, Cai S et al (2009) Quantitative regulation of intracellular endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling by both tetrahydrobiopterin-eNOS stoichiometry and biopterin redox status: insights from cells with tet-regulated GTP cyclohydrolase I expression. J Biol Chem 284(2):1136–1144
Takeda M, Yamashita T, Shinohara M, Sasaki N, Takaya T, Nakajima K et al (2009) Plasma tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrobiopterin ratio. Circ J 73(5):955–962
Carreras MC, Franco MC, Peralta JG, Poderoso JJ (2004) Nitric oxide, complex I, and the modulation of mitochondrial reactive species in biology and disease. Mol Aspects Med 25(1–2):125–139
Steinberg D (2005) Thematic review series: the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy: part II: the early evidence linking hypercholesterolemia to coronary disease in humans. J Lipid Res 46(2):179–190
Napoli C, Lerman LO, de Nigris F, Gossl M, Balestrieri ML, Lerman A (2006) Rethinking primary prevention of atherosclerosis-related diseases. Circulation 114(23):2517–2527
Napoli C, D’Armiento FP, Mancini FP, Postiglione A, Witztum JL, Palumbo G et al (1997) Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 100(11):2680–2690
Napoli C, Glass CK, Witztum JL, Deutsch R, D’Armiento FP, Palinski W (1999) Influence of maternal hypercholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) Study. Lancet 354(9186):1234–1241
Palinski W, Napoli C (2002) The fetal origins of atherosclerosis: maternal hypercholesterolemia, and cholesterol-lowering or antioxidant treatment during pregnancy influence in utero programming and postnatal susceptibility to atherogenesis. FASEB J 16(11):1348–1360
Armitage JA, Khan IY, Taylor PD, Nathanielsz PW, Poston L (2004) Developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome by maternal nutritional imbalance: how strong is the evidence from experimental models in mammals? J Physiol 561(Pt 2):355–377
Boullier A, Bird DA, Chang MK, Dennis EA, Friedman P, Gillotre-Taylor K et al (2001) Scavenger receptors, oxidized LDL, and atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 947:214–222
Versari D, Daghini E, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Sattler K, Galili O, Pilarczyk K et al (2006) Chronic antioxidant supplementation impairs coronary endothelial function and myocardial perfusion in normal pigs. Hypertension 47(3):475–481
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Anker SD, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC (2008) Nutritional and anti-inflammatory interventions in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 101(11A):89E–103E
Liguori A, D’Armiento FP, Palagiano A, Balestrieri ML, Williams-Ignarro S, de Nigris F et al (2007) Effect of gestational hypercholesterolaemia on omental vasoreactivity, placental enzyme activity and transplacental passage of normal and oxidised fatty acids. BJOG 114(12):1547–1556
Palinski W, Yamashita T, Freigang S, Napoli C (2007) Developmental programming: maternal hypercholesterolemia and immunity influence susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Nutr Rev 65(12 Pt 2):S182–S187
Yamashita T, Freigang S, Eberle C, Pattison J, Gupta S, Napoli C et al (2006) Maternal immunization programs postnatal immune responses and reduces atherosclerosis in offspring. Circ Res 99(7):e51–e64
Ahn MR, Kunimasa K, Kumazawa S, Nakayama T, Kaji K, Uto Y et al (2009) Correlation between antiangiogenic activity and antioxidant activity of various components from propolis. Mol Nutr Food Res 53(5):643–651
Toledo F, Arancibia-Avila P, Park YS, Jung ST, Kang SG, Heo BG et al (2008) Screening of the antioxidant and nutritional properties, phenolic contents and proteins of five durian cultivars. Int J Food Sci Nutr 59(5):415–427
McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smit HA, Burney P, Cassano PA, Britton J (2008) A multivariate analysis of serum nutrient levels and lung function. Respir Res 9:67
Haleem MA, Barton KL, Borges G, Crozier A, Anderson AS (2008) Increasing antioxidant intake from fruits and vegetables: practical strategies for the Scottish population. J Hum Nutr Diet 21(6):539–546
Rhone M, Basu A (2008) Phytochemicals and age-related eye diseases. Nutr Rev 66(8):465–472
Terao J, Kawai Y, Murota K (2008) Vegetable flavonoids and cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17(Suppl 1):291–293
Seeram NP, Aviram M, Zhang Y, Henning SM, Feng L, Dreher M et al (2008) Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 56(4):1415–1422
Leifert WR, Abeywardena MY (2008) Cardioprotective actions of grape polyphenols. Nutr Res 28(11):729–737
Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, Cohn JS, Harvey I, Le Cornu KA et al (2008) Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):38–50
de Nigris F, Lerman LO, Ignarro SW, Sica G, Lerman A, Palinski W et al (2003) Beneficial effects of antioxidants and L-arginine on oxidation-sensitive gene expression and endothelial NO synthase activity at sites of disturbed shear stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(3):1420–1425
Hayashi T, Juliet PA, Matsui-Hirai H, Miyazaki A, Fukatsu A, Funami J et al (2005) l-Citrulline and l-arginine supplementation retards the progression of high-cholesterol-diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(38):13681–13686
Napoli C, Williams-Ignarro S, de Nigris F, Lerman LO, Rossi L, Guarino C et al (2004) Long-term combined beneficial effects of physical training and metabolic treatment on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(23):8797–8802
Vergnani L, Hatrik S, Ricci F, Passaro A, Manzoli N, Zuliani G et al (2000) Effect of native and oxidized low-density lipoprotein on endothelial nitric oxide and superoxide production: key role of L-arginine availability. Circulation 101(11):1261–1266
Napoli C, Lerman LO (2002) de NF, Loscalzo J, Ignarro LJ. Glycoxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulates endothelial nitricoxide synthase in human coronary cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(8):1515–1522
Kohlmeier L, Kark JD, Gomez-Gracia E, Martin BC, Steck SE, Kardinaal AF et al (1997) Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 146(8):618–626
Agarwal S, Rao AV (2000) Carotenoids and chronic diseases. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 17(1–4):189–210
Brigelius-Flohe R (2009) Vitamin E the shrew waiting to be tamed. Free Radic Biol Med 46(5):543–554
Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G (2000) Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342(3):145–153
Lonn E, Yusuf S, Hoogwerf B, Pogue J, Yi Q, Zinman B et al (2002) Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in high-risk patients with diabetes: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Diabetes Care 25(11):1919–1927
MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in (2002) 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360(9326):23–33
Schulman SP, Becker LC, Kass DA, Champion HC, Terrin ML, Forman S et al (2006) L-arginine therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the Vascular Interaction With Age in Myocardial Infarction (VINTAGE MI) randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc 295(1):58–64
Erdman JW Jr, Ford NA, Lindshield BL (2009) Are the health attributes of lycopene related to its antioxidant function? Arch Biochem Biophys 483(2):229–235
Hu MY, Li YL, Jiang CH, Liu ZQ, Qu SL, Huang YM (2008) Comparison of lycopene and fluvastatin effects on atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet in rabbits. Nutrition 24(10):1030–1038
Arab L, Steck S (2000) Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6 Suppl):1691S–1695S
Rao AV, Agarwal S (2000) Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr 19(5):563–569
Dugas TR, Morel DW, Harrison EH (1998) Impact of LDL carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol content on LDL oxidation by endothelial cells in culture. J Lipid Res 39(5):999–1007
Dugas TR, Morel DW, Harrison EH (1999) Dietary supplementation with beta-carotene, but not with lycopene, inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 26(9–10):1238–1244
Street DA, Comstock GW, Salkeld RM, Schuep W, Klag MJ (1994) Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction. Are low levels of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction? Circulation 90(3):1154–1161
Kardinaal AF, Kok FJ, Ringstad J, Gomez-Aracena J, Mazaev VP, Kohlmeier L et al (1993) Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: the EURAMIC Study. Lancet 342(8884):1379–1384
Iribarren C, Folsom AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Belcher JD, Eckfeldt JH (1997) Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. A case-control study. The ARIC Study Investigators. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(6):1171–1177
Kristenson M, Zieden B, Kucinskiene Z, Elinder LS, Bergdahl B, Elwing B et al (1997) Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross sectional study of men aged 50. BMJ 314(7081):629–633
Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Hayn M, Schmidt H, Kapeller P, Roob G et al (1997) Risk factors for microangiopathy-related cerebral damage in the Austrian stroke prevention study. J Neurol Sci 152(1):15–21
Rao AV, Agarwal S (1998) Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer. Nutr Cancer 31(3):199–203
Mein JR, Lian F, Wang XD (2008) Biological activity of lycopene metabolites: implications for cancer prevention. Nutr Rev 66(12):667–683
Bugianesi R, Salucci M, Leonardi C, Ferracane R, Catasta G, Azzini E et al (2004) Effect of domestic cooking on human bioavailability of naringenin, chlorogenic acid, lycopene and beta-carotene in cherry tomatoes 5. Eur J Nutr 43(6):360–366
Failla ML, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Ishida BK (2008) In vitro micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of cis isomers of lycopene exceed those of all-trans lycopene. J Nutr 138(3):482–486
Johnston C (2009) Functional foods as modifiers of cardiovascular disease. Am J Lifestyle Med 3(1 Suppl):39S–43S
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L (2004) Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 79(5):727–747
Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B (2000) Free radicals and antioxidants in the year 2000. A historical look to the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 899:136–147
Scalbert A, Williamson G (2000) Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 130(8S Suppl):2073S–2085S
Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L (2005) Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 45(4):287–306
WHO/FAO (2003) Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva
Vita JA (2005) Polyphenols and cardiovascular disease: effects on endothelial and platelet function. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1 Suppl):292S–297S
Arts IC, Hollman PC (2005) Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1 Suppl):317S–325S
Lambert JD, Hong J, Yang GY, Liao J, Yang CS (2005) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by polyphenols: evidence from laboratory investigations. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1 Suppl):284S–291S
Basu A, Penugonda K (2009) Pomegranate juice: a heart-healthy fruit juice. Nutr Rev 67(1):49–56
Ben NC, Ayed N, Metche M (1996) Quantitative determination of the polyphenolic content of pomegranate peel. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 203(4):374–378
de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Lerman LO, Crimi E, Botti C, Mansueto G et al (2005) Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(13):4896–4901
Schubert SY, Lansky EP, Neeman I (1999) Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. J Ethnopharmacol 66(1):11–17
Napoli C, Ignarro LJ (2001) Nitric oxide and atherosclerosis. Nitric Oxide 5(2):88–97
Kaplan M, Hayek T, Raz A, Coleman R, Dornfeld L, Vaya J et al (2001) Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis. J Nutr 131(8):2082–2089
Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Gaitini D, Nitecki S et al (2002) Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Drugs Exp Clin Res 28(2–3):49–62
Aviram M, Dornfeld L (2001) Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 158(1):195–198
Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hoffman A, Dornfeld L et al (2004) Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr 23(3):423–433
de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Botti C, Sica V, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C (2006) Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide 15(3):259–263
Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Sumi D, de Nigris F, Napoli C (2006) Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances the biological actions of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 15(2):93–102
Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Aviram M (2006) Pomegranate byproduct administration to apolipoprotein e-deficient mice attenuates atherosclerosis development as a result of decreased macrophage oxidative stress and reduced cellular uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Agric Food Chem 54(5):1928–1935
Rosenblat M, Hayek T, Aviram M (2006) Anti-oxidative effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption by diabetic patients on serum and on macrophages. Atherosclerosis 187(2):363–371
Lou FQ, Zhang MF, Zhang XG, Liu JM, Yuan WL (1989) A study on tea-pigment in prevention of atherosclerosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 102(8):579–583
Babu PV, Liu D (2008) Green tea catechins and cardiovascular health: an update. Curr Med Chem 15(18):1840–1850
Brown AL, Lane J, Coverly J, Stocks J, Jackson S, Stephen A et al (2009) Effects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: randomized controlled trial. Br J Nutr 101(6):886–894
Lorenz M, Urban J, Engelhardt U, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V (2009) Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Res Cardiol 104(1):100–110
Duffy SJ, Keaney JF Jr, Holbrook M, Gokce N, Swerdloff PL, Frei B et al (2001) Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104(2):151–156
Chou EJ, Keevil JG, Aeschlimann S, Wiebe DA, Folts JD, Stein JH (2001) Effect of ingestion of purple grape juice on endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 88(5):553–555
King DE (2005) Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 49(6):594–600
Retelny VS, Neuendorf A, Roth JL (2008) Nutrition protocols for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Clin Pract 23(5):468–476
Theuwissen E, Mensink RP (2008) Water-soluble dietary fibers and cardiovascular disease. Physiol Behav 94(2):285–292
Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC (2000) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 343(1):16–22
Lairon D, Arnault N, Bertrais S, Planells R, Clero E, Hercberg S et al (2005) Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 82(6):1185–1194
Olendzki B, Speed C, Domino FJ (2006) Nutritional assessment and counseling for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Am Fam Physician 73(2):257–264
Ginter E (2008) Vegetarian diets, chronic diseases and longevity. Bratisl Lek Listy 109(10):463–466
Bhattacharya A, Sun D, Rahman M, Fernandes G (2007) Different ratios of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic omega-3 fatty acids in commercial fish oils differentially alter pro-inflammatory cytokines in peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 female mice. J Nutr Biochem 18(1):23–30
Ferrucci L, Cherubini A, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Corsi A, Lauretani F et al (2006) Relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(2):439–446
Yzebe D, Lievre M (2004) Fish oils in the care of coronary heart disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18(5):581–592
De CR, Massaro M (2005) Omega-3 fatty acids and the regulation of expression of endothelial pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory genes. J Membr Biol 206(2):103–116
Xiao YF, Sigg DC, Leaf A (2005) The antiarrhythmic effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: modulation of cardiac ion channels as a potential mechanism. J Membr Biol 206(2):141–154
Harper CR, Jacobson TA (2005) Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 96(11):1521–1529
Windler E, Zyriax BC, Kuipers F, Linseisen J, Boeing H (2009) Association of plasma phytosterol concentrations with incident coronary heart disease. Data from the CORA study, a case-control study of coronary artery disease in women. Atherosclerosis 203(1):284–290
Mannarino E, Pirro M, Cortese C, Lupattelli G, Siepi D, Mezzetti A et al (2009) Effects of a phytosterol-enriched dairy product on lipids, sterols and 8-isoprostane in hypercholesterolemic patients: a multicenter Italian study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(2):84–90
Saremi A, Arora R (2008) The cardiovascular implications of alcohol and red wine. Am J Ther 15(3):265–277
Ruf JC (2004) Alcohol, wine and platelet function. Biol Res 37(2):209–215
de LM, Salen P, Martin JL, Boucher F, Paillard F, de LJ (2002) Wine drinking and risks of cardiovascular complications after recent acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 106(12):1465–1469
Pagel PS, Kersten JR, Warltier DC (2004) Mechanisms of myocardial protection produced by chronic ethanol consumption. Pathophysiology 10(2):121–129
Abou-Agag LH, Khoo NK, Binsack R, White CR, Darley-Usmar V, Grenett HE et al (2005) Evidence of cardiovascular protection by moderate alcohol: role of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 39(4):540–548
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Giovane, A., Napoli, C. (2010). Protective Effects of Food on Cardiovascular Diseases. In: Sauer, H., Shah, A., Laurindo, F. (eds) Studies on Cardiovascular Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-600-9_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-600-9_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-599-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-600-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)