Abstract
As described elsewhere in this book, amyloids consist of fibrils composed of stacked proteins which have adopted a beta-pleated sheet conformation. The mechanism by which a protein, which has substantial alpha-helical character, refolds into a configuration with a primarily beta-pleated sheet structure is unclear and is the subject of much ongoing research. It is clear, however, that specific amino acid substitutions in a small number of circulating proteins can accelerate or facilitate this process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altland K, Benson MD, Costello CE, Ferlini A, Hazenberg BP, Hund E, et al. Genetic microheterogeneity of human transthyretin detected by IEF. Electrophoresis. 2007;28:2053–64.
Connors LH, Lim A, Prokaeva T, Roskens VA, Costello CE. Tabulation of human transthyretin (TTR) variants, 2003. Amyloid. 2003;10:160–84.
Maury CP, Baumann M. Isolation and characterization of cardiac amyloid in familial amyloid polyneuropathy type IV (Finnish): relation of the amyloid protein to variant gelsolin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1990;1096:84–6.
Lachmann HJ, Booth DR, Booth SE, Bybee A, Gilbertson JA, Gillmore JD, et al. Misdiagnosis of hereditary amyloidosis as AL (primary) amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1786–91.
Comenzo RL, Zhou P, Fleisher M, Clark B, Teruya-Feldstein J. Seeking confidence in the diagnosis of systemic AL (Ig light-chain) amyloidosis: patients can have both monoclonal gammopathies and hereditary amyloid proteins. Blood. 2006;107:3489–91.
Bergen HR, Zeldenrust SR, Butz ML, Snow DS, Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, et al. Identification of transthyretin variants by sequential proteomic and genomic analysis. Clin Chem. 2004;50:1544–52.
Bergethon PR, Sabin TD, Lewis D, Simms RW, Cohen AS, Skinner M. Improvement in the polyneuropathy associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy after liver transplantation. Neurology. 1996;47:944–51.
Kishikawa M, Nakanishi T, Miyazaki A, Shimizu A, Nakazato M, Kangawa K, et al. Simple detection of abnormal serum transthyretin from patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using material precipitated with specific antiserum. J Mass Spectrom. 1996;31:112–4.
Theberge R, Connors L, Skare J, Skinner M, Falk RH, Costello CE. A new amyloidogenic transthyretin variant (Val122Ala) found in a compound heterozygous patient. Amyloid. 1999;6:54–8.
Saraiva M. Transthyretin mutations in hyperthyroxinemia and amyloid diseases. Hum Mutat. 2001;17:493–503.
Benson MD, Liepnieks J, Uemichi T, Wheeler G, Correa R. Hereditary renal amyloidosis associated with a mutant fibrinogen alpha-chain. Nat Genet. 1993;3:252–5.
Cendron L, Trovato A, Seno F, Folli C, Alfieri B, Zanotti G, et al. Amyloidogenic potential of transthyretin variants: Insights from structural and computational analyses. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:25832–41.
Jacob E, Edwards W, Zucker M, D’Cruz C, Seshan S, Crow F, et al. Homozygous transthyretin mutation in an African American Male. J Mol Diagn. 2007;9:127–31.
Eriksson M, Schonland S, Yumlu S, Hegenbart U, von Hutten H, Gioeva Z, et al. Hereditary apolipoprotein AI-associated amyloidosis in surgical pathology specimens: Identification of three novel mutations in the APOA1 gene. J Mol Diagn. 2009;11:257–62.
Rowczenio D, Dogan A, Theis J, Vrana J, Lachmann H, Wechalekar A, et al. Amyloidogenicity and clinical phenotype associated with five novel mutations in apolipoprotein A-I. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:1978–87.
Benson MD. The hereditary amyloidoses. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:909–27.
Kitagawa K, Wang J, Mastushita T, Kogishi K, Hosokawa M, Fu X, et al. Polymorphisms of mouse apolipoprotein A-II: seven alleles found among 41 inbred strains of mice. Amyloid. 2003;10:207–14.
Lackner KJ, Law SW, Brewer Jr HB. The human apolipoprotein A-II gene: complete nucleic acid sequence and genomic organization. Nucl Acids Res. 1985;13:4597–608.
Alamut®. [Computer Software]. Version 2.5.2011. Rouen, France: Interactive Biosoftware; 2011. Available at http://www.interactive-biosoftware.com/alamut.html.
Lee WM, Galbraith RM. The extracellular actin-Âscavenger system and actin toxicity. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1335–41.
de la Chapelle A, Tolvanen R, Boysen G, Santavy J, Bleeker-Wagemakers L, Maury CP, et al. Gelsolin-derived familial amyloidosis caused by asparagine or tyrosine substitution for aspartic acid at residue 187. Nat Genet. 1992;2:157–60.
Meretoja J. Genetic aspects of familial amyloidosis with corneal lattice dystrophy and cranial neuropathy. Clin Genet. 1973;4:173–85.
Paunio T, Kangas H, Kalkkinen N, Haltia M, Palo J, Peltonen L. Toward understanding the pathogenic mechanisms in gelsolin-related amyloidosis: in vitro expression reveals an abnormal gelsolin fragment. Hum Mol Genet. 1994;3:2223–39.
Maury CP. Gelsolin-related amyloidosis: Identification of the amyloid protein in Finnish hereditary amyloidosis as a fragment of variant gelsolin. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:1195–9.
Hamidi Asl L, Liepnieks JJ, Uemichi T, Rebibou JM, Justrabo E, Droz D, et al. Renal amyloidosis with a frame shift mutation in fibrinogen Aalpha-chain gene producing a novel amyloid protein. Blood. 1997;90:4799–805.
Mourad G, Delabre JP, Garrigue V. Cardiac amyloidosis with the E526V mutation of the fibrinogen A alpha-chain. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2847–8.
Uemichi T, Liepnieks JJ, Yamada T, Gertz MA, Bang N, Benson MD. A frame shift mutation in the fibrinogen A alpha chain gene in a kindred with renal amyloidosis. Blood. 1996;87:4197–203.
Uemichi T, Liepnieks JJ, Benson MD. Hereditary renal amyloidosis with a novel variant fibrinogen. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:731–6.
GeneTests [Medical Genetics Information Resource (online database)]. Lysozyme; LYZ. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, http://www.genetests.org. Accessed 10 Mar 2011.
Granel B, Serratrice J, Disdier P, Weiller PJ, Valleix S, Grateau G, et al. Underdiagnosed amyloidosis: amyloidosis of lysozyme variant. Am J Med. 2005;118:321–2.
Granel B, Serratrice J, Valleix S, Grateau G, Droz D, Lafon J, et al. A family with gastrointestinal amyloidosis associated with variant lysozyme. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1346–9.
Yazaki M, Liepnieks JJ, Barats MS, Cohen AH, Benson MD. Hereditary systemic amyloidosis associated with a new apolipoprotein AII stop codon mutation Stop78Arg. Kidney Int. 2003;64:11–6.
Benson MD. LECT2 amyloidosis. Kidney Int. 2010;77:757–9.
Benson MD, James S, Scott K, Liepnieks JJ, Kluve-Beckerman B. Leukocyte chemotactic factor 2: a novel renal amyloid protein. Kidney Int. 2008;74:218–22.
Murphy CL, Wang S, Kestler D, Larsen C, Benson D, Weiss DT, et al. Leukocyte chemotactic factor 2 (LECT2)-associated renal amyloidosis: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:1100–7.
Yamagoe S, Kameoka Y, Hashimoto K, Mizuno S, Suzuki K. Molecular cloning, structural characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the human LECT2 gene. Genomics. 1998;48:324–9.
Larsen CP, Walker PD, Weiss DT, Solomon A. Prevalence and morphology of leukocyte chemotactic factor 2-associated amyloid in renal biopsies. Kidney Int. 2010;77:816–9.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Steven R. Zeldenrust, MD, PhD, Consultant, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN for his editorial help and clinical support; Jason Theis and Karen Schowalter for their assistance in the mass spectrometry and molecular genetics laboratories, respectively, at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Tad Holtegaard and Cindy McFarlin for their technical support; and Debbie Johnson for her administrative support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Businees Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shiller, S.M., Dogan, A., Raymond, K.M., Highsmith, W.E. (2012). Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Hereditary Amyloidoses. In: Picken MD, PhD, FASN, M., Dogan, M.D., Ph.D., A., Herrera, M.D., G. (eds) Amyloid and Related Disorders. Current Clinical Pathology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-389-3_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-389-3_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-388-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-389-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)