Skip to main content
  • 237 Accesses

Abstract

In 1938, Turner reported a syndrome of sexual infantilism, short stature, webbed neck, cubitus valgus, and primary amenorrhea in seven female patients. Later in 1954, it was observed that the ovaries were usually replaced by streaks of stroma without follicles; hence the name gonadal agenesis. Negative sex chromatin was discovered in 1954; only one X chromosome was demonstrated cytogenetically in these patients in 1959.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Genetics. Health supervision for children with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics 96:1166–1173, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bercu BB, Kramer SS, Bode HH: A useful radiologic sign for the diagnosis of Turner’s syndrome. Pediatrics 58:737–739, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Binder G, Schwarze CP, Ranke MB: Identification of short stature caused by SHOX defects and therapeutic effect of recombinant human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:245–249, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cervantes A, Guevara-Yáñez R, López M, et al.: PCR-PRINS-FISH analysis of structurally abnormal sex chromosomes in eight patients with Turner phenotype. Clin Genet 60:385–392, 2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen H, Espiritu C, Casquejo C, et al.: Internipple distance in normal children from birth to 14 years and in children with Turner’s, Noonan’s, Down’s, and other aneuploidies. Growth 38:421–436, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen H, Hoffman W, Chang CH, et al.: Lymphocytic thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, and Turner syndrome. Birth Defects XIV:137–147, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chen H, Faigenbaum D, Weiss H: Psychosocial aspects of patients with the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Am J Med Genet 8:191–203, 1981.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Collins AL, Cockwell AE, Jacobs PA, et al.: A comparison of the clinical and cytogenetic findings in nine patients with a ring(X) cell line and 16 45,X patients. J Med Genet 31:528–533, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, et al.: PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 6:1341–1347, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fernández R, Méndez J, Pásaro E: Turner syndrome: a study of chromosomal mosaicism. Hum Genet 98:29–35, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fernández-García R, Carcía-Doval S, Costoya S, et al.: Analysis of sex chromosome aneuploidy in 41 patients with Turner syndrome: a study of “hidden” mosaicism. Clin Genet 58:201–208, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fingby N, Archibald RM: Skeletal abnormalities associated with gonadal dysgenesis. Am J Radiol 9:354–361, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gicquel C, Cabrol S, Schneid H, et al.: Molecular diagnosis of Turner syndrome. J Med Genet 29:547–551, 1992.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gøtzsche CO, Krag-Olsen B, Nielsen J, et al.: Prevalence of cardiovascular malformations and association with karyotypes in Turner’s syndrome. Arch Dis Child 71:433–436, 1994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gravholt CH, Huul S, Naeraa RW, et al.: Morbidity in Turner syndrome. J Clin Epidemiol 51:147–158, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hall JG, Gilchrist DM: Turner syndrome and its variants. Pediatr Clin North Am 37:1421–1440, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hassold T, Benham F, Leppert M: Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of sexchromosome monosomy. Am J Hum Genet 42:534–541, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Held KR, Kerber S, Kaminsky E, et al.: Mosaicism in 45,X Turner syndrome: does survival in early pregnancy depend on the presence of two sex chromosomes? Hum Genet 88:288–294, 1992.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hook EB, Warburton D: The distribution of chromosomal genotypes associated with Turner’s syndrome: livebirth prevalence rates and evidence for diminished fetal mortality and severity in genotypes associated with structural X abnormalities or mosaicism. Hum Genet 64:24–27, 1983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hreinsson JG, Otala M, Fridstrom M, et al.: Follicles are found in the ovaries of adolescent girls with Turner’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3618–3623, 2002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hunter AG, DesLauriers GE, Gillieson MS, et al.: Prenatal diagnosis of Turner’s syndrome by ultrasonography. Can Med Assoc J 127:401, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jacobs P, Dalton P, James R, et al.: Turner syndrome: a cytogenetic and molecular study. Ann Hum Genet 61:471–483, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kleczkowska A, Dmoch E, Kubien E, et al.: Cytogenetic findings in a consecutive series of 478 patients with Turner syndrome. The Leuven experience 1965–1989. Genet Couns 1:227–233, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kosho T, Muroya K, Nagai T, et al.: Skeletal features and growth patterns in 14 patients with haploinsufficiency of SHOX: implications for the development of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4613–4621, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Larsen T, Gravhott CH, Tillebeck A, et al.: Parental origin of the X chromosome, X chromosome mosaicism and screening for “hidden” Y chromosome in 45,X Turner syndrome ascertained cytogenetically. Clin Genet 48:6–11, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lesczynki S, Kosowica J: Radiologic changes in the skeletal system in Turner’s syndrome-Review of 102 cases. Prog Radiol 1:510–517, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Matsuo M, Muroya K, Nanao K, et al.: Mother and daughter with 45,X/46,X,r(X) (p22.3q28) and mental retardation: analysis of the X-inactivation patterns. Am J Med Genet 91:267–272, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Migeon BR, Luo S, Jani M, et al.: The severe phenotype of females with tiny ring X chromosomes is associated with inability of these chromosomes to undergo X inactivation. Am J Hum Genet 55:497–504, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Migeon BR, Ausems M, Giltay J, et al.: Severe phenotypes associated with inactive ring X chromosomes. Am J Med Genet 93:52–57, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nietzel A, Rocchi M, Starke H, et al.: A new multicolor-FISH approach for the characterization of marker chromosomes: centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cenM-FISH). Hum Genet 108:199–204, 2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ogata T, Kosho T, Wakui K, et al.: Short stature homeobox-containing gene duplication on the der(X) chromosome in a female with 45,X/46,X, der(X), gonadal dysgenesis, and tall stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2927–2930, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ogata T, Matsuo N: Turner syndrome and female sex chromosome aberrations: deduction of the principal factors involved in the development of clinical features. Hum Genet 95:607–629, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ogata T, Muroya K, Matsuo N, et al.: Turner syndrome and Xp deletions: clinical and molecular studies in 47 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5498–5508, 2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Page DC: Y chromosome sequences in Turner’s syndrome and risk of gonadoblastoma or virilisation. Lancet 343:240, 1994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pavlidis K, McCauley E, Sybert VP: Psychosocial and sexual functioning in women with Turner syndrome. Clin Genet 47:85–89, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Pellestor F, Girardet A, Lefort G, et al.: Use of the primed in situ labeled (PRINS) technique for a rapid detection of chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21, X and Y. Hum Genet 95:12–17, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rao E, Weiss B, Fukami M, et al.: Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome. Nature Genet 16:54–63, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Robinson A: Demography and prevalence of Turner syndrome. In Rosenfeld RG, Grumbach MM (eds): Turner syndrome. New York: Marcell Dekker. 1990, pp 93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Robinson DO, Dalton P, Jacobs PA, et al.: A molecular and FISH analysis of structural abnormal Y chromosomes in patients with Turner syndrome. J Med Genet 36:279–284, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Saenger P, Wikland KA, Conway GS, et al.: Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocdrinol Metab 86:3061–3069, 2001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Schmid W, Naef E, Murset G, et al.: Cytogenetic findings in 89 cases of Turner’s syndrome with abnormal karyotypes. Humangenetik 24:93–104, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schwartz RP, Sumner TE: Madelung’s deformity as a presenting sign of Turner’s syndrome. J Pediatr 136:563, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Schwartz S, Depinet TW, Leana-Cox J, et al.: Sex chromosome markers: characterization using fluorescence in situ hybridization and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 71:1–7, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Subramaniam PN: Turner’s syndrome and cardiovascular anomalies: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Sci 297:260–262, 1989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sybert VP: Turner syndrome. In: Cassidy SB, Allanson JE (eds): Management of Genetic Syndromes. 1st ed. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2001:459–484.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Tsezou A, Hadjiathanasiou C, Gourgiotis D, et al.: Molecular genetics of Turner syndrome: correlation with clinical phenotype and response to growth hormone therapy. Clin Genet 56:441–446, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Turner HH: A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology 23:566–578, 1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Turner C, Dennis NR, Skuser DH, et al.: Seven ring(X) chromosomes lacking the XIST locus, six with an unexpectedly mild phenotype. Hum Genet 106:93–100, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Van Dyke DL, Wiktor A, palmer Clin Genet, et al.: Ulrich-Turner syndrome with a small ring X chromosome and presence of mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 43:996–1005, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wolff DJ, Brown CJ, Schwartz S, et al.: Small marker X chromosomes lack the inactivation center: implications for karyotype/phenotype correlations. Am J Hum Genet 55:87–95, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Zinn AR, Page DC, Fisher EMC: Turner syndrome: the case of the missing sex chromosome. Trends Genet 9:90–93, 1993.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2006). Turner Syndrome. In: Atlas of Genetic Diagnosis and Counseling. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-161-5_190

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-161-5_190

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-681-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-161-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics