Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
1. Yi X, Wang Y,Yu FS. Corneal epithelial tight junctions and their response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:4093–100.
2. Nemoto E, et al. Effects of poly-L-arginine on the permeation of hydrophilic compounds through surface ocular tissues. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29:155–60.
3. Agarwal S, et al. Functional characterization of peptide transporters in MDCKII-MDR1 cell line as a model for oral absorption studies. Int J Pharm 2007;332:147–52.
4. Chien DS, et al. Role of enzymatic lability in the corneal and conjunctival penetration of timolol ester prodrugs in the pigmented rabbit. Pharm Res 1991;8:728–33.
5. Gunda S, Hariharan S,Mitra AK. Corneal absorption and anterior chamber pharmacokinetics of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV): in vivo comparative evaluation of these prodrugs with Val-GCV and GCV in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006;22:465–76.
6. Watsky MA, Jablonski MM, Edelhauser HF. Comparison of conjunctival and corneal surface areas in rabbit and human. Curr Eye Res 1988;7:483–6.
7. Grass GM,Robinson JR. Mechanisms of corneal drug penetration. I: In vivo and in vitro kinetics. J Pharm Sci 1988;77:3–14.
8. Schoenwald RD, et al. Tear film stability of protein extracts from dry eye patients administered a sigma agonist. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1997;13:151–61.
9. Pfister RR. The normal surface of conjunctiva epithelium. A scanning electron microscopic study. Invest Ophthalmol 1975;14:267–79.
10. Saha P, Yang JJ, Lee VH. Existence of a p-glycoprotein drug efflux pump in cultured rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:1221–6.
11. Bellamy WT. P-glycoproteins and multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 36:161–83.
12. Yang JJ, Kim KJ, Lee VH. Role of P-glycoprotein in restricting propranolol transport in cultured rabbit conjunctival epithelial cell layers. Pharm Res 2000;17:533–8.
13. Cunha-Vaz JG. The blood-retinal barriers. Doc Ophthalmol 1976;41:287–327.
14. Cunha-Vaz J. The blood-ocular barriers. Surv Ophthalmol 1979;23:279–96.
15. Smith RS, Rudt LA. Ocular vascular and epithelial barriers to microperoxidase. Invest Ophthalmol 1975;14:556–60.
16. Peyman GA, Bok D. Peroxidase diffusion in the normal and laser-coagulated primate retina. Invest Ophthalmol 1972;11:35–45.
17. Lightman S, et al. Assessment of the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1987;10:390–5.
18. Green K,Pederson JE. Effect of 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol on aqueous dynamics and ciliary body permeability in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 1973;15:499–507.
19. Hariharan S, et al. Identification and functional expression of a carrier-mediated riboflavin transport system on rabbit corneal epithelium. Curr Eye Res 2006;31:811–24.
20. Bleeker GM and Maas EH. Penetration of penethamate, a penicillin ester, into the tissues of the eye. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1958;60:1013–20.
21. Davson H, et al. The penetration of some electrolytes and non-electrolytes into the aqueous humour and vitreous body of the cat. J Physiol 1949;108:203–17.
22. Jain R, et al. Evasion of P-gp mediated cellular efflux and permeability enhancement of HIV-protease inhibitor saquinavir by prodrug modification. Int J Pharm 2005;303:8–19.
23. Kinsey VE. Ion movement in the eye. Circulation 1960;21:968–87.
24. Luo S, et al. Functional characterization of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter in MDCK-MDR1 cells and its utilization as a target for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2006;3:329–39.
25. Buse P, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced functional polarity of growth factor responsiveness regulates tight junction dynamics in transformed mammary epithelial tumor cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:28223–7.
26. Gardner TW. Histamine, ZO-1 and increased blood-retinal barrier permeability in diabetic retinopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1995;93:583–621.
27. Rubin LL, et al. A cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Biol 1991;115:1725–35.
28. Stevenson BR, et al. Tight junction structure and ZO-1 content are identical in two strains of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells which differ in transepithelial resistance. J Cell Biol 1988;107:2401–8.
29. Ban Y and Rizzolo LJ. A culture model of development reveals multiple properties of RPE tight junctions. Mol Vis 1997;3:18.
30. Vargas F and Johnson JA. Permeability of rabbit heart capillaries to nonelectrolytes. Am J Physiol 1967;213:87–93.
31. Blazynski C. The accumulation of [3H]phenylisopropyl adenosine ([3H]PIA) and [3H]adenosine into rabbit retinal neurons is inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBI). Neurosci Lett 1991;121:1–4.
32. Bok D, Ong DE, Chytil F. Immunocytochemical localization of cellular retinol binding protein in the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:877–83.
33. Chancy CD, et al. Expression and differential polarization of the reduced-folate transporter-1 and the folate receptor alpha in mammalian retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem 2000;275:20676–84.
34. Mantych GJ, Hageman GS, Devaskar SU. Characterization of glucose transporter isoforms in the adult and developing human eye. Endocrinology 1993;133:600–7.
35. Mitscherlich A. [Mass-psychology and analysis of the ego–one life-time later]. Psyche (Stuttg) 1977;31:516–39.
36. Philp NJ, Yoon H, Grollman EF. Monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is located in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basal membrane of rat RPE. Am J Physiol 1998;274:R1824–8.
37. Tornquist P and Alm A. Carrier-mediated transport of amino acids through the blood-retinal and the blood-brain barriers. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986;224:21–5.
38. Yoon H, et al. Identification of a unique monocarboxylate transporter (MCT3) in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;234:90–4.
39. Zhang W, Prausnitz MR, Edwards A. Model of transient drug diffusion across cornea. J Control Release 2004;99:241–58.
40. Hughes PM and Mitra AK. Effect of acylation on the ocular disposition of acyclovir. II: Corneal permeability and anti-HSV 1 activity of 2′-esters in rabbit epithelial keratitis. J Ocul Pharmacol 1993;9:299–309.
41. Tirucherai GS, Dias C, Mitra AK. Corneal permeation of ganciclovir: mechanism of ganciclovir permeation enhancement by acyl ester prodrug design. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002;18:535–48.
42. Janoria KG, et al. Biotin uptake by rabbit corneal epithelial cells: role of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Curr Eye Res 2006;31:797–809.
43. Sasaki H, et al. Ocular membrane permeability of hydrophilic drugs for ocular peptide delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:135–9.
44. Mitra AK, Mikkelson TJ. Mechanism of transcorneal permeation of pilocarpine. J Pharm Sci 1988;77:771–5.
45. Prausnitz MR and Noonan JS. Permeability of cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva: a literature analysis for drug delivery to the eye. J Pharm Sci 1998;87:1479–88.
46. Pitkanen L, et al. Permeability of retinal pigment epithelium: effects of permeant molecular weight and lipophilicity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:641–6.
47. Holash JA and Stewart PA. The relationship of astrocyte-like cells to the vessels that contribute to the blood-ocular barriers. Brain Res 1993;629:218–24.
48. Schlingemann RO, et al. Ciliary muscle capillaries have blood-tissue barrier characteristics. Exp Eye Res 1998;66:747–54.
49. Duvvuri S, Gandhi MD, Mitra AK. Effect of P-glycoprotein on the ocular disposition of a model substrate, quinidine. Curr Eye Res 2003;27:345–53.
50. Dey S, et al. Molecular evidence and functional expression of P-glycoprotein (MDR1) in human and rabbit cornea and corneal epithelial cell lines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:2909–18.
51. Dey S, Gunda S, Mitra AK. Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in rabbit corneas after single-dose infusion: role of P-glycoprotein as a barrier to in vivo ocular drug absorption. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;311:246–55.
52. Aukunuru JV, et al. Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in human retinal pigment epithelial cells and its interaction with BAPSG, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor. Pharm Res 2001;18:565–72.
53. Schoenwald R.D. Ocular pharmacokinetics/pharmacokinetics. In: AK Mitra, editor. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. p. 83–110.
54. Worakul N and Robinson JR. Ocular pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1997;44:71.
55. Lee VH. Mechanism and facilitation of corneal drug penetration. J Control Rel 1990;11:79.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH grants R01EY09171-12 and R01EY10659-11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gunda, S., Hariharan, S., Mandava, N., Mitra, A.K. (2008). Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery. In: Tombran-Tink, J., Barnstable, C.J. (eds) Ocular Transporters In Ophthalmic Diseases And Drug Delivery. Ophthalmology Research. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-375-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-375-2_21
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-958-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-375-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)