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Timing of Cortical Contusions in Human Brain Injury

Morphological Parameters for a Forensic Wound-Age Estimation

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Forensic Pathology Reviews

Part of the book series: Forensic Pathology Reviews ((FPR,volume 1))

Summary

Information on the course of destructive and reactive morphological changes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the basis used in forensic wound-age estimation. Several studies have already examined the temporal course of the wound-healing process in the central nervous system (CNS) by use of conventional histological and by enzyme histochemical or immunohistological techniques. The earliest appearance of a parameter is of particular interest as it determines the minimum age of a lesion showing a positive reaction for it. If morphological changes occur regularly during a particular postinfliction interval, the absence of this parameter in an unknown lesion indicates a wound age of less or more than the corresponding time interval established in published series. Cortical contusions are characterized by early morphological changes such as hemorrhages or microscopically visible signs of neuronal degeneration, followed by the phase of local cellular reactions. Immunohistochemical studies on the time-dependent course of the inflammatory response revealed evidence of neutrophil accumulations (CD15) at the lesion site as early as 10 minutes after the injury, whereas different leukocyte subtypes (LCA, UCHL-1, CD3) could be detected first about 1–4 days after the injury. Clearing processes are induced by phagocytic mononuclear cells (macrophages, microglia cells) as early as a few hours but peak during the first week after the trauma. The phase of reactive gliosis is characterized by hypertrophy and proliferation of astroglial cells accompanied by neovascularization and deposition of a dense fibrous glial scar at the lesion site. In addition to the findings of several histological studies using conventional stainings, the demonstration of time-related changes in the astroglial immunoreactivity can provide further information on the age of a cortical contusion. It could be demonstrated that a significantly increased number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes adjacent to the damaged area indicates a wound age of at least 1 day. Injury-induced glial staining reactions could be observed, at the earliest, after a postinfliction interval of 22 hours for vimentin, 3 hours for αl-antichymotrypsin, and 7 days for tenascin. Regarding the vascular response to brain injury, a significantly increased immunoreactivity could be detected in human cortical contusions after a postinfliction interval of at least 3 hours for factor VIII, after 1.6 days for tenascin, and after 6.8 days for thrombomodulin.

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  1. Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Michael Tsokos MD

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Hausmann, R. (2004). Timing of Cortical Contusions in Human Brain Injury. In: Tsokos, M. (eds) Forensic Pathology Reviews. Forensic Pathology Reviews, vol 1. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-786-4_3

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