Abstract
Before proceeding to review and discuss “hard” observations on NPY in relation to behavior and psychiatric disorders, allow for some introductory remarks of a more theoretical nature. Basic scientists sometimes have difficulties fully comprehending the degree of controversy evoked in clinical settings by the reduction of mental processes to biological phenomena. A modem school of philosophy of science (see, e.g., 1) claims such different frameworks as, e.g., those of neurobiology and psychoanalytic psychology to be theoretically impossible to reconcile or “incommensurable.” I beg to differ. The postulated incommensurability is destructive, artificial, and unnecessary. Release and action of neurotransmitters, or the flow of primitive id impulses and the activation of specific ego defenses, can all be seen as different ways of modeling inherently monistic processes of the human mind. These different models may be useful at different levels of description or within different domains, and they may or may not be possible to map onto each other. Much can be won when they are integrated. Finding and applying isomorphisms between psychological and biological models is likely to enrich both. Animal models of anxiety, used in the work described below and widely used by other investigators, are based on a conflict model of anxiety that, nomenclature aside, is virtually identical to that used by psychoanalytic psychology (see,e.g., 2). Integration, it turns out, can be productive.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Phoenix.
Freud, S ( 1957; original 1905) Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. Vol. 8 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Hogarth, London.
Christie, M., Machida, C. A., Neve, K A., and Civelli, O. (1988) Cloning and expression of a rat D2 dopamine receptor cDNA. Nature 336 (6201), 783–787.
Zhou, Q. Y., Grandy, D. K., Thambi, L., Kushner, J. A., Van Tol, H. H., Cone, R, Pribnow, D., Salon, J., Bunzow, J. R., and Civelli, O. (1990) Cloning and expression of human and rat D1 dopamine receptors. Nature 347 (6288), 76–80.
Sokoloff, P., Giros, B., Martres, M. P., Bouthenet, M. L., and Schwartz, J. C. (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347, 146–151.
Hughes, J., Boden, P., Costall, B., Domeney, A., Kelly, E., Horwell, D. C., Hunter, J. C., Pinnock, R D., and Woodruff, G. N. (1990) Development of a class of selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonists having potent anxiolytic activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (17), 6728–6732.
Adrian, T. E., Allen, J. M., Bloom, S. R, Ghatei, M. A., Rossor, M. N., Roberts, G. W., Crow, T. J., Tatemoto, K, and Polak, J. M. (1983) Neuropeptide Y distribution in human brain. Nature 306, 584–586.
Yui, R, Iwanaga, T., Kuramoto, H., and Fujita, T. (1985) Neuropeptide immunocytochemistry in protostomian invertebrates, with special reference to insects and molluscs. Peptides 6 Suppl. 3, 411–415.
Andrews, P. C., Hawke, D., Shively, J. E., and Dixon, J. E. (1985) A nonamidated peptide homologous to porcine peptide YY and neuropeptide W. Endocrinology 116, 2677–2681.
Noe, B. D., McDonald, J. K., Greiner, F., Wood, J. G., and Andrews, P. C. (1986) Anglerfish islets contain NPY immunoreactive nerves and produce the NPY analog aPY. Peptides 7, 147–154.
Conlon, J. M., Schmidt, W. E., Gallwitz, B., Falkmer, S., and Thim, L. (1986) Characterization of an amidated form of pancreatic polypeptide from the daddy sculpin (Cottus scorpius). Regul. Peptides 16, 261–268.
Kimmel, J. R, Plisetskaya, E. M., Pollock, H. G., Hamilton, J. W., Rouse, J. B., Ebner, K. E., and Rawitch, A. B. (1986) Structure of a peptide from coho salmon endocrine pancreas with homology to neuropeptide Y. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141, 1084–1091.
Moore, R. Y. and Card, J. P. (1985) Visual pathways and the entrainment of circadian rhythms. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 453, 123–133.
Albers, H. E., Ferris, C. F., Leeman, S. E., and Goldman, B. D. (1984) Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when micro-injected into the suprachiasmatic region. Science 223, 833–835.
Albers, H. E. and Ferris, C. F. (1984) Neuropeptide Y: role in light-dark cycle entrainment of hamster circadian rhythms. Neurosci. Lett. 50, 163–168.
Lehman, M. N., Silver, R, Gladstone, W. R., Kahn, R. M., Gibson, M., and Bittman, E. L. (1987) Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain. J. Neurosci. 7, 1626–1638.
Mason, R, Harrington, M. E., and Rusak, B. (1987) Electrophysiological responses of hamster suprachiasmatic neurones to neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamic slice preparation. Neurosci. Lett. 80, 173–179.
Wahlestedt, C., Skagerberg, G., Ekman, R, Heilig, M., Sundler, F., and Hâkanson, R (1987) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in the rat. Brain Res. 417, 33–38.
Härfstrand, A., Eneroth, P., Agnati, L., and Fuxe, K. (1987) Further studies on the effects of central administration of neuropeptide Y on neuroendocrine function in the male rat. Regul. Peptides 17, 167–179.
Liposits, Z., Sievers, L., and Paull, W. K (1988) Neuropeptide-Y and ACTHimmunoreactive innervation of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat. An immunocytochemical analysis at the light and electron microscopic levels. Histochemistry 88, 227–234.
Haas, D. A. and George, S. R (1987) Neuropeptide Y administration acutely increases hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity: lack of effect in other rat brain regions. Life Sci. 41, 2725–2731.
Tsagarakis, S., Rees, L. H., Besser, G. M., and Grossman, A. (1989) Neuropeptide-Y stimulates CRF-41 release from rat hypothalami in vitro. Brain Res. 502, 167–170.
Haas, D. A. and George, S. R. (1989) Neuropeptide Y-induced effects on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor content and release are dependent on noradrenergic/adrenergic neurotransmission. Brain Res. 498, 333–338.
Inoue, T., Inui, A., Okita, M., Sakatani, N., Oya, M., Morioka, H., Mizuno, N., Oimomi, M., and Baba, S. (1989) Effect of neuropeptide Y on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the pig. Life Sci. 44, 1043–1051.
Clark, J. T., Kalra, P. S., Crowley, W. R, and Kalra, S. P. (1984) Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology 115, 427–429.
Stanley, B. G. and Leibowitz, S. F. (1984) Neuropeptide Y: stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci. 35, 2635–2642.
Levine, A. S. and Morley, J. E. (1984) Neuropeptide Y: a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats. Peptides 5, 1025–1029.
Parrott, R F., Heavens, R P., and Baldwin, B. A. (1986) Stimulation of feeding in the satiated pig by intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y. Physiol. Behay. 36, 523–525.
Morley, J. E., Hernandez, E. N., and Flood, J. F. (1987) Neuropeptide Y increases food intake in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 253, R516 - R522.
Stanley, B. G., Daniel, D. R., Chin, A. S., and Leibowitz, S. F. (1985) Paraventricular nucleus injections of peptide YY and neuropeptide Y preferentially enhance carbohydrate ingestion. Peptides 6, 1205–1211.
Morley, J. E. and Flood, J. F. (1989) The effect of neuropeptide Y on drinking in mice. Brain Res. 494, 129–137.
Stanley, B. G., Kyrkouli, S. E., Lampert, S., and Leibowitz, S. F. (1986) Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus: a powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity. Peptides 7, 1189–1192.
Sahu, A., Kalra, P. S., and Kalra, S. P. (1988) Food deprivation and ingestion induce reciprocal changes in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus. Peptides 9, 83–86.
Schildkraut, J. J. (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorder: A review of supporting evidence. Am. J. Psychiat. 122, 509–522.
Siever, L. J. and Davies, K. L. (1985) Overview: Towards a dysregulation hypothesis of depression. Am. J. Psychiat. 142, 1017–1031.
Holmberg, G. and Gershon, S. (1961) Autonomic and psychic effects of yohimbine hydrochloride. Psychopharmacology 2, 93–106.
Hoen-Saric, R., Merchant, A. F., Keyser, M. L., and Smith, V. K. (1981) Effects of clonidine on anxiety disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 39, 735–742.
Handley, S. L. and Mithani, S. (1984) Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of ‘fear’-motivated behaviour. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 327, 1–5.
Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., and Briley, M. (1985) Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 14, 149–167.
Söderpalm, B. and Engel, J. A. (1988) Biphasic effects of clonidine on conflict behaviour: involvement of different alpha-receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 30, 471–477.
Kahn, R. J., McNair, D. M., Lipman, R. S., Covi, L, Rickels, K., Downing, R, Fisher, S., and Frankenthaler, L M. (1986) Imipramine and chlordiazepoxide in depressive and anxiety disorders. H. Efficacy in anxious outpatients. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 43, 79–85.
Modigh, K. (1987) Antidepressant drugs in anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 76 (Suppl. 335), 51–71.
Lundberg, J. M., Terenius, L., Hökfelt, T., Martling, C. R, Tatemoto, K., Mutt, V., Polak, J., Bloom, S., and Goldstein, M. (1982) Neuropeptide Y (NPY)like immunoreactivity in peripheral noradrenergic neurons and effects of NPY on sympathetic function. Acta Physiol. Scand. 116, 477–480.
Everitt, B. J., Hökfelt, T., Terenius, L, Tatemoto, K, Mutt, V., and Goldstein, M. (1984) Differential co-existence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience 11, 443–462.
Hendry, S. H., Jones, E. G., DeFelipe, J., Schmechel, D., Brandon, C., and Emson, P. C. (1984) Neuropeptide-containing neurons of the cerebral cortex are also GABAergic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6526–6530.
Chronwall, B. M., Chase, T. N., and O’Donohue, T. L. (1984) Coexistence of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in rat and human cortical and rat hypothalamic neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 52, 213–217.
Kalra, S. P. and Crowley, W. R. (1984) Norepinephrine-like effects of neuropeptide Y on LH release in the rat. Life Sci. 35, 1173–1176.
Agnati, L F., Fuxe, K., Benfenati, F., Battistini, N., Härfstrand, A., Tatemoto, K., Hökfelt, T., and Mutt, V. (1983) Neuropeptide Y in vitro selectivity increases the number of alpha 2-adrenergic binding sites in membranes of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 118, 293–295.
Dawbarn, D., Hunt, S. P., and Emson, P. C. (1984) Neuropeptide Y: regional distribution chromatographic characterization and immunohistochemical demonstration in post-mortem human brain. Brain Res. 296, 168–173.
Khorram, O., Roselli, C. E., Ellinwood, W. E., and Spies, H. G. (1987) The measurement of neuropeptide Y in discrete hypothalamic and limbic regions of male rhesus macaques with a human NPY-directed antiserum. Peptides 8, 159–163.
Allen, Y. S., Adrian, T. E., Allen, J. M., Tatemoto, K., Crow, T. J., Bloom, S. R, and Polak, J. M. (1983) Neuropeptide Y distribution in the rat brain. Science 221, 877–879.
Chronwall, B. M., DiMaggio, D. A., Massari, V. J., Pickel, V. M., Ruggiero, D. A., and O’Donohue, T. L. (1985) The anatomy of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15, 1159–1181.
de Quidt, M. E. and Emson, P. C. (1986) Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system—II. Immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience 18, 545–618.
Heilig, M. and Murison, R (1987) Intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y protects against stress-induced gastric erosion in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 137, 127–129.
Heilig, M. and Murison, R (1987) Intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y suppresses open field and home cage activity in the rat. Regul. Peptides 19, 221–231.
Heilig, M., Wahlestedt, C., Ekman, R., and Widerlöv, E. (1988) Antidepressant drugs increase the concentration of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 147, 465–467.
Wahlestedt, C., Blendy, J. A., Kellar, K J., Heilig, M., Widerlöv, E., and Ekman, R. (1990) Electroconvulsive shocks increase the concentration of neocortical and hippocampal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the rat. Brain Res. 507, 65–68.
Widerlöv, E., Lindström, L. H., Wahlestedt, C., and Ekman, R (1988) Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY as possible cerebrospinal markers for major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. J. Psychiat. Res. 22 (1), 69–79.
Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Brit. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 6, 278–296.
Heilig, M., Söderpalm, B., Engel, J. A., and Widerlöv, E. (1989) Centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic-like effects in animal anxiety models. Psychopharmacology 98, 524–529.
Widerlöv, E., Heilig, M., Ekman, R., and Wahlestedt, C. (1988) Possible relationship between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and major depression evidence from human and animal studies. Nord Psykiat Tidsskr 42, 131–137.
Montgomery, K. C. (1958) The relation between fear induced by novel stimu- lation and exploratory behaviour. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 48, 254–260.
Pellow et al. (1984)
Vogel, J. R, Beer, B., and Clody, D. E. (1971) A simple and reliable conflict procedure for testing anti-anxiety agents. Psychopharmacology 21, 1–7.
Engel, J. A., Hjort, S., Svensson, K, Carlsson, A., and Liljequist, S. (1984) Anticonflict effect of the putative serotonine receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2(DI-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Eur. J. Pharmacol. 105, 365–368.
Heilig, M., Vecsei, L., Wahlestedt, C., Alling, C., and Widerlöv, E. (1990) Effects of centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY13_36 on the brain monoaminergic systems of the rat. J. Neural Trans. (Gen. Sect.) 79, 193–208.
Drew, G. M., Gower, A. J., and Marriott, A. S. (1979) Alpha-2-adrenoceptors mediate clonidine-induced sedation in the rat. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 67, 133–142.
Heilig, M., Wahlestedt, C., and Widerlöv, E. (1988) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) induced activity suppression in the rat: evidence for NPY receptor heterogeneity and for interaction with alpha-adrenergic receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 157, 205–213.
Heilig, M., Vecsei, L., and Widerlöv, E. (1989) Opposite effects of centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) on locomotor activity of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normal rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 137, 243–248.
Fuxe, K, Agnati, L. F., Härfstrand, A., Zini, I., Tatemoto, K., Pich, E. M., Hökfelt, T., Mutt, V., and Terenius, L. (1983) Central administration of neuropeptide Y induces hypotension, bradypnea and EEG synchronization in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 118, 189–192.
Keim, K. L. and Sigg, E. B. (1977) Plasma corticosterone and brain catecholamins in stress: Effects of psychotropic drugs. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 6, 79–85.
Humphreys, G. A., Veale, W. L., and Davison, J. S. (1987) Effect of intrahypothalamic microinjection of neuropeptide Y on gastric acid secretion in the rat. Proc. West Pharmacol. Soc. 30, 317–319.
File, S. E. and Peet, L. A. (1980) The Sensitivity of the Rat Corticosterone Response to Environmental Manipulations and to Chronic Chlordiazepoxide Treatment. Physiol. Behay. 25, 753–758.
Heilig M., McLeod S., Koob G. F., and Britton (1992) Anxiolytic-like action of neuropeptide Y, but not other peptides, in an operant conflict test. Regulatory Peptides 41, 61–69.
Theodorsson, E., Mathe, A. A., and Stenfors, C. (1990) Brain neuropeptides: tachykinins, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat brain: modifications by ECT and indomethacin. Prog. NeuroPsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiat. 14, 387–407.
Mathé, A. A., Jousisto-Hanson, J., Stenfors, C., and Theodorsson, E. (1990) Effect of lithium on tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neuropeptide Y in rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 26, 233–237.
Ekman, R, Widerlöv, E., Walléus, H., and Lindström, L. H. (1984) Elevated levels of NPY-like material in CSF in depression. ISPNE XVth International Congress in Vienna July 15–19, 73.
Berrettini, W. H., Doran, A. R, Kelsoe, J., Roy, A., and Pickar, D. (1987) Cerebrospinal Fluid Neuropeptide Y in Depression and Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1 (1), 81–83.
Jesberger, J. A. and Richardson, J. S. (1985) Animal models of depression: parallels and correlates to severe depression in humans. Biol. Psychiat. 20, 764–784.
Widerlöv, E., Heilig, M., Ekman, R., and Wahlestedt, C. (1989) Neuropeptide Y-possible involvement in depression and anxiety, in Nobel Conference on NPY ( Mutt, V., Fuxe, K, and Hökfelt, T., eds.), Raven, New York, pp. 331–342.
Kataoka, Y., Ushio, M., Koizumi, S., Niwa, M., and Veki, S. (1988) Changes in the concentration of brain neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity following olfactory bulbectomy and effects of antidepressants in rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 114, 11.
Kataoka, Y., Sakurai, Y., Mine, K., Yamashita, K., Fujiwara, M., Niwa, M., and Ueki, S. (1987) The involvement of neuropeptide Y in the antimuricide action of noradrenaline injected into the medial amygdala of olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 28, 101–103.
Markou, A. and Koob, G. F. (1991) Postcocaine Anhedonia. An Animal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 4 (1), 17–26.
Wahlestedt, C., Karoum, F., Jaskino, G., Wyatt, R J., Larhammar, D., Ekman, R., and Reis, D. J. (1991) Cocaine-induced reduction of brain neuropeptide Y synthesis dependent on medial prefrontal cortex. PNAS 88 (6), 2078–2082.
Flood, J. F., Baker, M. L., Hernandez, E. N., and Morley, J. E. (1989) Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y varies with brain injection site. Brain Res. 503, 73–82.
Redmond, D. E. and Huang, Y. H. (1979) New evidence for a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine connection with anxiety. Life Sci. 25, 2149–2162.
Svensson, T. H., Bunney, B. S., and Aghajanin, G. K. (1975) Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in the brain by the alpha adrenergic agonist clonidine. Brain Res. 92, 291–306.
Shibata, K., Kataoka, Y., Yamashita, K., and Ueki, S. (1986) An important role of the central amygdaloid nucleus and mammillary body in the mediation of conflict behavior in rats. Brain Res. 372 (1), 159–162.
Duncan, G. E., Breese, G. R., Criswell, H., Stumpf, W. E., Mueller, R A., and Covey, J. B. (1986) Effects of antidepressant drugs injected into the amygdala on behavioural responses of rats in the forced swim test. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238 (2), 758–762.
Kawashima, K, Araki, H., Uchiyama, Y., and Aihara, H. (1987) Amygdaloid catecholaminergic mechanisms involved in suppressive effects of electroconvulsive shock on duration of immmobility in rats forced to swim. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 141 (1), 1–6.
a. Heilig, M., McLeod, S., Brot, M., Koob, G. F., Britton, K T. (1992) Anxiolyticlike action of neuropeptide Y: Mediation by Yl-receptors in amygdala, and dissociation from food intake effects. In press, Neuropsychopharmacology.
Martire, M., Fuxe, K., Pistritto, G., Preziosi, P., and Agnati, L. F. (1986) Neuropeptide Y enhances the inhibitory effects of clonidine on 3H-noradrenaline release in synaptosomes isolated from the medulla oblongata of the male rat. J. Neural. Transm. 67, 113–124.
Martire, M., Fuxe, K., Pistritto, G., Preziosi, P., and Agnati, L. F. (1989) Neuropeptide Y increases the inhibitory effects of clonidine on potassium evoked 3H-noradrenaline but not 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine release from synaptosomes of the hypothalamus and the frontoparietal cortex of the male Sprague-Dawley rat. J. Neural. Transm. (Gen Sect) 78, 61–72.
Yokoo, H., Schlesinger, D. H., and Goldstein, M. (1987) The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on stimulation-evoked release of 3H-norepinephrine (NE) from rat hypothalamic and cerebral cortical slices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 143, 283–286.
Tsuda, K, Yokoo, H., and Goldstein, M. (1989) Neuropeptide Y and galanin in norepinephrine release in hypothalamic slices. Hypertension 14, 81–86.
Fuxe, K., Agnati, L. F., Härfstrand, A., Janson, A. M., Neumeyer, A., Andersson, K., Ruggeri, M., Zoli, M., and Goldstein, M. (1986) Morpho-functional studies on the neuropeptide Y/adrenaline costoring terminal systems in the dorsal cardiovascular region of the medulla oblongata. Focus on receptor-receptor interactions in cotransmission. Prog. Brain Res. 68, 303–320.
]lles, P. and Regenold J. T. (1990) Interaction between neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline on central catecholamine neurons. Nature 344, 62–63.
Agnati, L. F., Fuxe, K., Benfenati, F., Battistini, N., Härfstrand, A., Hökfelt, T., Cavicchioli, L., Tatemoto, K., and Mutt, V. (1983) Failure of neuropeptide Yin vitro to increase the number of alpha 2-adrenergic binding sites in membranes of medulla oblongata of the spontaneous hypertensive rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 119, 309–312.
Söderpalm, B. (1989) The SHR exhibits less ‘anxiety’ but increased sensitivity to the anticonflict effect of clonidine compared to normotensive controls. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 65, 381–386.
Wahlestedt, C., Yanaihara, N., and Hâkanson, R. (1986) Evidence for different pre-and post-junctional receptors for neuropeptide Y and related peptides. Regul. Peptides 13, 307–318.
Wahlestedt, C., Edvinson, L., Ekblad, E., and Hâkanson, R. (1988) Effects of neuropeptide Y at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions: Existence of Yl and Y2 receptors., in Neuronal Messengers in Vascular Function ( Nobin, A. and Owman, C., eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 231–244.
Sheikh, S. P., Hâkanson, R, and Schwartz, T. W. (1989) Yl and Y2 receptors for neuropeptide Y. FEBS Lett. 245, 209–214.
Michel, M. C., Schlicker, E., Fink, K, Boublik, J. H., Gothert, M., Willette, R N., Daly, R N., Hieble, J. P., Rivier, J. E., and Motulsky, H. J. (1990) Distinction of NPY receptors in vitro and in vivo. I. NPY-(18–36) Discriminates NPY receptor subtypes in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 259, E131 - E139.
Aakerlund, L, Gether, U., Fuhlendorff, J., Schwartz,T. W., and Thastrup, O. (1990) Yl receptors for neuropeptide Y are coupled to mobilization of intracellular calcium and inhibition of adenylate cyclase. FEBS Lett. 260, 73–78.
Kitamura, K., Kangawa, K, Tanaka, K., and Matsuo, H. (1990) Isolation of NPY-25 (neuropeptide Y[12–361), a potent inhibitor of calmodulin, from porcine brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 169, 1164–1171.
Heilig, M., McLeod, S., Brot, M., Koob, G. F., and Britton, K. T. (1992) Anxiolytic-like action of neuropeptide Y: Mediation by Yl-receptors in amygdala, and dissociation from food intake effects. Neuropsychopharmacology (in press).
Vallejo, M., Carter, D. A., Biswas, S., and Lightman, S. L. (1987) Neuropeptide Y alters monoamine turnover in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 73, 155–160.
Shimizu, H. and Bray, G. A. (1989) Effects of neuropeptide Y on norepinephrine and serotonin metabolism in rat hypothalamus in vivo. Brain Res. Bull. 22, 945–950.
Beal, M. F., Frank, R. C., Ellison, D. W., and Martin, J. B. (1986) The effect of neuropeptide Y on striatal catecholamines. Neurosci. Lett. 71, 118–123.
Iversen, S. D. (1977) Brain dopamine systems and behaviour, in Handbook of Psychopharmacology, vol. 8 ( Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., and Snyder, S. H., eds.), Plenum, New York, pp. 333–384.
Monti, J. M. (1982) Catecholamines and the sleep-wake cycle. I. EEG and behavioural arousal. Life Sci. 30, 1145–1157.
Carlsson, A. (1978) Mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs, in Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress ( Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., and Killam, K F., eds.), Raven, New York, pp. 1057–1070.
Koob, G. F. and Bloom, F. E. (1988) Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Dependence. Science 242, 715–723.
Josselyn, S. A. and Beninger, R. J. (1991) Intra-accumbens neuropeptide Y produces reward: A conditioned place-preference that is blocked by pretreatment with a dopamine antagonist. Soc. Neurosci. Abs. 420, 15.
Kerkerian, L., Bosler, O., Pelletier, G., and Nieoullon, A. (1986) Striatal neuropeptide Y neurones are under the influence of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway: immunohistochemical evidence. Neurosci. Lett. 66, 106–112.
Tatsuoka, Y., Riskind, P. N., Beal, M. F., and Martin, J. B. (1987) The effect of amphetamine on the in vivo release of dopamine, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y from rat caudate nucleus. Brain Res. 411, 200–203.
Li, S. and Pelletier, G. (1986) The role of dopamine in the control of neuropeptide Y neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 69, 74–77.
Pelletier, G. and Simard, J. (1991) Dopamine regulation of pre-proNPY mRNA levels in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 127 (1), 96–98.
Tessel, R E., DiMaggio, D. A., and O’Donohue, T. L. (1985) Amphetamine-induced changes in immunoreactive NPY in rat brain, pineal gland and plasma. Peptides 6, 1219–1224.
Salin, P., Kerkerian, L., and Nieoullon, A. (1990) Expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the rat nucleus accumbens is under the influence of the dopaminergic mesencephalic pathway. Exp. Brain Res. 81 (2), 363–371.
Flood, J. F., Hernandez, E. N., and Morley, J. E. (1987) Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res. 421, 280–290.
Flood, J. F. and Morley, J. E. (1989) Dissociation of the effects of neuropeptide Y on feeding and memory: evidence for pre-and postsynaptic mediation. Peptides 10, 963–966.
Citation withdrawn.
Colmers, W. F., Lukowiak, K, and Pittman, Q. J. (1985) Neuropeptide Y reduces orthodromically evoked population spike in rat hippocampal CAl by a possibly presynaptic mechanism. Brain Res. 346, 404–408.
Colmers, W. F., Lukowiak, K, and Pittman, Q. J. (1987) Presynaptic action of neuropeptide Yin area CAI of the rat hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 383, 285–299.
Colmers, W.F. and Pittman, Q. J. (1989) Presynaptic inhibition by neuropeptide Y and baclofen in hippocampus: sensitivity to pertussis toxin treatment. Brain Res. 498, 99–104.
Haas, H. L., Hermann, A., Greene, R W., and Chan-Palay,V. (1987) Action and location of neuropeptide tyrosine (Y) on hippocampal neurons of the rat in slice preparations. J. Comp. Neurol. 257, 208–215.
Brooks, P. A., Kelly, J. S., Allen, J. M., Smith, D. A., and Stone, T. W. (1987) Direct excitatory effects of neuropeptide Y on rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 408, 295–298.
Monnet, F. P., Debonnel, G., and de Montigny, C. (1990) Neuropeptide Y selectively potentiates N-methyl-o-aspartate-induced neuronal activation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 182, 207–208.
Dawbarn, D., Rossor, M. N., Mountjoy, C. Q., Roth, M., and Emson, P. C. (1986) Decreased somatostatin immunoreactivity but not neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurosci. Lett. 70, 154–159.
Dawbarn, D. and Emson, P. C. (1985) Neuropeptide Y like immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 126, 289–294.
Allen, J. M., Ferrier, I. N., Roberts, G. W., Cross, A. J., Adrian, T. E., Crow, T. J., and Bloom, S. R. (1984) Elevation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in substantia innominata in Alzheimer’s type dementia. J. Neural. Sci. 64, 325–331.
Lehericy, S., Hirsch, E. C., Cervera, P., Hersh, L. B., Hauw, J. J., Ruberg, M., and Agid, Y. (1989) Selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the ventral striatum of patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8580–8584.
Atack, J. R, Beal, M. F., May, C., Kaye, J. A., Mazurek, M. F., Kay, A. D., and Rapoport, S. I. (1988) Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. Concentrations in aging and in dementia of the Alzheimer type with and without extrapyramidal signs. Arch. Neurol. 45, 269–274.
Beal, M. F., Mazurek, M. F., Chattha, G. K., Svendsen, C. N., Bird, E. D., and Martin, J. B. (1986) Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity is reduced in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 20, 282–288.
Beal, M. F., Mazurek, M. F., and McKee, M. A. (1987) The regional distribution of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in control and Alzheimer’s disease striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 79, 201–206.
Chan-Palay, V., Lang, W., Haesler, U., Köhler, C., and Yasargil, G. (1986) Distribution of altered hippocampal neurons and axons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y in Alzheimer’s-type dementia. J. Comp. Neurol. 248, 376–394.
Nakamura, S. and Vincent, S. R. (1986) Somatostatin-and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the neocortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Brain Res. 370, 11–20.
Davies, C. A., Morroll, D. R, Prinja, D., Mann, D. M., and Gibbs, A. (1990) A quantitative assessment of somatostatin-like and neuropeptide Y like immunostained cells in the frontal and temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 96, 59–73.
Arendash, G. W., Millard, W. J., Dunn, A. J., and Meyer, E. M. (1987) Longterm neuropathological and neurochemical effects of nucleus basalis lesions in the rat. Science 238, 952–956.
Ferrante, R. J., Kowall, N. W., Beal, M. F., Richardson, E. P., Jr., Bird, E. D., and Martin, J. B. (1985) Selective sparing of a class of striatal neurons in Huntington’s disease. Science 230, 561–563.
Ferrante, R J., Kowall, N. W., Beal, M. F., Martin, J. B., Bird, E. D., and Richardson, E. P., Jr. (1987) Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of a spared subset of striatal neurons in Huntington’s disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 46, 12–27.
Dawbarn, D., De Quidt, M. E., and Emson, P. C. (1985) Survival of basal ganglia neuropeptide Y somatostatin neurones in Huntington’s disease. Brain Res. 340, 251–260.
Zech, M., Roberts, G. W., Bogerts, B., Crow, T. J., and Polak, J. M. (1986) Neuropeptides in the amygdala of controls, schizophrenics and patients suffering from Huntington’s chorea: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 71, 259–266.
Beal, M. F., Kowall, N. W., Ellison, D. W., Mazurek, M. F., Swartz, K J., and Martin, J. B. (1986) Replication of the neurochemical characteristics of Huntington’s disease by quinolinic acid. Nature 321, 168–171.
Beal, M. F., Kowall, N. W., Swartz, K. J., Ferrante, R. J., and Martin, J. B. (1989) Differential sparing of somatostatin-neuropeptide Y and cholinergic neurons following striatal excitotoxin lesions. Synapse 3, 38–47.
Davies, S. W. and Roberts, P. J. (1987) No evidence for preservation of somatostatin-containing neurons after intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid. Nature 327, 326–329.
Boegman, R. J., Smith, Y., and Parent, A. (1987) Quinolinic acid does not spare striatal neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons. Brain Res. 415, 178–182.
Beal, M. F., Kowall, N. W., Swartz, K. J., and Ferrante, R. J. (1990) Homocysteic acid lesions in rat striatum spare somatostatin-neuropeptide Y (NADPH-diaphorase) neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 108, 36–42.
Albin, R. L., Reiner, A., Anderson, K D., Penney, J. B., and Young, A. B. (1990) Striatal and nigral neuron subpopulations in rigid Huntington’s disease: implications for the functional anatomy of chorea and rigidityakinesia. Ann. Neurol. 27, 357–365.
Allen, J. M., Cross, A. J., Crow, T. J., Javoy-Agid, F., Agid, Y., and Bloom, S. R. (1985) Dissociation of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res. 337, 197–200.
Beal, M. F., Svendsen, C. N., Bird, E. D., and Martin, J. B. (1987) Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are unaltered in the amygdala in schizophrenia. Neurochem. Pathol. 6, 169–176.
Widerlöv, E., Gottfries, C. G., Lindström, L., and Ekman, R (1988) Brain and CSF neuropeptide alterations in schizophrenia. Neurochem. Internat. 13 suppl. 1, 66.
Kaye, W. H., Berrettini, W. H., Gwirtsman, H. E., Gold, P. W., George, D. T., Jimerson, D. C., and Ebert, M. H. (1989) Contribution of CNS neuropeptide (NPY, CRH, and beta-endorphin) alterations to psychophysiological abnormalities in anorexia nervosa. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 25, 433–438.
Kaye, W. H., Berrettini, W., Gwirtsman, H., and George, D. T. (1990) Altered cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y and peptide YY immunoreactivity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 47, 548–556.
Flood, J. F. and Morley, J. E. (1990) Pharmacological enhancement of longterm memory retention in old mice. J. Gerontol. 45, B101 - B104.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heilig, M. (1993). Neuropeptide Y in Relation to Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders. In: Colmers, W.F., Wahlestedt, C. (eds) The Biology of Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-465-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-465-8_12
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6725-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-465-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive