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Ultrasound and Autism: How Disrupted Redox Homeostasis and Transient Membrane Porosity Confer Risk

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Studies on Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Autism is a group of heterogenetic conditions, comprised of syndromic and nonsyndromic phenotypes. Its heterogeneity has challenged scientists for decades in the attempt to delimit its etiological origins. In this search, focus has fallen heavily on genetics, although a growing body of research suggests a large portion of cases may have a more complex etiology than genetics can explain. Therefore, greater attention is being paid to epigenetic effectors which may play roles in the development of autism. One such teratogen is prenatal ultrasound. In this chapter, we review the current modes of use and recent deregulations surrounding ultrasound, the primary and secondary bioeffects following exposure, its relevance to the development of the brain as well as to autism, the plasticity of the biological organism and how two separate effectors can lead to a common phenotype, and our hopes for future research in this area.

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Abbreviations

AP-1:

Activator protein 1

APC:

Activated protein C

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CRE:

cAMP response element

CREB:

cAMP response element binding protein

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase

FDA:

United States Food and Drug Administration

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GMP:

Guanosine monophosphate

GSK3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferases

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

iNOS:

Irreducible nitric oxide synthase

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

LAMP-1:

Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1

LEF:

Lymphoid enhancer factor

LRP:

Lipoprotein receptor-related protein

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NFκB:

Nuclear factor κB

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

PIP2 :

Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate

PIP3 :

Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homologue

redox:

Reduction-oxidation

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TCF:

T cell factor

US:

Ultrasound

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston Street, HSC-A906, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

    Emily L. Williams Ph.D.

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

    Manuel F. Casanova M.D.

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  1. Emily L. Williams Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Emily L. Williams Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Psychiatry of the Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Anna Dietrich-Muszalska

  2. Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research, Staten Island, New York, USA

    Ved Chauhan

  3. Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & Biophysics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

    Sylvain Grignon

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Williams, E.L., Casanova, M.F. (2015). Ultrasound and Autism: How Disrupted Redox Homeostasis and Transient Membrane Porosity Confer Risk. In: Dietrich-Muszalska, A., Chauhan, V., Grignon, S. (eds) Studies on Psychiatric Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_18

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