Skip to main content

The Simian Retroviruses SIV and SRV

  • Chapter
The Retroviridae

Part of the book series: The Viruses ((VIRS))

Abstract

Two genera of simian retrovirus cause fatal immunosuppressive disease in macaques: the simian immunodeficiency lentiviruses (SIV) and the type D simian retroviruses (SRV). Simian retroviruses belonging to the exogenous oncovirus, e.g., simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and spumavirus genus, e.g., simian foamy virus, are described in other chapters (Chapter 4, this volume; Loh, 1993). The nonhuman primate retroviruses have been the subject of several other recent reviews (Gardner and Luciw, 1989, 1992; Desrosiers and Ringler, 1989; Desrosiers, 1990; Schneider and Hunsmann, 1988; McClure, 1991).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adachi, A., Gendelman, H. E., Koenig, S., Folks, T., Willey, R., Rabson, A., and Martin, M. A., 1986, Production of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus in human and nonhuman cells transfected with an infectious molecular clone, J. Virol. 59:284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agy, M. B., Foy, K., Gale, M. J., Benveniste, R. E., Clark, E. A., and Katze, M. G., 1991, Viral and cellular gene expression in CD4+ human lymphoid cell lines infected by the simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV/Mne, Virology 183:170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agy, M. B., Frumkin, L. R., Corey, L., Coombs, R. W., Wolinsky, S. M., Koehler, J., Morton, W. R., and Katze, M. G., 1992, Infection of Macaca nemestrina by human immunodeficiency virus type-1, Science 257:103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, S., Lohman, B., Marthas, M., Giavedoni, L., El-Amad, Z., Haigwood, N. L., Scandella, C. f., Gardner, M. B., Luciw, P. A., and Yilma, T., 1994, Reduced virus load in rhesus macaques immunized with recombinant gp160 and challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10:195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed-Ansari, A., Powell, J. D., Jensen, P. E., Yehuda-Cohen, T., McClure, H. M., Anderson, D., Fultz, P. N., and Sell, K. W., 1990, Requirements for simian immunodeficiency virus antigenspecific in vitro proliferation of T cells from infected rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys, AIDS 4:399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albert, J., Bjorling, E., Von Gegerfelt, A., Scarlatti, G., Zhang, Y.-J., Fenyo, E.-M., and Thorstensson, R., 1993, Antigen detection is a reliable method for evaluating HIV/SIV neutralization assays [letter], AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldovini, A., and Young, R. A., 1990, Development of a BCG recombinant vehicle for candidate AIDS vaccines, Int. Rev. Immunol. 7:79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. S., 1992, Viral evolution and AIDS, J. NIH Res. 4:51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. S., Kanda, P., Kennedy, R. C., Cobb, E. K., Anthony, M., and Eichberg, J. W., 1990a, Isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two subspecies of African green monkeys, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses6:275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. S., Strauss, J., and Buck, D. W., 1990b, Enhancement of SIV infection with soluble receptor molecules, Science 247:1084.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. S., Short, M., Taylor, M. E., Su, S., Hirsch, V. M., Johnson, P. R., Shaw, G. M., and Hahn, B. H., 1991a, Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys, J. Virol. 65:2816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. S., Whitehead, E. M., Strout, K., Short, M., Kanda, P., Hart, T. K., and Bugelski, P. J., 1992b, Strong association of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) envelope glycoprotein hetero-dimers: Possible role in receptor-mediated activation, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:2011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, N., Page, M., Mills, K., Jenkins, A., Ling, C., Thorpe, R., Kitchin, P., and Williams, M., 1990, The production and purification of PCR-derived recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus p27 gag protein; its use in detecting serological and T-cell responses in macaques [published erratum appears in J. Virol. Methods 30:229], J. Virol. Methods 28:305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, N., Jenkins, A., Heath, A. B., Taffs, L. F., and Kitchin, P., 1992a, The genetic evolution of the envelope gene of simian immunodeficiency virus in cynomolgus macaques infected with a complex virus pool, Virology 191:996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, N., Jones, S., Heath, A. B., and Kitchin, P. A., 1992c, The assessment of nucleotide sequence diversity by the polymerase chain reaction is highly reproducible, J. Virol. Methods 40:37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, N., Jenkins, A., Slade, A., Heath, A., Cranage, M., and Kitchin, P., 1992b, Population sequence analysis of a simian immunodeficiency virus (32H reisolate of SIVmac251): A virus stock used for international vaccine studies, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, N., Jenkins, A., Heath, A. B., and Kitchin, P., 1993a, Sequence variation in the env gene of simian immunodeficiency virus recovered from immunized macaques is predominantly in the V1 region, J. Gen. Virol. 74:865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, N., Rud, E., Kent, K., Chan, L., Page, M., Jones, W., Mills, K., Clarke, B., Kitchin, P., and Stott, J., 1993b, The molecular characterisation of vaccine trials using recombinant envelope immunogens and live SIV containing distinct nef genes, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ameisen, J. C., and Capron, A., 1991, Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: The programmed cell death hypothesis [see comments], Immunol. Today 12:102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. G., and Clements, J. E., 1991, Comparison of the transcriptional activity of the long terminal repeats of simian immunodeficiency viruses SIVmac251 and SIVmac239 in T-cell lines and macrophage cell lines, J. Virol. 65:51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. G., and Clements, J. E., 1992, Two strains of SIVmac show differential transactivation mediated by sequences in the promoter, Virology 191:559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. G., Hauer, D., Sharma, D. P., Joag, S. V., Narayan, O., Zink, M. C., and Clements, J. E., 1993, Analysis of envelope changes acquired by SIVmac239 during neuroadaption in rhesus macaques, Virology 195:616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, A. A., Mayne, A., Hunt, D., and Villinger, F., 1993, TH1/TH2 subset analysis in PBMC samples of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques naturally and experimentally infected with SIV, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, S. S., Yarchoan, R., Kageyama, S., Hoekzema, D. T., Pluda, J. M., Wyvill, K. M., Broder, S., and Mitsuya, H., 1992, Plasma HIV-1 viremia in HIV-1 infected individuals assessed by polymerase chain reaction, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arens, M., 1993, Use of probes and amplification techniques for the diagnosis and prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infections, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16:165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, L. O., Gilden, R. V., Marx, P. A., and Gardner, M. B., 1986, Simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Prog. Allergy 1986:332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, L. O., Bess, J. W., Jr., Sowder, R. C., II, Benveniste, R. E., Mann, D. L., Chermann, J.-C., and Henderson, L. E., 1992b, Cellular proteins bound to immunodeficiency viruses: Implications for pathogenesis and vaccines, Science 258:1935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arya, S. K., 1988, Human and simian immunodeficiency retroviruses: Activation and differential transactivation of gene expression, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 4:175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashorn, P., McQuade, T. J., Thaisrivongs, S., Tomasselli, A. G., and Tarpley, W. G., and Moss, B., 1990, An inhibitor of the protease blocks maturation of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and spread of infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashorn, P., Moss, B., and Berger, E. A., 1992, Activity of CD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin against cells expressing diverse forms of the HIV and SIV envelope glycoproteins, J. AIDS 5:70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axberg, I., Polacino-Firpo, P., and Clark, E. A., 1993, Staphylococcal enterotoxins increase simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) levels during initial infection of macaque lymphocytes, but decrease SIV levels in cells already infected with SIV, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 190 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baba, M., De, C. E., Tanaka, H., Ubasawa, M., Takashima, H., Sekiya, K., Nitta, I., Umezu, K., Nakashima, H., and Mori, S., 1991, Potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by 5-ethyl-6-phenylthiouracil derivatives through their interaction with the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnarelli, P., Menzo, S., Manzin, A., Giacca, M., Varaldo, P. E., and Clementi, M., 1991, Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA in plasma samples by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, J. Med. Virol. 34:89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baier, M., Werner, A., Cichutek, K., Garber, C., Muller, C., Kraus, G., Ferdinand, F. J., Hartung, S., Papas, T. S., and Kurth, R., 1989, Molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm3 is highly divergent from other SIVagm isolates and is biologically active in vitro and in vivo, J. Virol. 63:5119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baier, M., Behr, E., Kurth, R., and Konig, H., 1990a, Cloning and expression of the complete SIVagm pol region in E. coli. Purification and partial characterization of the reverse transcriptase, Arzneim. Forsch. 40:1284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baier, M., Garber, C., Muller, C., Cichutek, K., and Kurth, R., 1990b, Complete nucleotide sequence of a simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: A novel type of intragroup divergence, Virology 176:216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baier, M., Dittmar, M. T., Cichutek, K., and Kurth, R., 1991, Development in vivo of genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balzarini, J., Naesens, L., Slachmuylders, J., Niphuis, H., Rosenberg, I., Holy, A., Schellekens, H., and De Clercq, E., 1991, 9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) effectively inhibits retrovirus replication in vitro and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys, AIDS 5:21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banapour, B., Marthas, M. L., Munn, R. J., and Luciw, P. A., 1991a, In vitro macrophage tropism of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac), Virology 183:12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banapour, B., Marthas, M. L., Ramos, R. A., Lohman, B. L., Unger, R. E., Gardner, M. B., Pedersen, N. C., and Luciw, P. A., 1991c, Identification of viral determinants of macrophage tropism for simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac, J. Virol. 65:5798.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bank, I., DePinho, R. A., Brenner, M. B., Cassimeris, J., Alt, F. W., and Chess, L., 1986, A functional T3 molecule associated with a novel heterodimer on the surface of immature human thymocytes, Nature 322:179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, P. A., Pratt-Lowe, E., Alcendor, D. J., Unger, R. E., and Luciw, P. A., 1990, Molecular interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 616:54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, P. A., Pratt-Lowe, E., Unger, R. E., and Luciw, P. A., 1991, Cellular factors regulate transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 65:1392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, A., Ramsay, A., Cranage, M. P., Cook, N., Cook, R. W., Dennis, M. J., Greenaway, P. J., Kitchin, P. A., and Stott, E. J., 1990, Histopathological changes in simian immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Pathol. 162:67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, A., Dowsett, A. B., Cook, R. W., Dennis, M. J., Cranage, M. P., and Greenaway, P. J., 1991, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection: Immuno-histological and scanning and transmission electron microscopical studies, J. Pathol. 164:175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, A., Ramsay, A. D., Addis, B. J., Dennis, M. J., Cook, R. W., Cranage, M. P., and Greenaway, P. J., 1992a, Interstitial pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Pathol. 167:241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, A., Cook, R. W., Dennis, M. J., Cranage, M. P., and Greenaway, P. J., 1992b, Pathological changes in the reproductive tract of male rhesus monkeys associated with age and simian AIDS, J. Comp. Pathol. 107:49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., and Soike, K. F., 1989, Adenovirus enteritis in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys [letter], J. Infect. Dis. 160:905.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., Martin, L. N., Rangan, S. R. S., Gormus, B. J., Murphey-Corb, M., Wolf, R. H., and Soike, K. F., 1986, Transmissible lymphoma and simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in rhesus monkeys, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 77:127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., Murphey-Corb, M., Watson, E. A., and Martin, L. N., 1988, Necropsy findings in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with cultured simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/Delta, Vet. Pathol. 25:456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Soike, K. F., Hu, F. S., and Kuebler, D., 1991a, Lentivirus-induced pulmonary lesions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, Vet. Pathol. 28:506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Davison, F. B., Hu, F. S., and Kuebler, D., 1991b, Thymus in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys, Lab. Invest. 65:400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., Murphey-Corb, M., Roberts, E. D., and Didier, P. J., 1991c, Correlates of SIV-induced lesions in the central nervous system of experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, Seattle: 9th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, G. B., Murphey-Corb, M., Roberts, E. D., Didier, P. J., and Martin, L. N., 1992, Correlates of SIV encephalitis in rhesus monkeys, J. Med. Primatol. 21:59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beilke, M. A., Riding, D., Hamilton, R., Stone, G. A., Jordan, E. K., Brashears, G., Nusbaum, W., Huddleston, D., Gibbs, C. J., Jr., and Gravell, M., 1991, HLA-DR expression in macaque neu-roendothelial cells in vitro and during SIV encephalitis, J. Neuroimmunol. 33:129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellas, R. E., Hopkins, N., and Li, Y., 1993, The NF-κB binding site is necessary for efficient replication of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques in primary macrophages but not in T cells in vitro, J. Virol. 67:2908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beltz, L., Narayan, O., Adams, R. J., Noga, S. J., and Donnenberg, A. D., 1991a, Recovery of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and depression of colony formation in in vitro infected progenitor cell-enriched rhesus bone marrow (BM), J. Med. Primatol. 20:144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benichou, S., Legrand, R., Nakagawa, N., Faure, T., Traincard, F., Vogt, G., Dormont, D., Tiollais, P., Kieny, M. P., and Madaule, P., 1992, Identification of a neutralizing domain in the external envelope glycoprotein of simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benichou, S., Venet, A., Beyer, C., Tiollais, P., and Maduale, P., 1993, Characterization of B-cell epitopes in the envelope glycoproteins of simian immunodeficiency virus, Virology 194:870.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamini, E., Torres, J. V., Werner, L. L., and Malley, A., 1991, Isolation and characterization of the neutralizable epitope of simian retrovirus-1 (SRV-1) and of the cell receptor for the virus, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 303:71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benjouad, A., Babas, T., Montagnier, L., and Bahraoui, E., 1993, N-linked oligosaccharides of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins are dispensable for the interaction with the CD4 receptor, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190:311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., and Todaro, G. J., 1977, Evolution of primate oncornaviruses: An endogenous virus from langur (Presbytis spp.) with related virogene sequences in other Old World monkeys, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:4557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., Lieber, M. M., Livingston, D. M., Sherr, C. J., Todaro, G. J., and Kalter, S. S., 1974, Infectious C-type virus isolated from a baboon placenta, Nature 248:17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., Arthur, L. O., Tsai, C. C., Sowder, R., Copeland, T. D., Henderson, L. E., and Oroszlan, S., 1986, Isolation of a lentivirus from a macaque with lymphoma: Comparison with HTLV-III/LAV and other lentiviruses, J. Virol. 60:483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. C., Morton, W. R., Clark, E. A., Tsai, C. C., Ochs, H. D., Ward, J. M., Kuller, L., Knott, W. B., Hill, R. W., Gale, M. J., and Thouless, M. E., 1988, Inoculation of baboons and macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus/Mne, a primate lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2, J. Virol. 62:2091.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., Raben, D., Hill, R. W., Knott, W. B., Drummond, J. E., Arthur, L. O., Jahrling, P. B., Morton, W. R., Henderson, L. E., and Heidecker, G., 1989, Molecular characterization and comparison of simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from macaques, mangabeys, and African green monkeys, J. Med. Primatol. 18:287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., Hill, R. W., Eron, L. J., Csaikl, U. M., Knott, W. B., Henderson, L. E., Sowder, R. C., Nagashima, K., and Gonda, M. A., 1990, Characterization of clones of HIV-1 infected HuT 78 cells defective in gag gene processing and of SIV clones producing large amounts of envelope glycoprotein, J. Med. Primatol. 19:351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., Hill, R. W., Knott, W. B., Tsai, C.-C., Kuller, L., and Morton, W. R., 1993a, Detection of serum antibodies in Ethiopian baboons that cross-react with SIV, HTLV-I, and type D retroviral antigens, J. Med. Primatol. 22:124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R., Kuller, L., Hu, S.-L., Clark, E., Clerici, M., Shearer, G., and W. Morton, 1993b, Prior exposure to subinfectious doses of SIV protects macaques from subsequent virus challenge, Madison, WI:11th Annual Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract #8), 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benveniste, R. E., Kuller, L., Roodman, S. T., Hu, S.-L., and Morton, W. R., 1993c, Long-term protection of macaques against high-dose type D retrovirus challenge after immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing envelope glycoproteins, J. Med. Primatol. 22:74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, E. A., Clouse, K. A., Chaudhary, V. K., Chakrabarti, S., FitzGerald, D. J., Pastan, I., and Moss, B., 1989, CD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin hybrid protein blocks the spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection in vitro and is active against cells expressing the envelope glycoproteins from diverse primate immunodeficiency retroviruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkhout, B. A., Gatignol, A., Rabson, A. B., and Jeang, K.-T., 1990, TAR-independent activation of the HIV-1 LTR; evidence that TAT requires specific regions of the promoter, Cell 62:757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binninger, D., Ennen, J., Bonn, D., Norley, S. G., and Kurth, R., 1991, Mutational analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac nef gene, J. Virol. 65:5237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birx, D. L., Lewis, M. G., Vahey, M., Tencer, K., Zack, P. M., Brown, C. R., Jahrling, P. B., Tosato, G., Burke, D., and Redfield, R., 1993, Association of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of acutely fatal SIVsmm/PBj.14 in pigtailed macaques, AIDS Res. and Hum. Retroviruses 9:1123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, P. L., Downs, M. B., Lewis, M. G., Ussery, M. A., Dreyer, G. B., Petteway, S. J., and Lambert, D. M., 1993, Antiretroviral activities of protease inhibitors against murine leukemia virus and simian immunodeficiency virus in tissue culture, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackbourn, D. J., Chuang, L. F., Sutjipto, S., Killam, K. J., McCready, P. M., Doi, R. H., Li, Y., and Chuang, R. Y., 1992, Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus RNA from infected rhesus macaques by the polymerase chain reaction, J. Virol. Methods 37:109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakeslee, J. R., Jr., Sowder, W. G., and Baulu, J., 1985, Wild African green monkeys of Barbados are HTLV negative [letter], Lancet 1:525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohannon, R. C., Donehower, L. A., and Ford, R. J., 1991, Isolation of a type D retrovirus from B-cell lymphomas of a patient with AIDS, J. Virol. 65:5663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm, Jr., Martin, L. N., Davison-Fairburn, B., Baskin, G. B., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1993, Neonatal disease induced by SIV infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), AIDS Res. and Hum. Retroviruses 9:1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, M. L., Earl, P. L., Fargnoli, K., Picciafuoco, S., Giombini, F., Wong-Staal, F., and Franchini, G., 1989, Identification of the fusion peptide of primate immunodeficiency viruses, Science 244:694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottiger, D., and B. Oberg, Lack of involvement of transactivating herpesviruses in acute SIV infection in monkeys, 1993, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract WS-Al 1–4), 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottinger, D., Keys, B., Putkonen, P., Walther, L., Fenyo, E. M., Norrby, E., Oberg, B., and Chiodi, F., 1991a, Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm) isolation from blood and brain of experimentally infected macaques, AIDS 5:445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottiger, D., Stahle-Ljungdahl, E., and Oberg, B., 1991b, Treatment of acute SIV infection in cyno-molgus monkeys with 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) and 2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T), Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2:357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottiger, D., Vrang, L., and Oberg, B., 1992a, Influence of the infectious dose of simian immunodeficiency virus on the acute infection in cynomologus monkeys and on the effect of treatment with 3′-fluorothymidine, Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 3:267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottiger, D., Putkonen, P., and Oberg, B., 1992b, Prevention of HIV-2 and SIV infections in cynomolgus macaques by prophylactic treatment with 3′-fluorothymidine, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boudinot, F. D., Schinazi, R. F., Gallo, J. M., McClure, H M., Anderson, D. C., Doshi, K. J., Kambhampathi, P. C., and Chu, C. K., 1990, 3′-Azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (AzddU): Comparative pharmacokinetics with 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) in monkeys, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgault, I., Venet, A., and Levy, J. P., 1992a, Three epitopic peptides of the simian immunodeficiency virus Nef protein recognized by macaque cytolytic T lymphocytes, J. Virol. 66:750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgault, I., Venet, A., and Levy, J. P., 1992b, Immunization of rhesus macaques by lipopeptides induces cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, D., Agy, M., Anderson, D., Kimpo, C., Ha, J., and Sackett, G., 1993, Neurobehavioral AIDS induced by SIVmne or HIV-1 in infant pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 193 (Abstract, p. 193, PO-A17 · 0349).

    Google Scholar 

  • Braddock, M., Chambers, A., Wilson, W., Esnouf, M. P., Adams, S. E., Kingsman, A. J., and Kingsman, S. M., 1989, HIV-1 TAT “activates” presynthesized RNA in the nucleus, Cell 58:269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braddock, M., Thorburn, A. M., Chambers, A., Elliott, G. D., Anderson, G. J., Kingsman, A. J., and Kingsman, S. M., 1990, A nuclear translational block imposed by the HIV-1 U3 region is relieved by the Tat-TAR interaction, Cell 62:1123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. B., McLean, J., Dialynas, D. P., Strominger, J. L., Smith, J. A., Owen, F. L., Scidman, J. G., Ip, S., Rosen, F., and Krangel, M. S., 1986, Identification of a putative second T-cell receptor, Nature 322:145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinchmann, J. E., Gaudernack, G., and Vartdal, F., 1990, CD8+ T cells inhibit HIV replication in naturally infected CD4+ T cells, J. Immunol 144:2961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinchmann, J. E., Gaudernack, G., Thorsby, E., and Vartdal, F., 1992, Staphylococcal exotoxin super-antigens induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in naturally infected CD4+ T cells, J. Virol. 66:5924.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, R., Schwinn, A., Muller, J., Stahl-Hennig, C., Coulibaly, C., Hunsmann, G., Czub, S., Rethwilm, A., Dorries, R., and Ter Meulen, V., 1993, In vitro and in vivo infection of rhesus monkey microglial cells by simian immunodeficiency virus, Virology 195:561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, B. A., Hunter, E., Kluge, J. D., Lasarow, R., Gardner, M., and Marx, P. A., 1992, Protection of macaques against infection with simian type D retrovirus (SRV-1) by immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoproteins of either SRV-1 or Mason-Phzer monkey virus (SRV-3), J. Virol. 66:3950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruisten, S., van, G. B., Koppelman, M., Rasch, M., van, S. D., Schukkink, R., Beyer, R., Weigel, H., Lens, P., and Huisman, H., 1993, Detection of HIV-1 distribution in different blood fractions by two nucleic acid amplification assays, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, M. L., Yamamoto, J., Luciw, P., Munn, R., Marx, P., Higgins, J., Pedersen, N., Levine, A., and Gardner, M. B., 1985, Molecular comparison of retroviruses associated with human and simian AIDS, Hematol. Oncol. 3:187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, M. L., Gardner, M. B., Marx, P. A., Maul, D. H., Lerche, N. W., Osborn, K. G., Lowenstine, L. J., Bodgen, A., Arthur, L. O., and Hunter, E., 1986a, Immunodeficiency in rhesus monkeys associated with the original Mason-Phzer monkey virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77:957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, M. L., Marx, P. A., Shiigi, S. M., Wilson, B. J., McNulty, W. P., and Gardner, M. B., 1986b, Distribution of type D retrovirus sequences in tissues of macaques with simian acquired immune deficiency and retroperitoneal fibromatosis, Virology 150:149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, M. L., Ratner, L., Duronio, R. J., Kishore, N. S., Devadas, B., Adams, S. P., and Gordon, J. I., 1991, Incorporation of 12-methoxydodecanoate into the human immunodeficiency virus 1 gag polyprotein precursor inhibits its proteolytic processing and virus production in a chronically infected human lymphoid cell line, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, M., Mueller, R., Partis, R., Stolzenbach, J., Wyand, M., Tiemeier, D., and Marr, J., 1993, Efficacy and safety of ±-glucosidase inhibitor prodrug SC-49483 in rhesus monkeys infected with SIV, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p27, WS-A11–2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. P., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1990, Sequence variability of simian immunodeficiency virus in a persistently infected rhesus monkey, J. Med. Primatol. 19:317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. P., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1991, Selection of genetic variants of simian immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected rhesus monkeys, J. Virol. 65:1843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. P., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1992, A caution on the use of SIV/HIV gag antigen detection systems in neutralization assays, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. P. W., Collignon, C., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1993, Simian immunodeficiency virus mutants resistant to serum neutralization arise during persistent infection of rhesus monkeys, J. Virol. 67:4104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callebaut, C., Krust, B., Jacotot, E., and Hovanessian, A. G., 1993, T cell activation antigen, CD26, as a cofactor for entry of HIV in CD4+ cells, Science 262:2045.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B. J., and Hirsch, V. M., 1993, Extensive env gene heterogeneity in tissues from SIV infected macaques, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, J. R., McGraw, T. P., Keddie, E., Yee, J. L., Rosenthal, A., Langlois, A. J., Dickover, R., Donovan, R., Luciw, P. A., and Jennings, M. B., 1990, Vaccine protection of rhesus macaques against simian immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:1239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, B. A., Nepomuceno, M., Lerche, N. W., Eichberg, J. W., and Levy, J. A., 1991, Persistent infection of baboons and rhesus monkeys with different strains of HIV-2, Virology 184:219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control, 1992, Anonymous survey for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) seropositivity in SIV-laboratory researchers—United States, Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 41:814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, R., Leuther, M. D., Allain, J.-P., Nusinoff-Lehrman, S., Boone, G. S., Feigal, D., and Volberding, P., 1988, Effect of zidovudine on serum human immunodeficiency virus core antigen levels, Arch. Intern. Med. 148:2151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, L., Guyader, M., Alizon, M., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., Tiollais, P., and Sonigo, P., 1987, Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaque and its relationship to other human and simian retroviruses, Nature 328:543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, L., Hurtrel, M., Maire, M. A., Vazeux, R., Dormont, D., Montagnier, L., and Hurtrel, B., 1991, Early viral replication in the brain of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys, Am. J. Pathol. 139:1273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, L., Cumont, M.-C., Montagnier, L., and Hurtrel, B., 1993, Sequential analysis of viral load in lymph nodes of SIV infected rhesus macaques: Correlates with disease evolution, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 26 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalifoux, L. V., Ringler, D. J., King, N. W., Sehgal, P. K., Desrosiers, R. C., Daniel, M. D., and Letvin, N. L., 1987, Lymphadenopathy in macaques experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Am. J. Pathol. 128:104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalifoux, L. V., Simon, M. A., Pauley, D. R., MacKey, J. J., Wyand, M. S., and Ringler, D. J., 1992, Arteriopathy in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, Lab. Invest. 67:338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, W. L., Rodgers, A., Hancock, R. D., Taffs, F., Kitchin, P., Farrar, G., and Liew, F. Y., 1992, Protection in simian immunodeficiency virus-vaccinated monkeys correlates with anti-HLA class I antibody response, J. Exp. Med. 176:1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapel, A., Bourges, J. F., Bensussan, A., d’Auriol, L., Vilmer, E., and Dormont, D., 1990, Lack of permissivity of human monoclonal CD4+ lymphocytes to HIV, Cancer Detect. Prev. 14:445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z. W., Yamamoto, H., Watkins, D. I., Levinson, G., and Letvin, N. L., 1992, Predominant use of a T-cell receptor V beta gene family in simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a rhesus monkey, J. Virol. 66:3913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z. W., Kou, Z.-C., Shen, L., Reimann, R. A., and Letvin, N. L., 1993, Conserved T cell receptor repertoire in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. M., Blume, M., Lee, S. G., Hung, P. P., Hirsch, V. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1990a, Coexpres-sion of biologically active simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Rev and Env in an SV40 system: The SIV rev gene regulates env expression, Virology 177:816.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. M., Blume, M., Lee, S. G., Hung, P. P., Hirsch, V. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1990b, The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) rev gene regulates env expression, J. Med. Primatol. 19:167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. M., Lee, S. G., Ronchetti-Blume, M., Virk, K. P., Mizutani, S., Eichberg, J. W., Davis, A., Hung, P. P., Hirsch, V. M., Chanock, R. M., Purcell, R. H., and Johnson, P. R., 1992, Coexpres-sion of the simian immunodeficiency virus env and rev proteins by a recombinant human adenovirus host range mutant, J. Virol. 66:6721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng-Mayer, C., Seto, D., Tateno, M., and Levy, J. A., 1988, Biologic features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host, Science 240:80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng-Mayer, C., Iannello, P., Shaw, K., Luciw, P. A., and Levy, J. A., 1989, Differential effects of nef on HIV replication: Implications for viral pathogenesis in the host, Science 246:1629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, H. C., and Mason, M. M., 1970, A new virus in a spontaneous mammary tumor of a rhesus monkey, Cancer Res. 30:2081.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cianciolo, G. J., Copeland, T. D., Oroszlan, S., and Snyderman, R., 1985, Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope proteins, Science 230:453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cichutek, K., and Norley, S., 1993, Lack of immune suppression in SIV-infected natural hosts, AIDS 7(Suppl 1):S25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciochon, R. L., and Chiarelli, A. B. (eds.), 1980, Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift, Plenum Press, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, P. R., Blanc, D., and Weiss, R. A., 1991, Specific cell surface requirements for the infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and by simian immunodeficiency virus, Virology 181:703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clerici, M., and Shearer, G. M., 1993, A TH1 → TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection, Immunol. Today 14:107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clerici, M., Stocks, N. I., Zajac, R. A., Boswell, R. N., Bernstein, D. C., Mann, D. L., Shearer, G. M., and Berzofsky, J. A., 1989, Interleukin-2 production used to detect antigenic peptide recognition by T-helper lymphocytes from asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals, Nature 339:383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colombini, S., Arya, S. K., Reitz, M. S., Jagodzinski, L., Beaver, B., and Wong, S. F., 1989, Structure of simian immunodeficiency virus regulatory genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, R. I., Mohri, H., Yunzhen, C., and Ho, D. D., 1993, Increased viral burden and cytopathicity correlate temporally with CD4+ T-lymphocyte decline and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals, J. Virol. 67:1772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, M. D., Didier, P., Fairburn, B., Soike, K. F., Martin, L., Murphey-Corb, M., Meiners, N., and Insler, M. S., 1990, Ocular manifestation of simian immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS), Curr. Eye Res. 9:759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, M. D., Davison-Fairburn, B., Martin, L. N., Insler, M. S., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1991, Infection of rhesus monkeys with topical instillation of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)B670 into the conjunctival sac, J. Med. Primatol. 20:152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R., Feistner, A., Evans, S., Tsujimoto, H., and Hayami, M., 1989, A lack of evidence of sexual transmission of a simian immunodeficiency agent in a semifree-ranging group of mandrills [letter], AIDS 3:764.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulibaly, C., Makoschey, B., Stahl-Hennig, C., Petry, H., Luke, W., and Hunsmann, B., 1993, Passive immunization against SIVmac with purified hyperimmune IgG, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 252 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Courgnaud, V., Laure, F., Fultz, P. N., Montagnier, L., Brechot, C., and Sonigo, P., 1992, Genetic differences accounting for evolution and pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from a sooty mangabey monkey after cross-species transmission to a pig-tailed macaque, J. Virol. 66:414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cranage, M. P., Almond, N., Jenkins, A., and Kitchin, P. A., 1989, Transmembrane protein of SIV [letter], Nature 342:349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cranage, M., Stott, J., Mills, K., Ashworth, T., Taffs, F., Farrar, G., Chan, L., Dennis, M., Putkonen, P., Biberfeld, G., Murphey-Corb, M., Page, M., Baskerville, A., Kitchin, P., and Greenaway, P., 1992a, Vaccine studies with 32H reisolate of SIVmac251: An overview, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1479 (Abstract).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cranage, M. P., Baskerville, A., Ashworth, L. A., Dennis, M., Cook, N., Sharpe, S., Farrar, G., Rose, J., Kitchin, P. A., and Greenaway, P. J., 1992b, Intrarectal challenge of macaques vaccinated with formalin-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus, Lancet 339:273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cranage, M. P., Polyanskaya, N., McBride, B., Cook, N., Ashworth, L. A. E., Dennis, M., Baskerville, A., Greenaway, P. J., Corcoran, T., Kitchin, P., Rose, J., Murphey-Corb, M., Desrosiers, R. C., Stott, E. J., and Farrar, G. H., 1993, Studies on the specificity of the vaccine effect elicited by inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, B. R., 1986, Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism, Cell 46:973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daar, E. S., Li, X. L., Moudgil, T., and Hod, D. D., 1990, High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87:6574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalgleish, A. G., Beverley, P. C., Clapham, P. R., Crawford, D. H., Greaves, M. F., and Weiss, R. A., 1984, The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus, Nature 312:763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1989, Use of simian immunodeficiency virus for evaluation of AIDS vaccine strategies, AIDS 3(Suppl. 1):S131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., King, N. W., Letvin, N. L., Hunt, R. D., Sehgal, P. K., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1984, A new type D retrovirus isolated from macaques with an immunodeficiency syndrome, Science 223:602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., Letvin, N. L., King, N. W., Kannagi, M., Sehgal, P. K., Hunt, R. D., Kanki, P. J., Essex, M., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1985, Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques, Science 228:1201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., Letvin, N. L., Sehgal, P. K., Hunsmann, G., Schmidt, D.K., King, N. W:, and Desrosiers, R. C., 1987, Long-term persistent infection of macaque monkeys with the simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Gen. Virol. 68:3183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., Letvin, N. L., Sehgal, P. K., Schmidt, D. K., Silva, D. P., Solomon, K. R., Hodi, F. S., Ringler, D. J., Hunt, R. D., King, N. W., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1988a, Prevalence of antibodies to 3 retroviruses in a captive colony of macaque monkeys, Int. J. Cancer 41:601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., Li, Y., Naidu, Y. M., Durda, P. J., Schmidt, D. K., Troup, C. D., Silva, D. P., MacKey, J. J., Kestler, H. W., III, Sehgal, P. K., King, N. W., Ohta, Y., Hayami, M., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1988b, Simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys, J. Virol. 62:4123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M. D., Kirchhoff, F., Czajak, S. C., Sehgal, P. K., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1992, Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene, Science 258:1938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dapolito, G. A., Elkins, W. R., London, W. T., Goldstein, S., Johnson, P. R., and Hirsch, V. M., 1993, Characterization of a highly pathogenic SIVagm isolate, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison-Fairburn, B., Baskin, G., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1992, Maternal-fetal transmission of SIV in 2 species of macaques, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, A. I., Sodroski, J. G., Rosen, C. A., Goh, W. C., and Haseltine, W. A., 1986, The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is required for replication, Cell 44:941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debouck, C., 1991, Substrate specificity of the human (type 1) and simian immunodeficiency virus proteases, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 306:407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debyser, Z., Pauwels, R., Andries, K., Desmyter, J., Kukla, M., Janssen, P. A., and De, C. E., 1991, An antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 revealed by tetrahydroimidazo-[4,5,1-jk] [1,4]benzodiazepin-2 (1H)-one and -thione derivatives, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debyser, Z., De Vreese, K., Pauwels, R., Yamamoto, N., Anne, J., De Clerca, E., and Desmyter, J., 1992, Differential inhibitory effects of TIBO derivatives on different strains of simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Gen. Virol. 73:1799.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delchambre, M., Gheysen, D., Thines, D., Thiriart, C., Jacobs, E., Verdin, E., Horth, M., Burny, A., and Bex, F., 1989, The GAG precursor of simian immunodeficiency virus assembles into viruslike particles, EMBO J. 8:2653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Del Llano, A. M., Amieiro-Puig, J. P., Kraiselburd, E. N., Kessler, M. J., Malaga, C. A., and Lavergne, J. A., 1993, The combined assessment of cellular apoptosis, mitochondrial function and proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen has prognostic value in SIV infection, J. Med. Primatol 22:147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delord, B., Ottmann, M., Schrive, M. H., Ragnaud, J. M., Scigneurin, J. M., and Fleury, H. J., 1992, Analysis of HIV-1 expression in vivo with in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction, Mol. Cell. Probes 6:215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, W. W., 1987, West Indian Green Monkeys: Problems in Historical Biogeography, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePaoli, P., Gennari, D., Martelli, P., Basaglia, G., Crovatto, M., Battistin, S., and Santini, G., 1991, A subset of gamma delta lymphocytes is increased during HIV-1 infection, Clin. Exp. Immunol 83:187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., 1986, Origin of the human AIDS virus, Nature 319:728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., 1990a, The simian immunodeficiency viruses, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., 1990b, A finger on the missing link, Nature 345:288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., 1992, HIV with multiple gene deletions as a live attenuated vaccine for AIDS, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., and Letvin, N. L., 1987, Animal models for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., and Ringler, D. J., 1989, Use of simian immunodeficiency viruses for AIDS research, Intervirology 30:301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., Wyand, M. S., Kodama, T., Ringler, D. J., Arthur, L. O., Sehgal, P. K., Letvin, N. L., King, N. W., and Daniel, M. D., 1989a, Vaccine protection against simian immunodeficiency virus infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., Daniel, M. D., and Li, Y., 1989b, HIV-related lentiviruses of nonhuman primates, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R. C., Hansen-Moosa, A., Mori, K., Bouvier, D. P., King, N. W., Daniel, M. D., and Ringler, D. J., 1991, Macrophage-tropic variants of SIV are associated with specific AIDS-related lesions but are not essential for the development of AIDS, Am. J. Pathol. 139:29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewhurst, S., Embreton, J. E., Anderson, D. C., Mullins, J. I., and Fultz, P. N., 1990, Sequence analysis and acute pathogenicity of molecularly cloned smm-PBj14, Nature 345:636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewhurst, S., Embretson, J. E., Fultz, P. N., and Mullins, J. I., 1992, Molecular clones from a non-acutely pathogenic derivative of SIVsmmPBjl4: Characterization and comparison to acutely pathogenic clones, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, U., Adamski, M., Kreutz, R., Scipp, A., Kuhnel, H., and Rubsamen-Waigmann, H., 1989, A highly divergent HIV-2 related isolate, Nature 342:948.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, P. J., Nelbock, P., Perkins, A., and Rosen, C. A., 1990, Function of the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 Rev proteins is dependent on their ability to interact with a structured region present in env gene mRNA, J. Virol. 64:4428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doms, R. W., Earl, P. L., Chakrabarti, S., and Moss, B., 1990, Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus env proteins possess a functionally conserved assembly domain, J. Virol. 64:3537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donehower, L. A., Bohannon, R. C., Ford, R. J., and Gibbs, R. A., 1990, The use of primers from highly conserved pol regions to identify uncharacterized retroviruses by the polymerase chain reaction, J. Virol. Methods 28:33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, G. C., Fry, G. N., Thirkill, T., Holmes, E., Hakim, H., Jennings, M., and King, B. F., 1991, Cell-mediated infection of human placental trophoblast with HIV in vitro, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza, M. P., Kent, K. A., Thiriart, C., Milman, G., 1993, International collaboration comparing neutralization and binding assays for monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 9:415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, P. L., Doms, R. W., and Moss, B., 1990, Oligomeric structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberle, J., and Scibl, R., 1992, A new method for measuring reverse transcriptase activity by ELISA, J. Virol. Methods 40:347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, J. H., Lerner, D. L., Hasselkus-Light, C. S., Fontenot, D. J., Hunter, E., Luciw, P. A., Montelaro, R. C., and Phillips, T. R., 1992, Distinct subsets of retroviruses encode dUTPase, J. Virol. 66:1791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emau, P., McClure, H. M., Isahakia, M., Else, J. G., and Fultz, P. N., 1991, Isolation from African Sykes’ monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) of a lentivirus related to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses, J. Virol. 65:2135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emau, P., Uno, H., Zimbric, M., Bro, S., and Pauza, C. D., 1993, Differential localization of SIV replication in lymphoid tissues of rhesus monkeys after intravenous or intrarectal infection, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 70).

    Google Scholar 

  • Embretson, J., Zapancic, M., Ribas, J. L., Burke, A., Racz, P., Tenner-Racz, K., and Haase, A. T., 1993, Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS, Nature 362:359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Essex, M., 1994, Simian immunodeficiency virus in people, N. Engl. J. Med. 330:209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Essex, M., and Kanki, P. J., 1988, The origins of the AIDS virus, Sci. Am. 259:64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazely, F., Sharma, P. L., Fratazzi, C., Greene, M. F., Wyand, M. S., Memon, M. A., Penninck, D., and Ruprecht, R. M., 1993, Simian immunodeficiency virus infection via amniotic fluid: A model to study fetal immunopathogenesis and prophylaxis, J. AIDS 6:107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feichtinger, H., Putkonen, P., Parravicini, C., Li, S. L., Kaaya, E. E., Bottiger, D., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1990, Malignant lymphomas in cynomolgus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, Am. J. Pathol. 137:1311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feichtinger, H., Kaaya, E., Putkonen, P., Li, S. L., Ekman, M., Gendelman, R., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1992, Malignant lymphoma associated with human AIDS and with SIV-induced immunodeficiency in macaques, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feichtinger, H., Kaaya, E., Ekman, M., Fend, F., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1993, Oral hairy leukoplakia in SIV-infected cynomolgus macaques, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 193 (Abstract, p. 193).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, G., Ottinger, J., Place, C., Nigida, S. M., Arthur, L. O., and Weinhold, K. J., 1993, The impact of HIV-1 infection on phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in chimpanzees, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, D. L., and Arthur, L. O., 1981, Expression of natural antibodies against endogenous and horizontally transmitted macaque retroviruses in captive primates, Virology 112:49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, D. L., Landon, J. C., Pienta, R. J., Kubicek, M. T., Valerio, M. G., Loeb, W. F., and Chopra, H. C., 1975, Responses of infant rhesus monkeys to inoculation with Mason-Pfizer monkey virus materials, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54:651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firpo, P. P., Axberg, I., Scheibel, M., and Clark, E. A., 1992, Macaque CD4+ T-cell subsets: Influence of activation on infection by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischl, M. A., Richman, D. D., Grieco, M. H., Gottlieb, M. S., Volberding, P. A., Laskin, O. L., Leedom, J. M., Groopman, J. E., Mildvan, D., and Schooley, R. T., 1987, The efficacy of azidothy-midine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, N. Engl. J. Med. 317:185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, A. G., Feinberg, M. B., Josephs, S. F., Harper, M. E., Marselle, L. M., Reyes, G., Gonda, M. A., Aldovini, A., Debouk, C., Gallo, R. C., and Wong-Staal, F., 1986, The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication, Nature 320:367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, A. G., Ensoli, B., Ivanoff, L., Chamberlain, M., Petteway, S., Ratner, L., Gallo, R. C., and Wong-Staal, F., 1987, The sor gene of HIV-1 is required for efficient virus transmission in vitro, Science 237:888.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flugel, R. M., Zentgraf, H., Munk, K., and Darai, G., 1978, Activation of an endogenous retrovirus from Tupaia (tree shrew), Nature 271:543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Follis, K. E., Tsai, C.-C., Grant, R., Sabo, A., and Bischofberger, N., 1993, Evaluation of PMEA efficacy in macaques chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 101).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fomsgaard, A., Hirsch, V. M., Allan, J. S., and Johnson, P. R., 1991, A highly divergent proviral DNA clone of SIV from a distinct species of African green monkey, Virology 182:397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomsgaard, A., Hirsch, V. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1992, Cloning and sequences of primate CD4 molecules: Diversity of the cellular receptor for simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus, Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomsgaard, A., Johnson, P. R., London, W. T., and Hirsch, V. M., 1993, Genetic variation of the SIVagm transmembrane glycoprotein in naturally and experimentally infected primates, AIDS 7:1041.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchini, G., Robert-Guroff, M., Ghrayeb, J., Chang, N. T., and Wong-Staal, F., 1986, Cytoplasmic localization of the HTLV-III 3′ orf protein in cultured T cells, Virology 155:593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchini, G., Collalti, E., Arya, S. K., Fenyo, E. M., Biberfeld, G., Zagury, J. F., Kanki, P. J., Wong-Staal, F., and Gallo, R. C., 1987a, Genetic analysis of a new subgroup of human and simian T-lymphotropic retroviruses: HTLV-IV, LAV-2, SBL-6669, and STLV-IIIagm, AIDS Res. Human Retro. 3:11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchini, G., Gurgo, C., Guo, H-G., Gallo, R. C., Collalti, E., Fargnoli, K. A., Hall, L. F., Wong-Staal, F., and Reitz, M. S., Jr., 1987b, Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency viruses, Nature 328:539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franchini, G., Rusche, J. R., O’Keefe, T. J., and Wong-Staal, F., 1988, The human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) contains a novel gene encoding a 16 kD protein associated with mature virions, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 4:243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukasawa, M., Miura, T., Hasegawa, A., Morikawa, S., Tsujimoto, H., Miki, K., Kitamura, T., and Hayami, M., 1988, Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey, a new member of the HIV/SIV group, Nature 333:457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., 1991, Replication of an acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus activates and induces proliferation of lymphocytes, J. Virol. 65:4902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., and Tao, B., 1993, Molecular and biologic evolution of acutely lethal SIVsmmPBjl4, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 190 (Abstract, p. 190).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., Swenson, R. B., Anand, R., and Srinivasan, A., 1986, Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from naturally infected sooty mangabey monkeys (Cer-cocebus atys), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., and Switzer, W. M., 1989, Identification and biologic characterization of an acutely lethal variant of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabeys (SIV/SMM), AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., Anderson, D. C., McClure, H. M., Dewhurst, S., and Mullins, J. I., 1990a, SIVsmm infection of macaque and mangabey monkeys: Correlation between in vivo and in vitro properties of different isolates, Dev. Biol. Stand. 72:253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., Gordon, T. P., Anderson, D. C., and McClure, H. M., 1990b, Prevalence of natural infection with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in a breeding colony of sooty mangabey monkeys, AIDS 4:619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P. N., Schwiebert, R., Su, L., and Salter, M., 1993, Total lymphoid irradiation of SIV-infected macaques as a potential therapy for HIV infection, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajdusek, D. C., 1990, Subacute spongiform encephalopathies: Transmissible cerebral amyloidoses caused by unconventional viruses, in: Virology (B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, eds.), pp. 2289–2324, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallatin, W. M., Gale, M. J., Hoffman, P. A., Willerford, D. M., Draves, K. E., Benveniste, R. E., Morton, W. R., and Clark, E. A., 1989, Selective replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in a subset of CD4+ lymphocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, F., Yue, L., White, A. T., Pappas, P. G., Barchue, J., Hanson, A. P., Greene, B. M., Sharp, P. M., Shaw, G. M., and Hahn, B. H., 1992, Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa, Nature 358:495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., 1993, The importance of nonhuman primate research in the battle against AIDS: A historical perspective, J. Med. Primatol. 22:86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., and Hu, S. L., 1991, SIV vaccines, 1991—A year in review, AIDS 5(Suppl. 2):S115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., and Luciw, P. A., 1988, Simian immunodeficiency viruses and their relationship to the human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS 2:S3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., and Luciw, P. A., 1989, Animal models of AIDS, FASEB J. 3:2593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., and Luciw, P. A., 1992, Simian retroviruses, in: AIDS and Other Manifestations of HIV Infection (G. P. Wormser, ed.), pp. 127–144, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., and Stott, J., 1990, Progress in development of SIV vaccines: A review, AIDS 4(Suppl. 1):S137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., Rahseed, S., Shimizu, S., Rongey, R. W., Henderson, B. E., McAllister, R. M., Element, V., Charman, H. P., Gilden, R. V., Heberling, R. L., and Huebner, R. J., 1977, Search for RNA Tumor Virus in Humans. In: Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, vol. 4, Origins of Human Cancer, edited by H. H. Hiatt, J. D. Watson, and J. A. Winsten. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 1235–1251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., Pedersen, N., Marx, P., Henrickson, R., Luciw, P., and Gilden, R., Vaccination against virally induced animal tumors, 1985, In: Immunity to Cancer, edited by A. E. Reif and M. S. Mitchell. Academic Press, Inc.: New York, p. 605–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., Luciw, P., Lerche, N., and Marx, P., 1988, Non-human primate retrovirus isolates and AIDS, in: Immunodeficiency Disorders and Retroviruses (K. Perk, ed.), pp. 171–226, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., Jennings, M., Carlson, F., Lerche, N., McGraw, T., Luciw, P., and Marx, P., 1989, Postexposure immunotherapy of SIV infected rhesus with an SIV immunogen, J. Med. Primatol. 18:321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. B., Carlson, J. R., Jennings, M., Rosenthal, A., Langlois, A., Haynes, B., Bolognesi, D., and Palker, T. J., 1991, SIV protection of rhesus monkeys, in: Biotechnology Therapeutics, Repligen, pp. 9–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M., Yamamoto, J., Marthas, M., Miller, C., Jennings, M., Rosenthal, A., Luciw, P., Planelles, V., Yilma, T., and Giavedoni, L., 1992, SIV and FIV vaccine studies at UC Davis: 1991 update, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M., Rosenthal, A., Jennings, M., Antipa, L., and Robinson, E., 1994, Passive immunization of rhesus macaques against SIV. J. Med. Primatol, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, H. R., 1991, Assembly and morphology of HIV: Potential effect of structure on viral function, AIDS 5:617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1 [editorial], 1991, Dis. Markers 9:53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, M. A., Chen, M. L., Hu, F. S., Baskin, G. B., and Petrovich, L., 1991, Liver disease in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, Am. J. Pathol. 139:1081.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giavedoni, L. D., Jones, L., Gardner, M. B., Gibson, H. L., Ng, C. T., Barr, P. J., and Yilma, T., 1992a, Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing chimeric proteins of human immunodeficiency virus and gamma interferon are attenuated for nude mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giavedoni, L. D., Parodi, L., Ahmad, S., Bassiri, M., and Yilma, T., 1992b, Immune enhancement and attenuation of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing empty viral particles of SIV and lympho-kines, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Giavedoni, L. D., Planelles, V., Haigwood, N. L., Ahmad, S., Kluge, J. D., Marthas, M. L., Gardner, M. B., Luciw, P. A., and Yilma, T. D., 1993, Immune response of rhesus macaques to recombinant SIVgp130 does not protect from challenge infection, J. Virol. 67:577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, W. E., Jr., Tsai, C.-C., Morton, W. R., Ochs, H. D., Knitter, G. H., and Blakley, G. A., 1985, Retroperitoneal fibromatosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in macaques, Am. J. Pathol. 119:253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, M., Kieny, M. P., Pinter, A., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Nara, P., Kolbe, H., Kusumi, K., Chaput, A., Reinhart, T., and Muchmore, E., 1991, Immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, M., Mahoney, J., Rimsky, L., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Muchmore, E., Weinhold, K., and Fultz, P., 1992, HIV-1 genital infection: A chimpanzee model, Paris: 7th Cent Gardes Meeting (Abstract)8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnann, J. W. J., Nelson, J. A., and Oldstone, M. B., 1987, Fine mapping of an immunodominant domain in the transmembrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 61:2639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S., Engle, R., Olmsted, R. A., Hirsch, V. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1990, Detection of SIV antigens by HIV-1 antigen capture immunoassays, J. AIDS 3:98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S., London, W. T., Elkins, W. R., and Hirsch, V. M., 1993, Whole inactivated SIV vaccine protects macaques from infection with cell-free SIV generated in human but not macaque cells, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 7).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, S. A., Affranchino, J. L., Gelderblom, H. R., and Burny, A., 1993, Assembly of the matrix protein of simian immunodeficiency virus into virus-like particles, Virology 194:548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Good, R. C., 1968, Biology of the mycobacterioses. Simian tuberculosis: Immunologic aspects, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 154:200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Good, S. S., Koble, C. S., Crouch, R., Johnson, R. L., Rideout, J. L., and de Miranda, P., 1990, Isolation and characterization of an ether glucuronide of zidovudine, a major metabolite in monkeys and humans, Drug Metab. Dispos. 18:321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gormus, B. J., Ohashi, D. K., Ohkawa, S., Walsh, G. P., Meyers, W. M., Brennan, P. J., and Trygg, C., 1988a, Serologic responses to Mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid-I antigen in sooty mangabey monkeys with experimental leprosy, Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact Dis. 56:537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotch, F. M., Hovell, R., Delchambre, M., Silvera, P., and McMichael, A. J., 1991, Cytotoxic T-cell response to simian immunodeficiency virus by cynomolgus macaque monkeys immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus, AIDS 5:317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotch, F., Nixon, D., Gallimore, A., McAdam, S., and McMichael, A., 1993, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes shared between HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV, J. Med. Primatol. 22:119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gougeon, M. L., Colizzi, V., Dalgleish, A., and Montagnier, L., 1993, New concepts in AIDS pathogenesis, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B. S., Belshe, R. B., Clements, M. L., Dolin, R., Corey, L., Wright, P. F., Gorse, G. J., Midthun, K., Keefer, M. C., and Roberts, N. J., Jr., 1992, Vaccination of vaccinia-naive adults with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl60 recombinant vaccinia virus in a blinded, controlled, randomized clinical trial. The AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network, J. Infect. Dis. 166:244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grankvist, O., Bredberg, R. U., Gustafsson, A., Albert, J., Albino, P., Andreasson, P. A., Naucler, A., Biberfeld, G., and Wadell, G., 1992, Improved detection of HIV-2 DNA in clinical samples using a nested primer-based polymerase chain reaction, J. AIDS 5:286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, R. F., Malinak, C. J., Wu, H., and Tsai, C.-C., 1993, Studies on tumor associated genes and the transforming potential of DNA from retroperitoneal fibromatosis, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, S. K., Deckman, I. C., Minnich, M. D., Culp, J., Franklin, S., Dreyer, G. B., Tomaszek, T. J., Debouck, C., and Meek, T. D., 1991, Purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus protease and comparison to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, Biochemistry 30:8424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, S. K., Deckman, I. C., Culp, J. S., Minnich, M. D., Brooks, I. S., Hensley, P., Debouck, C., and Meek, T. D., 1992, Use of protein unfolding studies to determine the conformational and dimeric stabilities of HIV-1 and SIV proteases, Biochemistry 31:9491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gravell, M., London, W. T., Hamilton, R. S., Sever, J. L., Kapikian, A. Z., Murti, G., Arthur, L. O., Gilden, R. V., Osborn, K. G., Marx, P. A., Henrickson, R. V., and Gardner, M. B., 1984a, Transmission of simian AIDS with type D retrovirus isolate, Lancet 1:334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gravell, M., London, W. T., Sever, J. L., Houff, S. A., Madden, D. L., Dalakas, M. C., Osborn, K. G., Maul, D. H., Henrickson, R. V., Marx, P. A., Lerche, N., Prahalada, S., and Gardner, M. B., 1984b, Transmission of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (SAIDS) with blood or filtered plasma, Science 223:74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gravell, M., London, W. T., Hamilton, R. S., Stone, G., and Monzon, M., 1989, Infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: Virulence and activation of latent infection, J. Med. Primatol. 18:247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grief, C., Hockley, D. J., Fromholc, C. E., and Kitchin, P. A., 1989, The morphology of simian immunodeficiency virus as shown by negative staining electron microscopy, J. Gen. Virol. 70:2215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gronowitz, J. S., Neumuller, M., Lennerstrand, J., Bhikhabhai, R., Unge, T., Weltman, H., and Kallander, C. F., 1991, Carrier bound templates for single tube reverse transcriptase assays and for combined purification and activity analyses, with special reference to HIV, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 13:127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haase, A. T., 1986, Pathogenesis of lentivirus infections, Nature 322:130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habeshaw, J., Hounsell, E., and Dalgleish, A., 1992, Does the HIV envelope induce a chronic graft-versus-host-like disease? Immunol. Today 13:207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, B. H., Kong, L. I., Lee, S. W., Kumar, P., Taylor, M. E., Arya, S. K., and Shaw, G. M., 1987, Relation of HTLV-4 to simian and human immunodeficiency-associated viruses, Nature 330:184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, B. H., Jin, M. J., Hui, H., Robertson, D. L., Allan, J. S., Shaw, G. M., and Sharp, P. M., 1993, A mosaic SIVagm genome provides evidence for simian/simian cross-species transmission in the wild, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haigwood, N. L., Misher, L., Chin, S. M., Blair, M., Planelles, V., Scandella, C. J., Steimer, K. S., Gardner, M. B., and Yilma, T., 1992, Characterization of group specific antibodies in primates: Studies with SIV envelope in macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 21:82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G., Ashworth, T., Sharpe, S., Cook, R., Dennis, M., Andrews, C., and Cranage, M., 1993, Does the amount of rhesus MHC class II expressed in blood monocytes affect the pathology of macaques infected with SIV? Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammes, S. R., Dixon, E. P., Malim, M. H., Cullen, B. R., and Greene, W. C., 1989, Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Evidence against its role as a transcriptional inhibitor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, W. D., Jr., 1993, Feline oncoretroviruses, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 2 (J. A. Levy, ed.), pp. 109–180, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, S., Boller, K., Cichutek, K., Norley, S. G., and Kurth, R., 1992a, Quantitation of a lentivirus in its natural host: Simian immunodeficiency virus in African green monkeys, J. Virol. 66:2143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, S., Norley, S. G., Ennen, J., Cichutek, K., Plesker, R., and Kurth, R., 1992b, Vaccine protection against SIVmac infection by high- but not low-dose whole inactivated virus immunogen, J. AIDS 5:461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, B. F., Arthur, L. O., Frost, P., Matthews, T. J., Langlois, A. J., Palker, T. J., Hart, M. K., Scearce, R. M., Jones, D. M., McDanel, C., Ottinger, J., Bolognesi, D., and Weinhold, K. J., 1993, Conversion of an immunogenic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope synthetic peptide to a tolerogen in chimpanzees by the fusogenic domain of HIV gp41 envelope protein, J. Exp. Med. 177:717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heberling, R. L., Barker, S. T., Kalter, S. S., Smith, G. C., and Helmke, R. J., 1977, Oncornavirus: Isolation from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) lung culture, Science 195:289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heeney, J., Jonker, R., Koornstra, W., Dubbes, R., Niphuis, H., Di Rienzo, A. M., Gourgeon, M. L., and Montagnier, L., 1993, The resistance of HIV-infected chimpanzees to progression to AIDS correlates with absence of HIV-related T-cell dysfunction, J. Med. Primatol. 22:194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heeney, J. L., de Vries, P., Dubbes, R., Koornstra, W., Niphuis, H., ten Haaft, P., Boes, J., Dings, M. E. M., Morein, B., and Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., 1992, Comparison of protection from homologous cell-free vs cell-associated SIV challenge afforded by inactivated whole SIV vaccines, J. Med. Primatol. 21:126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heidecker-Fanning, G., Lerche, N. W., Lowenstine, L. J., Lackner, A. A., Osborn, K. G., Gardner, M. B., and Marx, P. A., 1987, Induction of simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome (SAIDS) with a molecular clone of a type D SAIDS retrovirus, J. Virol. 61:3066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heise, C., Vogel, P., Miller, C. J., Halsted, C. H., and Dandekar, S., 1993a, Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of the gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques: Functional, pathological, and morphological changes, Am. J. Pathol. 142:1759.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heise, C., Vogel, P., Miller, C. J., Lackner, A., and Dandekar, S., 1993, Distribution of SIV infection in the gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques at early and terminal stages of AIDS, J. Med. Primatol. 22:187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemm, S., Sopper, S., Meixensberger, J., Coulibaly, C., Stahl-Hennig, C., Hunsmann, G., ter Meulen, V., and Dorries, R., 1993, Kinetics of humoral and cellular immunological parameters in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of SIVmac infected rhesus monkeys, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 190 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. E., Sowder, R., Smythers, G., Benveniste, R. E., and Oroszlan, S., 1985, Purification and N-terminal amino acid sequence comparisons of structural proteins from retrovirus-D/Washington and Mason-Phzer monkey virus, J. Virol. 55:778.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. E., Benveniste, R. E., Sowder, R., Copeland, T. D., Schultz, A. M., and Oroszlan, S., 1988a, Molecular characterization of gag proteins from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVMne), J. Virol. 62:2587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. E., Sowder, R. C., Copeland, T. D., Benveniste, R. E., and Oroszlan, S., 1988b, Isolation and characterization of a novel protein (x-orf product) from SIV and HIV-2, Science 241:199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. E., Sowder, R. C., Copeland, T. D., Oroszlan, S., and Benveniste, R. E., 1990, Gag precursors of HIV and SIV are cleaved into six proteins found in the mature virions, J. Med. Primatol. 19:411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendry, R. M., Well, M. A., Phelan, M. A., Schneider, A. L., Epstein, J. S., and Quinnan, G. V., 1986, Antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus in African green monkeys in Africa in 1957–62, Lancet 2:455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henrickson, R. V., Osborn, K. G., Madden, D. L., Anderson, J. H., Maul, D. H., Sever, J. L., Ellings-worth, L. R., Lowenstine, L. J., and Gardner, M. B., 1983, Epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency in rhesus monkeys, Lancet 1:388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henrickson, R. V., Maul, D. H., Lerche, N. W., Osborn, K. G., Lowenstine, L. J., Prahalada, S., Sever, J. L., Madden, D. L., and Gardner, M. B., 1984, Clinical features of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) in rhesus monkeys, Lab. Anim. Sci. 34:146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heyes, M. P., Gravell, M., London, W. T., Eckhaus, M., Vickers, J. H., Yergey, J. A., April, M., Blackmore, D., and Markey, S. P., 1990, Sustained increases in cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) naturally infected with simian retrovirus type-D, Brain Res. 531:148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyes, M. P., Lackner, A., Kaufman, S., and Milstein, S., 1991, Cerebrospinal fluid and serum neop-terin and biopterin in D-retrovirus-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Relationship to clinical and viral status, AIDS 5:555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyes, M. P., Jordan, E. K., Lee, K., Saito, K., Frank, J. A., Snoy, P. J., Markey, S. P., and Gravell, M., 1992, Relationship of neurologic status in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus to cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid, Brain Res. 570:237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, J. R., Sutjipto, S., Marx, P. A., and Pedersen, N. C., 1992, Shared antigenic epitopes of the major core proteins of human and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, J. Med. Primatol. 21:265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilleman, M. R., 1992, Historical and contemporary perspectives in vaccine developments: From the vantage of cancer, Prog. Med. Virol. 39:1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillyer, C. D., Brodie, A. R., Ansari, A. A., Anderson, D. C., and McClure, H. M., 1991, Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in SIVsmm9-infected Macaca mulatta, J. Med. Primatol. 20:156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillyer, C. D., Klumpp, S. A., Hall, J. M., Lackey, D. A., Ansari, A. A., and McClure, H. M., 1993, Multifactorial etiology of anemia in SIV-infected rhesus macaques: decreased BFU-E formation, serologic evidence of autoimmune hemolysis and an exuberent erythropoietin response, J. Med. Primatol. 22:253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1992, Pathogenesis of experimental SIV infection of macaques, Semin. Virol. 3:175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Edmondson, P., Murphey-Corb, M., Arbeille, B., Johnson, P. R., and Mullins, J. I., 1989a, SIV adaption to human cells, Nature 341:573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Olmstedt, R. A., Murphey-Corb, M., Purcell, R. H., and Johnson, P. R., 1989b, An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-1, Nature 339:389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Zack, P. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1990, Molecular characterization of SIV in tissues from experimentally infected macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 19:287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Zack, P. M., Vogel, A. P., and Johnson, P. R., 1991, Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques: End-stage disease is characterized by widespread distribution of proviral DNA in tissues, J. Infect. Dis. 163:976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Dapolito, G. A., Goldstein, S., McClure, H., Emau, P., Fultz, P. N., Isahakia, M., Lenroot, R., Myers, G., and Johnson, P. R., 1993a, A distinct African lentivirus from Sykes’ monkeys, J. Virol. 1517:1528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Goldstein, S., Hynes, N., London, W. T., Elkins, W. R., Zack, P. M., Byrum, R., and Johnson, P. R., 1993b, Whole inactivated SIV vaccine protects from disease but not infection after cell-associated SIV challenge, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 12).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., McGann, C., Dapolito, G., Goldstein, S., Ogen-Odoi, A., Biryawaho, B., Lakwo, T., and Johnson, P. R., 1993c, Identification of a new subgroup of SIVagm in tantalus monkeys, Virology 197:426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, V. M., Lewis, M. G., Johnson, P. R., Klumpp, S., Anderson, D. C., and McClure, H. M., 1993c, Viral genetic determinants in SIVsmmPBj pathogenesis, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffenbach, A., Langlade-Demoyen, P., Dadaglio, G., Vilmer, E., Michel, F., Mayaud, C., Autran, B., and Plata, F., 1989, Unusually high frequencies of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans, J. Immunol. 142:452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, G. W., Kion, T. A., and Grant, M. D., 1991, An idiotypic network model of AIDS immu-nopathogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, C. A., Henrickson, R., Anderson, J., and Osborn, B. I., 1985, Malignant lymphoma in a colony of Macaca arctoides, Vet. Pathol. 22:42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honjo, S., Narita, T., Kobayashi, R., Hiyaoka, A., Fujimoto, K., Takasaka, M., Sakakibara, I., Mukai, R., Ishikawa, K., and Ohta, Y., 1990, Experimental infection of African green monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys with a SIVAGM strain isolated from a healthy African green monkey, J. Med. Primatol. 19:9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, C. J., Desrosiers, R. C., Sehgal, P. K., King, N. W., and Ringler, D. J., 1991, Effect of simian immunodeficiency virus infection on tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by alveolar macrophages, Lab. Invest. 65:280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, C. J., Simon, M. A., Bergsagel, D. J., Pauley, D. R., King, N. W., Garcea, R. L., and Ringler, D. J., 1992, Simian virus 40-induced disease in rhesus monkeys with simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Am. J. Pathol. 140:1431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, C. J., Hunt, R. D., Simon, M. A., Sehgal, P. K., and Ringler, D. J., 1993, An immunohistologic study of granulomatous inflammation in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys, J. Leukocyte Biol. 53:532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S.-L., Zarling, J. M., Chinn, J., Travis, B. M., Moran, P. A., Sias, J., Kuller, L., Morton, W. R., Heidecker, G., and Benveniste, R. E., 1989, Protection of macaques against simian AIDS by immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoproteins of simian type D retrovirus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:7213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S.-L., Stallard, V., Misher, L., Langlois, A. J., Kuller, L., Morton, W. R., and Benveniste, R. E., 1992a, Immunization with recombinant SIVmnegp160 vaccines partially protects macaques against uncloned homologous virus challenge, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S.-L., Abrams, K., Barber, G. N., Moran, P., Zarling, J. M., Langlois, A. J., Kuller, L., Morton, W. R., and Benveniste, R. E., 1992b, Protection of macaques against SIV infection by subunit vaccines of SIV envelope glycoprotein gp160, Science 255:456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S.-L., Stallard, V., Abrams, K., Barber, G. N., Kuller, L., Langlois, A. J., Morton, W. R., and Benveniste, R. E., 1993, Protection of vaccinia-primed macaques against SIVmne infection by combination immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus and SIVmne gp160, J. Med. Primatol 22:92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, W., Vander, H. N., and Ratner, L., 1989, Analysis of the function of viral protein X (VPX) of HIV-2, Virology 173:624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huet, T., Cheynier, R., Meyerhans, A., Roelants, G., and Wain-Hobson, S., 1990, Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1, Nature 345:356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtrel, B., Chakrabarti, L., Hurtrel, M., Maire, M. A., Dormont, D., and Montagnier, L., 1991, Early SIV encephalopathy, J. Med. Primatol. 20:159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtrel, B., Chakrabarti, L., Hurtrel, M., and Montagnier, L., 1993, Target cells during early SIV encephalopathy, Res. Virol. 144:41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. S., Boyle, T. J., Lyerly, H. K., and Cullen, B. R., 1991, Identification of the envelope V3 loop as the primary determinant of cell tropism in HIV-1, Science 253:71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyinskii, P., Daniel, M., Lerche, N., and Desrosiers, R., 1991, Antibodies to type D retrovirus in talapoin monkeys, J. Gen. Virol. 72:453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyinskii, P. O., Daniel, M. D., Horvath, C. J., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1992, Genetic analysis of simian virus 40 from brains and kidneys of macaque monkeys, J. Virol. 66:6353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israel, Z. R., Edmonson, P. F., Maul, D. H., O’Neil, S. P., Mossman, S. P., Thriart, Cl., Fabry, L., Van Opstal, O., Bruck, C., Bex, F., Burny, A., Fultz, P. N., Mullins, J. I., and Hoover, E. A., 1994, Incomplete protection, but suppression of virus burden, elicited by subunit simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines, J. Virol. 68:1843–1853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacks, T., Power, M. D., Masiarz, F. R., Luciw, P. A., Barr, P. J., and Varmus, H. E., 1988, Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression, Nature 331:280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobovits, A., Smith, D. H., Jakobovits, E. B., and Capon, D. J., 1988, A discrete element 3′ of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 mRNA initiation sites mediates transcriptional activation by an HIV trans activator, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway, C. A., Jr., Carding, S., Jones, B., Murray, J., Portoles, P., Rasmussen, R., Rojo, J., Saizawa, K., West, J., and Bottomly, K., 1988, CD4+ T cells: Specificity and function, Immunol. Rev. 101:39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javaherian, K., Langlois, A. J., Schmidt, S., Kaufmann, M., Cates, N., Langedijk, J. P. M., Meloen, R. H., Desrosiers, R. C., Burns, D. P. W., Bolognesi, D. P., LaRosa, G., and Putney, S. D., 1992, The principal neutralization determinant of simian immunodeficiency virus differs from that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javaherian, K., Langlois, A. J., Montefiori, D. C., Kent, K. A., Ryan, K. A., Wyman, P. D., Stott, J., Bolognesi, D. P., Murphey-Corb, M., and LaRosa, G. J., 1994, Studies on the confirmation-dependent neutralizing epitopes of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein, J. Virol. 68:2624–2631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jehuda-Cohen, T., Slade, B. A., Powell, J. D., Villinger, F., De, B., Folks, T. M., McClure, H. M., Sell, K. W., and Ahmed-Ansari, A., 1990, Polyclonal B-cell activation reveals antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in HIV-1-seronegative individuals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jehuda-Cohen, T., Powell, J. D., Sell, K. W., Villinger, F., Lockwood, E., McClure, H. M., and Ahmed-Ansari, A., 1991a, Transmission of retroviral infection by transfusion of seronegative blood in nonhuman primates, J. Infect. Dis. 163:1223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jehuda-Cohen, T., Villinger, F., Powell, J. D., McClure, H. M., Sell, K. W., and Ahmed-Ansari, A., 1991b, Presence of SIV antibodies in the sera of infants born to SIV-seronegative monkeys [letter], J. AIDS 4:204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, S., Gritz, L., Fedor, C. H., O’Neill, E. M., Cohen, L. K., and Panicali, D. L., 1991, Formation of lentivirus particles by mammalian cells infected with recombinant fowlpox virus, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, M., Lowenstine, L., Gardner, M., Rosenthal, A., Antipa, L., Cotterman, R., and Yee, J., 1992, Horizontal transmission of SIV in juvenile male rhesus without protection by inactivated, whole-virus vaccine, Fifth Annual Meeting of the National Cooperative Vaccine Development Groups for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Joag, S. V., Anderson, M. G., Clements, J. E., McEntee, M. F., Sharma, D. P., Adams, R. J., and Narayan, O., 1993a, Antigenic variation of molecularly cloned SIVmac239 during persistent infection in a rhesus macaque, Virology 195:406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joag, S. V., Adams, R. J., Foresman, L., and Narayan, O., 1993b, Phases of SIV infection in rhesus macaques: Role of lymphoid organs in pathogenesis, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. R., Parks, D. E., Norrby, E., Lerner, R. A., Purcell, R. H., and Chanock, R. M., 1988, Site-directed ELISA identifies a highly antigenic region of the simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane glycoprotein, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 4:159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. R., and Hirsch, V. M., 1992, Genetic variation of simian immunodeficiency viruses in nonhuman primates, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. R., Fomsgaard, A., Allan, J., Gravell, M., London, W. T., Olmsted, R. A., and Hirsch, V. M., 1990a, Simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys display unusual genetic diversity, J. Virol. 64:1086.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. R., Goldstein, S., London, W. T., Fomsgaard, A., and Hirsch, V. M., 1990b, Molecular clones of SIVsm and SIVagm: Experimental infection of macaques and African green monkeys, J. Med. Primatol. 19:279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. R., Montefiori, D. C., Goldstein, S., Hamm, T. E., Zhou, J., Kitov, S., Haigwood, N. L., Misher, L., London, W. T., Gerin, J. L., Allison, A., Purcell, R. H., Chanock, R. M., and Hirsch, V. M., 1992a, Inactivated whole SIV vaccine in macaques: Evaluation of protective efficacy against challenge with cell-free virus or infected cells, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. R., Montefiori, D. C., Goldstein, S., Hamm, T. E., Zhou, J., Kitov, S., Haigwood, N. L., Misher, L., London, W. T., and Gerin, J. L., 1992b, Inactivated whole-virus vaccine derived from a proviral DNA clone of simian immunodeficiency virus induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against heterologous challenge, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P. B., Dubay, D. W., and Hunter, E., 1993, Truncations of the simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane protein confer expanded virus host range by removing a block to virus entry into cells, J. Virol. 67:3077.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joling, P., Van Wichen, D. F., Parmentier, H. K., Biberfeld, P., Bottiger, D., Tschopp, J., Rademakers, L. H. P. M., and Schuurman, H.-J., 1992, Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm) infection of cynomolgus monkeys: Effects on follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:2021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. C., Barnard, A. L., Slade, A., and Mills, K. H. G., 1992, Heterogeneity in the recognition of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein by CD4+ T cell clones from immunized macaques, J. Immunol. 149:3120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, E. K., and Heyes, M. P., 1993, Virus isolation and quinolinic acid in primary and chronic simian immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS 7:1173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jurkiewicz, E., Nakamura, H., Schneider, J., Yamamoto, N., Hayami, M., and Hunsmann, G., 1986, Structural analysis of p19 and p24 core polypeptides of primate lymphotropic retroviruses (PLRV), Virology 150:291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, E., Li, S. L., Feichtinger, H., Stahmer, I., Putkonen, P., Mandache, E., Mgaya, E., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1993, Accessory cells and macrophages in the histopathology of SIVsm-infected cynomolgus monkeys, Res. Virol. 144:81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, S. S., and Heberling, R. L., 1988, B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infection, AM News 54:71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanki, P. J., Alroy, J., and Essex, M., 1985a, Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to HTLV-III/LAV from wild-caught African green monkeys, Science 230:951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanki, P. J., Kurth, R., Becker, W., Dreesman, G., McLane, M. F., and Essex, M., 1985b, Antibodies to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in African green monkeys and recognition of STLV-III viral proteins by AIDS and related sera, Lancet 1:1330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanki, P. J., McLane, M. F., King, N. W., Letvin, N. L., Hunt, R. D., Sehgal, P., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., and Essex, M., 1985c, Serologic identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus closely related to HTLV-III, Science 230:1199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanki, P. J., Barin, F., M’Boup, S., Allan, J. S., Romet-Lemonne, J., Marlink, R., McLane, M. F., Lee, T. H., Arbeille, B., Denis, F., and Essex, M., 1986, New human T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-IIIagm), Science 232:238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannagi, M., Yetz, J. M., and Letvin, N. L., 1985, In vitro growth characteristics of simian T-lymphotropic virus type III, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannagi, M., Kiyotaki, M., Desrosiers, R. C., Reimann, K. A., King, N. W., Waldron, L. M., and Letvin, N. L., 1986, Humoral immune responses to T cell tropic retrovirus simian T lymphotro-pic virus type III in monkeys with experimentally induced acquired immune deficiency-like syndrome, J. Clin. Invest. 78:1229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannagi, M., Kiyotaki, M., King, N. W., Lord, C. I., and Letvin, N. L., 1987, Simian immunodeficiency virus induces expression of class II major histocompatibility complex structures on infected target cells in vitro, J. Virol. 61:1421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannagi, M., Chalifoux, L. V., Lord, C. I., and Letvin, N. L., 1988, Suppression of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro by CD8+ lymphocytes, J. Immunol. 140:2237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannagi, M., Masuda, T., Hattori, T., Kanoh, T., Nasu, K., Yamamoto, N., and Harada, S., 1990, Interference with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood leukocytes of asymptomatic HIV carriers in vitro, J. Virol. 64:3399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, S. Y., Caiman, A. F., Luciw, P. A., and Peterlin, B. M., 1987, Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product, Nature 330:489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappes, J. C., Morrow, C. D., Lee, S. W., Jameson, B. A., Kent, S. B. H., Hood, L. E., Shaw, G. M., and Hahn, B. H., 1988, Identification of a novel retroviral gene unique to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac, J. Virol. 62:3501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappes, J. C., Conway, J. A., Lee, S. W., Shaw, G. M., and Hahn, B. H., 1991, Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx protein augments viral infectivity, Virology 184:197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappes, J. C., Parkin, J. S., Conway, J. A., Kim, J., Brouillette, C. G., Shaw, G. M., and Hahn, B. H., 1993, Intracellular transport and virion incorporation of vpx requires interaction with other virus type-specific components, Virology 193:222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaul, S., Dandekar, K. A., and Pittman, K. A., 1989, Analytical method for the quantification of 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine, a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agent, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) detection in rat and monkey plasma, Pharm. Res. 6:895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, T. G., Huff, S. D., Buckley, P. M., Dungworth, D. L., and Snyder, S. P., 1972, C-type virus associated with gibbon lymphosarcoma, Nature 235:171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, K. A., Gritz, L., Stallard, G., Cranage, M. P., Collignon, C., Thiriart, C., Corcoran, T., Silvera, P., and Stott, E. J., 1991, Production of monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins, AIDS 5:829.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, K. A., Rud, E., Corcoran, T., Powell, C., Thiriart, C., Collignon, C., and Stott, E. J., 1992, Identification of two neutralizing and 8 non-neutralizing epitopes on simian immunodeficiency virus envelope using monoclonal antibodies, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kestler, H. W., III, Li, Y., Naidu, Y. M., Butler, C. V., Ochs, M. F., Jaenel, G., King, N. W., Daniel, M. D., and Desrosiers, R. D., 1988, Comparison of simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, Nature 331:619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kestler, H., Naidu, Y. M., Kodama, T., King, N. W., Daniel, M. D., Li, Y., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1989, Use of infectious molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus for pathogenesis studies, J. Med. Primatol. 18:305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kestler, H., Kodama, T., Ringler, D., Marthas, M., Pedersen, N., Lackner, A., Regier, D., Sehgal, P., Daniel, M., King, N., and Desrosiers, R., 1990, Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus, Science 248:1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kestler, H. W., Ringler, D. J., Mori, K., Panicali, D. L., Sehgal, P. K., Daniel, M. D., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1991, Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS, Cell 65:651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khabbaz, R., Rowe, T., Murphey-Corb, M., Heneine, W., Schable, C., George, J. R., Pau, C., Parekh, B., and Folks, T., 1992a, Seroconversion to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in two laboratory workers, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract 9).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khabbaz, R. F., Rowe, T., Murphey-Corb, M., Heneine, W. M., Schable, C. A., George, J. R., Pau, C. P., Parekh, B. S., Lairmore, M. D., and Curran, J. W., 1992b, Simian immunodeficiency virus needlestick accident in a laboratory worker, Lancet 340:271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khabbaz, R. F., Heneine, W., George, J. R., Parekh, B., Rowe, T., Woods, T., Switzer, W. M., McClure, H. M., Murphey-Corb, M., and Folks, T. M., 1994, Brief Report: Infection of a laboratory worker with simian immunodeficiency virus, N. Engl. J. Med. 330:172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A. S., Galvin, T. A., Jennings, M. B., Gardner, M. B., and Lowenstine, L. J., 1991a, SIV of stump-tailed macaque (SIVstm) is a divergent Asian isolate, J. Med. Primatol. 20:167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A. S., Galvin, T. A., Lowenstine, L. J., Jennings, M. B., Gardner, M. B., and Buckler, C. E., 1991b, A highly divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVstm) recovered from stored stump-tailed macaque tissues, J. Virol. 65:7061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiernan, R. E., McPhee, D. A., and Doherty, R. R., 1988, Quantitation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus using a modified plaque forming assay, J. Virol. Methods 22:303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikukawa, R., Koyanagi, Y., Harada, S., Kobayashi, N., Hatanaka, M., and Yamamoto, N., 1986, Differential susceptibility to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus in cloned cells of human leukemic T-cell line Molt-4, J. Virol. 57:1159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, N. W., Chalifoux, L. V., Ringler, D. J., Wyand, M. S., Sehgal, P. K., Daniel, M. D., Letvin, N. L., Desrosiers, R. C., Blake, B. J., and Hunt, R. D., 1990, Comparative biology of natural and experimental SIVmac infection in macaque monkeys: A review, J. Med. Primatol. 19:109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, F., Voss, G., Nick, S., Stahl, H. C., Coulibaly, C., Frank, R., Jentsch, K. D., and Hunsmann, G., 1991, Antibody response to the negative regulatory factor (nef) in experimentally infected macaques: Correlation with viremia, disease progression, and seroconversion to structural viral proteins, Virology 183:267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa, M., Lackner, A. A., Martfeld, D. J., Gardner, M. B., and Dandekar, S., 1991, Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaque bone marrow macrophages correlates with disease progression in vivo, Am. J. Pathol. 138:921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, P. A., Almond, N., Szotyori, Z., Fromholc, C. E., McAlpine, L., Silvera, P., Stott, E. J., Cranage, M., Baskerville, A., and Schild, G., 1990a, The use of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in experimentally infected macaques, J. Virol. Methods 28:85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klatzmann, D., Champagne, E., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Guetard, F., Hercend, T., Gluckman, J., and Montagnier, L., 1984, T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV, Nature 312:767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klumpp, S. A., Novembre, F. J., Anderson, D. C., Simon, M. A., Ringler, D. J., and McClure, H. M., 1993, Clinical and pathologic findings in infant rhesus macaques infected with SIVsmm by maternal transmission, J. Med. Primatol. 22:169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, T., Silva, D. P., Daniel, M. D., Phillips-Conroy, J. E., Jolly, C. J., Rogers, J., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1989a, Prevalence of antibodies to SIV in baboons in their native habitat, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, T., Wooley, D. P., Naidu, Y. M., Kestler, H. W., Daniel, M. D., Li, Y., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1989b, Significance of premature stop codons in env of simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 63:4709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, T., Burns, D. P., Silva, D. P., Veronese, F. D., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1991, Strain-specific neutralizing determinant in the transmembrane protein of simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 65:2010.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, T., Mori, K., Kawahara, T., Ringler, D. J., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1993, Analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus sequence variation in tissues of rhesus macaques with simian AIDS, J. Virol. 67:6522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, S., Hirsch, V. M., Olmsted, R. A., Powell, D., Maury, W., Rabson, A., Fauci, A. S., Purcell, R. H., and Johnson, P. R., 1989, Selective infection of human CD4+ cells by simian immunodeficiency virus: Productive infection associated with envelope glycoprotein-induced fusion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koo, H. M., Gu, J., Varela-Echavarria, A., Ron, Y., and Dougherty, J. P., 1992, Reticuloendotheliosis type C and primate type D oncoretroviruses are members of the same receptor interference group, J. Virol. 66:3448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornfeld, H., Riedel, N., Viglianti, G., Hirsch, V., Mullins, J. I., 1987, Cloning of HTLV-4 and its relation to simian and human immunodeficiency viruses, Nature 326:610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, G., Werner, A., Baier, M., Binniger, D., Ferdinand, F. J., Norley, S., and Kurth, R., 1989, Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 868:2892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, H., Wunderlich, V., and Uckert, W., 1989, Molecular cloning of a type D retrovirus from human cells (PMFV) and its homology to simian acquired immunodeficiency type D retroviruses, Virology 173:214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krohn, K. J. E., Hakkarainen, K., Aavik, E., Dewhurst, S., Sadaie, R., and Mullins, J. I., 1993, Transcomplementation of simian immunodeficiency virus rev with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 rex, J. Virol 67:5681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugner-Higby, L., Kucera, L., Lerche, N., Sever, J., Fucillo, W., Allan, J., and Benveniste, R., 1990, Serological survey for two simian retroviruses in macaques and African green monkeys, Lab. Anim. Sci. 40:24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugner-Higby, L. A., Schultz, K. T., Johnson, K. J., and Golos, T. G., 1993, Replication of SIV-mac251 and SIVB670 in vitro in placental syncytiotrophoblasts, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract p 6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuller, L., Morton, W. R., Benveniste, R. E., Tsai, C. C., Clark, E. A., Gale, M. J., Hu, S. L., Thouless, M. E., and Katze, M. G., 1990, Inoculation of Macaca fascicularis with simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmne immunologic, serologic, and pathologic changes, J. Med. Primatol. 19:367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuller, L., Benveniste, R. E., Watanabe, R., Tsai, C. C., and Morton, W. R., 1992, Transmission of SIVMne from female to male Macaca nemestrina, J. Med. Primatol. 21:299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwang, H. S., Pedersen, N. C., Lerche, N. W., Osborn, K. G., Marx, P. A., and Gardner, M. B., 1987, Viremia, antigenemia, and serum antibodies in rhesus macaques infected with simian retrovirus type 1 and their relationship to disease course, Lab. Invest. 56:591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, A. A., Rodriguez, M. H., Bush, C. E., Munn, R. J., Kwang, H.-S., Moore, P. F., Osborn, K. G., Marx, P. A., Gardner, M. B., and Lowenstine, L. J., 1988, Distribution of a macaque immunosuppressive type D retrovirus in neural, lymphoid, and salivary tissues, J. Virol. 62:2134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, A. A., Schiodt, M., Armitage, G. C., Moore, P. F., Munn, R. J., Marx, P. A., Gardner, M. B., and Lowenstine, L. J., 1989, Mucosal epithelial cells and Langerhans cells are targets for infection by the immunosuppressive type D retrovirus simian AIDS retrovirus serotype 1, J. Med. Primatol. 18:195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, A. A., Dandekar, S., and Gardner, M. B., 1991a, Neurobiology of simian and feline immunodeficiency virus infections, Brain Pathol. 1:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, A. A., Smith, M. O., Munn, R. J., Martfeld, D. J., Gardner, M. B., Marx, P. A., and Dandekar, S., 1991b, Localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys, Am. J. Pathol. 139:609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, A. A., Vogel, P., Hoogenboom, E., Sandekar, S., Kluge, J. D., and Marthas, M., 1991c, Pathogenic (SIVmac-239) and nonpathogenic (SIVmac-1A11) molecular clones of SIV have distinct tissue distributions that vary with length of infection, Seattle: 9th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lairmore, M. D., Lerche, N. W., Schultz, K. T., Stone, C. M., Brown, B. G., Hermann, L. M., Yee, J. A., and Jennings, M., 1990, SIV, STLV-I and type D retrovirus antibodies in captive rhesus macaques and immunoblot reactivity to SIV p27 in human and rhesus monkey sera, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:1233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lairmore, M. D., Post, A. A., Goldsmith, C. S., and Folks, T. M., 1991, Cytokine enhancement of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV/mac) from a chronically infected cloned T-cell line (HuT-78), Arch. Virol. 121:43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lairmore, M. D., Hofheinz, D. E., Letvin, N. L., Stoner, C. S., Pearlman, S., and Toedter, G. P., 1993, Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid antigens by a monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture assay, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, S. M., Weeger, M., Stahl-Hennig, C., Coulibaly, C., Hunsmann, G., Muller, J., Muller-Hermelink, H., Fuchs, D., Wachter, H., and Daniel, M. M., 1993, Importance of vpr for infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 67:902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, J. M., Boucher, C. A., Hollak, C. E., Wiltink, E. H., Reiss, P., van Royen, E. A., Roos, M., Danner, S. A., and Goudsmit, J., 1990, Failure of zidovudine prophylaxis after accidental exposure to HIV-1 [see comments], N. Engl. J. Med. 322:1375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langlois, A. J., Weinhold, K. J., Matthews, T. J., and Bolognesi, D. P., 1991, In vitro assays for detecting neutralizing and fusion-inhibiting antibodies to SIVMAC251, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laspia, M. F., Rice, A. P., and Mathews, M. B., 1989, HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation, Cell 59:283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le, S. Y., Malim, M. H., Cullen, B. R., and Maizel, J. V., 1990, A highly conserved RNA folding region coincident with the Rev response element of primate immunodeficiency viruses, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand, E. K., Donovan, R. M., Marx, P. A., Moulton, J. E., Cheung, A. T., Lewis, A. E., and Gardner, M. B., 1985, Monocyte function in rhesus monkeys with simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 10:131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand, R., Vogt, G., Chapel, A., and Dormont, D., 1991, Antibody-dependent enhancement and neutralization pattern of sera from SIV-infected or HIV-2-vaccinated rhesus monkeys, J. Med. Primatol. 20:172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand, R., Vogt, G., Vaslin, B., Roques, P., and Dormont, D., 1992a, Specific and non-specific immunity and protection of macaques against SIV infection, Vaccine 10:873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand, R., Kress, J. P., Vogt, G., Vaslin, B., Roques, P., Theodoro, F., Aubertin, A. M., and Dormont, D., 1992b, Modification of viral load after immune stimulation of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand, R., Vaslin, B., Vogt, G., Theodoro, F., Noack, O., Gras, G., Aubertin, A. M., and Dormont, D., 1993, Early stage kinetics of cellular and seric viremia after intra-rectal SIV infection of rhesus macaques, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p. 192).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehner, T., Bergmeier, L. A., Panagiotidi, C., Tao, L., Brookes, R., Klavinskis, L. S., Walker, P., Walker, J., Ward, R. G., and Hussain, L., 1992, Induction of mucosal and systemic immunity to a recombinant simian immunodeficiency viral protein, Science 258:1365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerche, N. W., Henrickson, R. V., Maul, D. H., and Gardner, M. B., 1984, Epidemiologic aspects of an outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Lab. Anim. Sci. 34:146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerche, N. W., Osborn, K. G., Marx, P. A., Prahalada, S., Maul, D. H., Lowenstine, L. J., Munn, R. J., Bryant, M. L., Henrickson, R. V., and Arthur, L. O., 1986, Inapparent carriers of simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome type D retrovirus and disease transmission with saliva, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77:489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerche, N. W., Marx, P. A., Osborn, K. G., Maul, D. H., Lowenstine, L. J., Bleviss, M. L., Moody, P., Henrickson, R. V., and Gardner, M. B., 1987, Natural history of endemic type D retrovirus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in group-housed rhesus monkeys, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 79:847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerche, N. W., Marx, P.A., and Gardner, M. B., 1991, Elimination of type D retrovirus infection from group-housed rhesus monkeys using serial testing and removal, Lab. Anim. Care 41:123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letvin, N. L., and King, N. W., 1990, Immunologic and pathologic manifestations of the infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques, J. AIDS 3:1023.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letvin, N. L., Daniel, M. D., Sehgal, P. K., Desrosiers, R. C., Hunt, R. D., Waldron, L. M., MacKey, J. J., Schmidt, D. K., Chalifoux, L. V., and King, N. W., 1985, Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III, Science 230:71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letvin, N. L., Lord, C. I., King, N. W., Wyand, M. S., Myrick, K. V., and Haseltine, W. A., 1991, Risks of handling HIV [letter], Nature 349:573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. A., 1993, Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection, Microbiol. Rev. 57:183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. G., Zack, P. M., Elkins, W. R., and Jahrling, P. B., 1992b, Infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a rapidly fatal SIV (SIVsmm/PBj) isolate from sooty mangabeys, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. G., Bellah, S., McKinnon, K., Yalley-Ogunro, J., Greenhouse, J., Elkins, W. R., Rosenberg, Y., Gartner, S., and Eddy, G., 1993a, Dual infection of rhesus macaques with SIV-Ells and SIV239, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. G., Elkins, W. R., McCutchan, F. E., Benveniste, R. E., Lai, C. Y., Montefiori, D. C., Burke, D. S., Eddy, G. A., and Shafferman, A., 1993b, Passively transferred antibodies directed against conserved regions of SIV envelope protect macaques from SIV infection, Vaccine 11:1347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Lord, C. I., Haseltine, W., Letvin, N. L., and Sodroski, J., 1992, Infection of cynomolgus monkeys with a chimeric HIV-1/SIVmac virus that expresses the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, J. AIDS 5:639.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S. L., Kaaya, E. E., Feichtinger, H., Putkonen, P., Parravicini, C., Bottiger, D., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1991, Monocyte/macrophage giant cell disease in SIV-infected cynomolgus monkeys, Res. Virol. 142:173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S. L., Kaaya, E. E., Feichtinger, H., Ekman, M., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1993, Thymic changes in SIVsm infected cynomolgus monkeys, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 193. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Naidu, Y., Fultz, P., Daniel, M. D., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1989a, Genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Med. Primatol. 18:261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Naidu, Y. M., Daniel, M. D., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1989b, Extensive genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys, J. Virol. 63:1800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungdahl-Stahle, E., Trojnar, J., Oberg, B., and Wahren, B., 1992, Early appearance of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigen and antibodies as variables in evaluating antiviral drugs in macaques, J. Virol. Methods 37:43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loh, P. C., 1993, Spumaviruses, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 2 (J. A. Levy, ed.), p. 361, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohman, B. L., Higgins, J., Marthas, M. L., Marx, P. A., and Pedersen, N. C., 1991, Development of simian immunodeficiency virus isolation, titration, and neutralization assays which use whole blood from rhesus monkeys and an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, J. Clin. Microbiol 29:2187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • London, W. T., Madden, D. L., Gravell, M., Dalakas, M. C., Hauff, S. A., Sever, J. L., Henrickson, R. V., Maul, D. H., Osborn, K. G., and Gardner, M. B., 1983, Experimental transmission of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) and Kaposi’s-like skin lesions, Lancet 2:869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Looke, D. F., and Grove, D. I., 1990, Failed prophylactic zidovudine after needlestick injury [letter], Lancet 335:1280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Anaya, A., Unadkat, J. D., Schumann, L. A., and Smith, A. L., 1990, Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (azidothymidine). I. Transplacental transfer, J. AIDS 3:959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstine, L. J., and Lerche, N. W., 1988, Retrovirus infections of nonhuman primates: a review, J. Zoo Anim. Med. 19:168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstine, L. J., Pedersen, N. C., Higgins, J., Pallis, K. C., Uyeda, A., Marx, P., Lerche, N. W., Munn, R. J., and Gardner, M. B., 1986, Seroepidemiologic survey of captive Old-World primates for antibodies to human and simian retroviruses, and isolation of a lentivirus from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), Int. J. Cancer 38:563.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstine, L. J., Lerche, N. W., Yee, J. L., Uyeda, A., Jennings, M. B., Munn, R. J., McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., Fultz, P. N., and Gardner, M. B., 1992, Evidence for a lentiviral etiology in an epizootic of immune deficiency and lymphoma in stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides), J. Med. Primatol. 21:1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luciw, P. A., and Leung, N. J., 1992, Mechanisms of retrovirus replication, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 1 (J. A. Levy, ed.), p. 159, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luciw, P. A., Cheng-Mayer, C., and Levy, J. A., 1987, Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus: The orf-B region down-regulates virus replication, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luciw, P. A., Shaw, K. E., Unger, R. E., Planelles, V., Stout, M. W., Lackner, J. E., Pratt-Lowe, E., Leung, N. J., Banapour, B., and Marthas, M. L., 1992, Genetic and biological comparisons of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac), AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lüke, W., and Hunsmann, G., 1993, Protection of monkeys by a split vaccine against SIVmac depends upon biological properties of the challenge virus, AIDS 7:787.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lüke, W., Hoefer, K., Moosmayer, D., Nickel, P., Hunsmann, G., and Jentsch, K. D., 1990, Partial purification and characterization of the reverse transcriptase of the simian immunodeficiency virus TYO-7 isolated from an African green monkey, Biochemistry 29:1764.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, B., Ljundahl-Stahle, E., Wahren, B., Norrby, E., and Oberg, B., 1989, Antiviral effects of AZT, foscarnet and DDC in SIV-infected macaques (Macaca fascicularis), Maastricht, Netherlands: International TNO Meeting on Animal Models in AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, B., Bottiger, D., Ljungdahl-Stahle, E., Norrby, E., Stahle, L., Wahren, B., and Oberg, B., 1991, Antiviral effects of 3′-fluorothymidine and 3′-azidothymidine in cynomolgus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, J. AIDS 4:489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, B., Corthals, G., Rud, E., Kent, K., Webster, S., Cook, N., and Cranage, M. P., 1993, Comparison of serum antibody reactivities to a conformational and to linear antigenic sites in the external envelope glycoprotein of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) induced by infection and vaccination, J. Gen. Virol. 74:1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., Fultz, P. N., Ansari, A. A., Lockwood, E., and Brodie, A., 1989, Spectrum of disease in macaque monkeys chronically infected with SIV/SMM, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 21:13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., Ansari, A. A., Fultz, P. N., Klumpp, S. A., and Schinazi, R. F., 1990, Nonhuman primate models for evaluation of AIDS therapy, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 616:287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., Fultz, P. N., Ansari, A. A., Jehuda-Cohen, T., Villinger, F., Klumpp, S. A., Switzer, W., Lockwood, E., and Brodie, A., 1991, Maternal transmission of SIVsmm in rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 20:182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, J., Misher, L., Schmidt, A., Steele, J., Morton, W., and Hu, S.-L., 1992, In vivo passage of HIV-2 EHO in Macaca nemestrina results in persistent infection, disease progression, and altered cellular tropism, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, M. A., Johnson, M. S., and Doolittle, R. F., 1987, Relocation of a protease-like gene segment between two retroviruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, M. A., Johnson, M. S., Feng, D.-F., and Doolittle, R. F., 1988, Sequence comparisons of retroviral proteins: Relative rates of change and general phylogeny, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, M. O., 1991, The simian immunodeficiency viruses, Mol. Aspects Med. 12:247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, M. O., Sattentau, Q. J., Beverley, P. C. L., Hearn, J. P., Fitzgerald, A. K., Zuckerman, A. J., and Weiss, R. A., 1987, HIV infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the CD4 receptor, Nature 330:487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEntee, M. F., Sharma, D. P., Zink, M. C., Adams, R. J., Flexner, C., Clements, J. E., and Narayan, O., 1991, Rhesus monkey macrophages infected with simian immunodeficiency virus cause rapid lysis of CD4-bearing lymphocytes, J. Gen. Virol. 72:317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEntee, M. F., Gorrell, M. D., Adams, R. J., Narayan, O., and Pitha, P., 1992a, Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 production during interaction between activated CD4+ lymphocytes and simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macrophages, J. Gen. Virol. 73:1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEntee, M. F., Zinc, M. C., Anderson, M. G., Farzadegan, H., Adams, R. J., Kent, K. A., Stott, E. J., Clements, J. E., and Narayan, O., 1992b, Neutralizing antibodies modulate replication of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac in primary macaque macrophages, J. Virol. 66:6200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw, T. P., Vowels, B. R., Gardner, M. B., Ahmed-Ansari, A., and Gershwin, M. E., 1990a, Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific T-cell-mediated proliferative response of infected rhesus macaques, AIDS 4:191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw, T. P., Vowels, B. R., Gershwin, M. E., and Gardner, M. B., 1990b, Cellular immune response of SIV-infected rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 19:177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeating, J. A., McKnight, A., Mcintosh, K., Clapham, P. R., Mulder, C., and Weiss, R. A., 1989, Evaluation of human and simian immunodeficiency virus plaque and neutralization assays, J. Gen. Virol. 70:3327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, M., Lowenstine, L., Lalchandani, R., Lerche, N., Osborn, K., Spinner, A., Bleviss, M., Henrickson, R., and Gardner, M., 1986, The hematologic abnormalities in simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome (SAIDS): Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, Lab. Anim. Sci. 36:14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maddon, P. J., McDougal, J. S., Clapham, P. R., Dalgleish, A. G., Jamal, S., Weiss, R. A., and Axel, R., 1988, HIV infection does not require endocytosis of its receptor, CD4, Cell 54:865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makoschey, B., Stahl-Hennig, C., Coulibaly, C., and Hunsmann, G., 1993, Neutralizing antibodies in SIVmac infected macaques in relation to the course of disease, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p. 190).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malim, M. H., Bohnlein, S., Fenrick, R., Le, S. Y., Maizel, J. V., and Cullen, B. R., 1989a, Functional comparison of the Rev trans-activators encoded by different primate immunodeficiency virus species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malim, M. H., Hauber, J., Le, S. Y., Maizel, J. V., and Cullen, B. R., 1989b, The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA, Nature 338:254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malkovsky, M., Bartz, S. R., MacKenzie, D., Radtke, B. E., Wallace, M., Manning, J., Pauza, C. D., and Fisch, P., 1992, Are gamma delta T cells important for the elimination of virus-infected cells? J. Med. Primatol. 21:113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malley, A., Torres, J., Benjamini, E., Pangares, N., and Axthelm, K., 1991a, T cell epitopes on the envelope glycoproteins of simian retrovirus 1 and 2, Seattle: 9th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malley, A., Werner, L., Benjamini, E., Leung, C. Y., Torres, J., Pangares, N., Shiigi, S., and Axthelm, M., 1991b, Characterization of T- and B-cell epitopes of a simian retrovirus (SRV-2) envelope protein, J. Med. Primatol. 20:177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malley, A., Pangares, N., Mayo, S. K., Zeleny-Pooley, M., Torres, J. V., Benjamini, E., and Axthelm, M. C., 1992, A type D SRV-2 virus-specific CD8 T cell that regulates virus-induced T cell proliferation in Celebes macaques, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malley, A., Pangares, N., Mayo, S. K., Zeleny-Pooley, M., Torres, J. V., Benjamin, E., and Axthelm, M. K., 1993, Type D SRV-2 virus-specific CD8+ and CD4 T cells that regulate virus-induced T-cell proliferation in Celebes macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 22:80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, C. P., Jain, N. C., Miller, C., Marthas, M., and Dandekar, S., 1993, Early hematologic changes in rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of SIVmac, J. Med. Primatol. 22:177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mankowski, J. L., Spelman, J. P., Ressetar, H. G., Clements, J. E., and Zink, M. C., 1993, Pathogenesis of encephalitis caused by SIVmac, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 19).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannervik, M., Putkonen, P., Ruden, U., Kent, K. A., Norrby, E., Wahren, B., and Broliden, P. A., 1992, Identification of B-cell antigenic sites on HIV-2 gp125, J. AIDS 5:177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manns, A., Konig, H., Baier, M., Kurth, R., and Grosse, F., 1991, Fidelity of reverse transcriptase of the simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey, Nucleic Acids Res. 19:533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marra, C. M., Kuller, L., Shaffer, J. M., Morton, W. R., and Lukehart, S. A., 1993, The impact of SIV on the immunological response to syphilis, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p. 42).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marthas, M. L., Banapour, B., Sutjipto, S., Siegel, M. E., Marx, P. A., Gardner, M. B., Pedersen, N. C., and Luciw, P. A., 1989, Rhesus macaques inoculated with molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Med. Primatol. 18:311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marthas, M. L., Sutjipto, S., Higgins, J., Lohman, B., Torten, J., Luciw, P. A., Marx, P. A., and Pedersen, N. C., 1990, Immunization with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) prevents early disease but not infection in rhesus macaques challenged with pathogenic SIV, J. Virol. 64:3694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marthas, M. L., Sutjipto, S., Miller, C., Higgins, J., Torten, J., Unger, R., Marx, P. A., and Pedersen, N. C., 1991, Whole-inactivated and live, virulence-attenuated SIV vaccines protect rhesus macaques against infection by intravenous but not vaginal routes of challenge, Seattle: 9th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marthas, M., McChesney, M., Lohman, B., Miller, C., Higgins, J., Torten, J., Pedersen, N. C., Gardner, M., and Yilma, T., 1992a, A live, virulence-attenuated SIV vaccine protects rhesus macaques against infection by intravenous challenge with virulent, cell-free SIV grown in human, but not rhesus cells, Fifth Annual Meeting of the National Cooperative Vaccine Development Groups for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marthas, M. L., Miller, C. J., Sutjipto, S., Higgins, J., Torten, J., Lohman, B. L., Unger, R. E., Ramos, R. A., Kiyono, H., McGhee, J. R., Marx, P. A., and Pedersen, N. C., 1992b, Efficacy of live-attenuated and whole-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines against vaginal challenge with virulent SIV, J. Med. Primatol. 21:99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marthas, M., Ramos, R. A., Lohman, B. L., Van Rompay, K. K. A., Unger, R. E., Miller, C. J., Banapour, B., Pedersen, N. C., and Luciw, P., 1993, Viral determinants of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) virulence in rhesus macaques assessed using attenuated and pathogenic molecular clones of SIVmac, J. Virol. 67:6047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, I., Defrise-Quertain, F., Mandieau, V., Nielsen, N. M., Saermark, T., Burny, A., Brasseur, R., Ruysschaert, J. M., and Vandenbranden, M., 1991, Fusogenic activity of SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) peptides located in the GP32 NH2 terminal domain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175:872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. N., Murphey-Corb, M., Soike, K. F., and Davison-Fairburn, B., 1990, Effects of 28 day treatment with azidothymidine (AZT) initiated after infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Antiviral Res. l(Suppl.):l, 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. N., Murphey-Corb, M., Soike, K. F., Davison-Fairburn, B., and Baskin, G. B., 1993, Effects of initiation of 3′-azido,3′-deoxythymidine treatment at different times after infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Infect. Dis. 168:825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. N., Soike, K. F., Murphey-Corb, M., Bohm, R. P., Roberts, E. D., Kakuk, T. J., Thaisri-vongs, S., Vidmar, T. J., Ruwart, M. J., Davio, S. R., and Tarpley, W. G., 1994, Effects of a peptidomimetic inhibitor of retroviral proteases (U-75875) on simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Amedee, A., Davison-Fairburn, B., Trichel, A., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1993, Analysis of genetic diversity in maternally-transmitted SIV-infected rhesus macaque neonates, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Maul, D. H., Osborn, K. G., Lerche, N. W., Moody, P., Lowenstine, L. J., Henrickson, R. V., Arthur, L. O., Gilden, R. V., Gravell, M., London, W. T., Sever, J. L., Levy, J. A., Munn, R. J., and Gardner, M. B., 1984, Simian AIDS: Isolation of a type D retrovirus and transmission of the disease, Science 223:1083.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Osborn, K. G., Maul, D. H., Lerche, N. W., Lowenstine, L. J., Kluge, J. D., Zaiss, C. P., Henrickson, R. V., Shiigi, S. M., Wilson, B. J., Malley, A., Olson, L. C., McNulty, W. P., Arthur, L. O., Gilden, R. V., Barker, C. S., Hunter, E., Munn, R. J., Heidecker, G., Bryant, M. L., and Gardner, M. B., 1985, Isolation of a new serotype of simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome type D retrovirus from Celebes black macaques (Macaca nigra) with immune deficiency and retroperitoneal fibromatosis, J. Virol. 56:571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Pedersen, N., Lerche, N., Osborn, K., Lowenstine, L., Lackner, A., Maul, D., Kluge, J. D., Zaiss, C., Sharpe, V., Spinner, A., and Gardner, M., 1986, Prevention of simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome with a formalin-inactivated type D retrovirus vaccine, J. Virol. 60:431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Munn, R. J., and Joy, K. I., 1988, Computer emulation of thin section electron microscopy predicts an envelope-associated icosadeltahedral capsid for human immunodeficiency virus, Lab. Invest. 58:112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Li, Y., Lerche, N. W., Sutjipto, S., Gettie, A., Yee, J. A., Brotman, B. H., Prince, A. M., Hanson, A., and Webster, R. G., 1991, Isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west African pet sooty mangabey, J. Virol. 65:4480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, P. A., Compans, R. W., Gettie, A., Staas, J. K., Gilley, R. M., Mulligan, M. J., Vamshchikov, G. V., Chen, D., and Eldridge, J. H., 1993, Protection against vaginal SIV transmission with microencapsulated vaccine, Science, 260:1323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathes, L. E., Olsen, R. G., Hebebrand, L. C., Hoover, E. A., and Schaller, J. P., 1978, Abrogation of lymphocyte blastogenesis by a feline leukaemia virus protein, Nature 274:687.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maul, D. H., Miller, C. H., Marx, P., Bleviss, M. L., Madden, D. L., Henrickson, R., and Gardner, M. B., 1984, Immune defects in simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 8:201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maul, D. H., Lerche, N. W., Osborn, K. G., Marx, P. A., Zaiss, C., Spinner, A., Kluge, J. D., MacKenzie, M. R., Lowenstine, L. J., Bryant, M. L., Blakeslee, J. R., Henrickson, R. V., and Gardner, M. B., 1986, Pathogenesis of simian AIDS in rhesus macaques inoculated with type D retroviruses, Am. J. Vet. Res. 47:863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maul, D. H., Zaiss, C. P., MacKenzie, M. R., Shiigi, S. M., Marx, P. A., and Gardner, M. B., 1988, Simian retrovirus D serogroup 1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, J. Virol. 62:1768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayne, A., Villinger, F., Findley, H., and Ansari, A. A., 1993, Quantitative differences in the levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma produced by PBMC of naturally SIV infected sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIV, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 76.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meek, T. D., Lambert, D. M., Dreyer, G. B., Carr, T. J., Tomaszek, T. A., Jr., Moore, M. L., Strickler, J. E., Debouck, C., Hyland, L. J., and Matthews, T. J., 1990, Inhibition of HIV-1 protease in infected T-lymphocytes by synthetic peptide analogues, Nature 343:90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehtali, M., Aubertin, A. M., Bayer, C., Venet, A., Riviere, Y., and Kieny, M. P., 1993, Different approaches towards an HIV vaccine using SIV as a model, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS39 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzo, S., Bagnarelli, P., Giacca, M., Manzin, A., Varaldo, P. E., and Clementi, M., 1992, Absolute quantitation of viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection by competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, K. W., Pietrobon, P. J. F., Fujihaski, K., McGhee, J. R., and Kiyono, H., 1992, Mucosal vaccine for AIDS: Oral immunization with HIV gp120 in combination with liposome and cholera toxin induces antigen-specific IgA producing cells, Fifth Annual Meeting of the National Cooperative Vaccine Development Groups for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mestecky, J., 1987, The common mucosal immune system and current strategies for induction of immune responses in external secretions, J. Clin. Immunol. 7:265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K. K., Trivedi, P., Streblow, D. N., Emau, P., and Pauza, C. D., 1993, Selection of an SIVmac LTR sequence upon mucosal inoculation of rhesus macaques, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 13.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, P. R., Ormerod, L. D., Osborn, K. G., Lowenstine, L. J., Henrickson, R. V., Modlin, R. L., Smith, R. E., Gardner, M. B., and Taylor, C. R., 1985, An immunopathologic evaluation of lymph nodes from monkey and man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related conditions, Hematol. Oncol. 3:199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, S. A., Rezai, A. R., Salazar-Gonzalez, J. F., Vander Meyden, M., Stevens, R. H., Logan, D. M., Mitsuyasu, R. T., Taga, T., Hirano, T., and Kishimoto, T., 1990, AIDS Kaposi sarcoma-derived cells produce and respond to interleukin 6, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4068.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Alexander, N, J., Sutjipto, S., Lackner, A. A., Gettie, A., Hendrickx, A. G., Lowenstine, L. J., Jennings, M., and Marx, P. A., 1989, Genital mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus: Animal model for heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 63:4277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Alexander, N. f., Sutjipto, S., Joye, S. M., Hendrickx, A. G., Jennings, M., and Marx, P. A., 1990, Effect of virus dose and nonoxynol-9 on the genital transmission of SIV in rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 19:401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Alexander, N. J., Vogel, P., Anderson, J., and Marx, P. A., 1992a, Mechanism of genital transmission of SIV: A hypothesis based on transmission studies and the location of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 21:64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., McChesney, M., and Moore, P. F., 1992b, Langerhans cells, macrophages and lymphocyte subsets in the cervix and vagina of rhesus macaques, Lab. Invest. 67:628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Vogel, P., Alexander, N. J., Sutjipto, S., Hendrickx, A. G., and Marx, P. A., 1992c, Localization of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques, Am. J. Pathol. 141:655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Ramos, R. A., Vogel, P., Isahakia, M., Marthas, M. L., and Marx, P. A., 1992d, SIVagm in lymphoid tissues of experimentally-infected African green monkeys, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., McGhee, J. R., and Gardner, M. B., 1993a, Biology of disease: Mucosal immunity, HIV transmission, and AIDS, Lab. Invest. 68:129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Vogel, P., Alexander, N. J., Dandekar, S., Hendrickx, A. G., and Marx, P. A., 1993b, Pathology and localization of SIV in the reproductive tract of chronically infected male rhesus macaques, Lab. Invest., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. A., Murphey-Corb, M., and Montelaro, R. C., 1992, Identification of broadly reactive continuous antigenic determinants of simian immunodeficiency virus glycoproteins, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. D., Lord, C. I., Stallard, V., Mazzara, G. P., and Letvin, N. L., 1990, The gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques, J. Immunol. 144:122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. D., Gould, F. S., Shen, L., Woods, R. M., Koenig, S., Mannino, R. J., and Letvin, N. L., 1992, Vaccination of rhesus monkeys with synthetic peptide in a fusogenic proteoliposome elicits simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med. 176:1739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, K. H. G., Jones, W. C., Kitchin, P. A., Page, M., Chan, W. L., Taffs, F., Bruck, C., Thiriart, C., deWilde, M., Rud, E., and Stott, E. J., 1992, Role of SIV-specific cellular and humoral immunity in protection against SIV infection in macaques, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract 41).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuya, H., Yarchoan, R., and Broder, S., 1990, Molecular targets for AIDS therapy, Science 249:1533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, T., Tsujimoto, H., Fukasawa, M., Ohta, Y., Honjo, S., and Hayami, M., 1989, Genetic analysis and infection of SIVAGM and SIVMND, J. Med. Primatol. 18:255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moazed, T. C., and Thouless, M. E., 1993, Viral persistence of simian type D retrovirus (SRV-2/W) in naturally infected pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina), J. Med. Primatol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaner, L. J., Ringler, D. J., Wyand, M. S., Mattmuller, M. R., MacKey, J. J., Schmidt, D. K., Daniel, M. D., and King, N. W., 1990, Study of long-term cultures of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac 251 (-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes, Lab. Invest. 63:242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D. C., Murphey-Corb, M., Desrosiers, R. C., and Daniel, M. D., 1990a, Complement-mediated, infection-enhancing antibodies in plasma from vaccinated macaques before and after inoculation with live simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 64:5223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D. C., Robinson, W. E., Jr., Hirsch, V. M., Modliszewski, A., Mitchell, W. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1990b, Antibody-dependent enhancement of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in vitro by plasma from SIV-infected rhesus macaques, J. Virol. 64:113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, K., Ringler, D. J., Kodama, T., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1992, Complex determinants of macrophage tropism in env of simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol. 66:2067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, K., Ringler, D. J., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1993, Restricted replication of simian immunodeficiency virus strain 239 in macrophages is determined by env but is not due to restricted entry, J. Virol. 67:2807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, H. G., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1993, A PCR-based strategy for extensive mutagenesis of a target DNA sequence, Biotechniques 14(3):454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, W. R., Kuller, L., Benveniste, R. E., Clark, E. A., Tsai, C. C., Gale, M. J., Thouless, M. E., Overbaugh, J., and Katze, M. G., 1989, Transmission of the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne in macaques and baboons, J. Med. Primatol. 18:237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mossman, S. P., O’Neil, S. P., Hoover, E. A., and Maul, D. H., 1992, Vertical transmission of SIV-mac239 in rhesus macaques, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 31.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mossman, S. P., O’Neil, S. P., Maul, D. H., Fultz, P. N., and Hoover, E. A., 1993, Enteropathy in pigtail macaques inoculated with SIVsmmPBj 14-bcl.3, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 77.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, J. G., Krenn, V., Czub, S., Stahl, H. C., Coulibaly, C., Hunsmann, G., and Muller, H. H., 1993, The thymic epithelial reticulum and interdigitating cells in SIV-induced thymus atrophy and its comparison with other forms of thymus involution, Res. Virol. 144:93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, M. C., Saksena, N. K., Nerrienet, E., Chappey, C., Herve, V. M. A., Durand, J.-P., Legal-Campodonico, P., Lang, M.-C., Digoutte, J.-P., Georges, A. J., Georges-Courbot, M.-C., Sonigo, P., and Barre-Sinoussi, F., 1993, Simian immunodeficiency viruses from central and western Africa: Evidence for a new species-specific lentivirus in tantalus monkeys, J. Virol. 67:1227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munn, R. J., Marx, P. A., Yamamoto, J. K., and Gardner, M. B., 1985, Ultrastructural comparison of the retroviruses associated with human and simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Lab. Invest. 53:194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Rangan, S. R. S., Baskin, G. B., Gormus, B. J., Wolf, R. H., Andes, W. A., West, M., and Montelaro, R. C., 1986, Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys, Nature 321:435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Davison-Fairburn, B., Montelaro, R. C., Miller, M., West, M., Ohkawa, S., Baskin, G. B., Zhang, J. Y., and Putney, S. D., 1989, A formalin-inactivated whole SIV vaccine confers protection in macaques, Science 246:1293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Davison-Fairburn, B., Ohkawa, S., Martin, L., and Baskin, G., 1990a, Immunization of healthy SIV-infected macaques with a formalin inactivated whole virus vaccine has no apparent effect on disease progression and survival, New Orleans: 8th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract 39, p. 55.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Davison-Fairburn, B., Montelaro, R. C., Miller, M., West, M., Ohkawa, S., Baskin, G. B., Zhang, J. Y., and Putney, S., 1990b, A formalin inactivated whole SIV vaccine and a glycoprotein-enriched subunit vaccine confers protection against experimental challenge with pathogenic live SIV in rhesus monkeys, Dev. Biol. Stand. 72:273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Davison-Fairburn, B., and Baskin, G., 1992a, Maternal-fetal transmission of SIV in the macaque, Paris: 7th Cent Gardes Meeting (Abstract, p. 38.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Davison-Fairburn, B., Ohkawa, S., and Martin, L., 1992b, Passive protection of neonatal rhesus monkeys born of mothers immunized with whole inactivated SIV, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 125.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Ohkawa, S., Davison-Fairburn, B., Martin, L. N., Baskin, G. B., Langlois, A. J., McIntee, M., Narayan, O., and Gardner, M. B., 1992c, A formalin-fixed whole SIV vaccine induces protective responses that are cross-protective and durable, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, E. A., Rausch, D. M., Lendvay, J., Sharer, L. R., and Eiden, L. E., 1992, Cognitive and motor impairments associated with SIV infection in rhesus monkeys, Science 255:1246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, G., and Pavlakis, G. N., 1992, Evolutionary potential of complex retroviruses, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 1 (J. A. Levy, ed.), pp. 51–105, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, G., Maclnnes, K., and Korber, B., 1992, The emergence of simian/human immunodeficiency viruses, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naidu, Y. M., Kestler, H. W., III, Li, Y., Butler, C. V., Silva, D. P., Schmidt, D. K., Troup, C. D., Sehgal, P. K., Sonigo, P., Daniel, M. D., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1988, Characterization of infectious molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2: Persistent infection of rhesus monkeys with molecularly cloned SIVmac, J. Virol. 62:4691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napier, J. R., and Napier, P. H., 1986, The Natural History of the Primates, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nara, P. L., Smit, L., Dunlop, N., Hatch, W., Merges, M., Waters, D., Kelliher, J., Gallo, R. C., Fischinger, P. J., and Goudsmit, J., 1990, Emergence of viruses resistant to neutralization by V3-specific antibodies in experimental human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIB infection of chimpanzees, J. Virol. 64:3779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, O., and Clements, J. E., 1989, Biology and pathogenesis of lentiviruses, J. Gen. Virol. 70:1617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, I., Messinger, D., Dubouch, P., Bernard, J., Desportes, I., Jouffre, R., Snart, R., Nara, P., Gallo, R. C., and Zagury, D., 1989, Use of Old World monkeys for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome research, J. Med. Primatol. 18:227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niederman, T. M., and Ratner, L., 1992, Functional analysis of HIV1 and SIV Nef proteins, Res. Virol. 143:43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niederman, T. M., Thielan, B. J., and Ratner, L., 1989, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 negative factor is a transcriptional silencer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niederman, T. M., Hu, W., and Ratner, L., 1991, Simian immunodeficiency virus negative factor suppresses the level of viral mRNA in COS cells, J. Virol. 65:3538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino, Y., Ohki, K., Kimura, T., Morikawa, S., Mikami, T., and Ikuta, K., 1992, Major core proteins, p24s, of human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses are partly expressed on the surface of the virus-infected cells, Vaccine 10:677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, D. F., Broliden, K., Ogg, G., and Broliden, P. A., 1992, Cellular and humoral antigenic epitopes in HIV and SIV [editorial], J. Immunol. 76:515.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norley, S. G., Kraus, G., Ennen, J., Bonilla, J., Konig, H., and Kurth, R., 1990, Immunological studies of the basis for the apathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norrby, E., Biberfeld, G., Johnson, P. R., Parks, D. E., Houghten, R. A., and Lerner, R. A., 1989, The chemistry of site-directed serology for HIV infections, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norrby, E., Parks, D. E., Utter, G., Houghten, R. A., and Lerner, R. A., 1989b, Immunochemistry of the dominating antigenic region Ala582 to Cys604 in the transmembranous protein of simian and human immunodeficiency virus, J. Immunol. 143:3602.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norrby, E., Putkonen, P., Bottiger, B., Utter, G., and Biberfeld, G., 1991, Comparison of linear antigenic sites in the envelope proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 and type 1, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novembre, F. J., Hirsch, V. M., McClure, H. M., and Johnson, P. R., 1991, Molecular diversity of SIVsmm/PBj and a cognate variant, SIVsmm/PGg, J. Med. Primatol. 20:188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novembre, F. J., Hirsch, V. M., McClure, H. M., Fultz, P. N., and Johnson, P. R., 1992, SIV from stump-tailed macaques: Molecular characterization of a highly transmissible primate lentivirus, Virology 186:783.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novembre, F. J., Chege, G., Ishahakia, M., and McClure, H. M., 1993a, Serosurvey of nonhuman primates in Kenya: Evidence for SIVsmm-related infection in a baboon, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 48.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Novembre, F. J., Johnson, P. R., Lewis, M. G., Anderson, D. C., Klumpp, S., McClure, H. M., and Hirsch, V. M., 1993b, Multiple viral determinants contribute to pathogenicity of the acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmmPBj variant, J. Virol. 67:2466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, H. D., Morton, W. R., Kuller, L. D., Zhu, Q., Tsai, C.-C., Agy, M. B., and Benveniste, R. E., 1993, Intra-amniotic inoculation of pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) fetuses with SIV and HIV-1, J. Med. Primatol. 22:162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, H. D., Morton, W. R., Tsai, C. C., Thouless, M. E., Zhu, Q., Kuller, L. D., Wu, Y. P., and Benveniste, R. E., 1991, Maternal-fetal transmission of SIV in macaques: Disseminated adenovirus infection in an offspring with congenital SIV infection, J. Med. Primatol. 20:193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hagan, D. T., Rafferty, D., McKeating, J. A., and Ilium, L., 1992, Vaginal immunization of rats with a synthetic peptide from human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein, J. Gen. Virol. 73:2141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkawa, S., Wilson, L. A., Miller, M., Montelaro, R., Martin, L., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1993, ADCC function in sera from infected but not from immunized rhesus monkeys, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 61.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, Y., Masuda, T., Tsujimoto, H., Ishikawa, K., Kodama, T., Morikawa, S., Nakai, M., Honjo, S., and Hayami, M., 1988, Isolation of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys and seroepidemiologic survey of the virus in various non-human primates, Int. J. Cancer 41:115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, Y., Tsujimoto, H., Ishikawa, K., Yamamoto, H., Doi, Y., Honjo, S., Arita, M., and Hayami, M., 1989, No evidence for the contamination of live oral poliomyelitis vaccines with simian immunodeficiency virus [letter], AIDS 3:183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, S. P., Mossman, S. P., Maul, D. H., Israel, Z. R., Dean, G. A., Fultz, P. N., and Hoover, E. A., 1993, Comparative pathogenicity of molecular and biologic clones of SIVsmm PBj 14, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, K. L., and Hoover, E. A., 1991, Natural killer activity in early and chronic SIV infection, Seattle: 9th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, K. G., Prahalada, S., Lowenstine, L. J., Gardner, M. B., Maul, D. H., and Henrickson, R. V., 1984, The pathology of an epizootic of acquired immunodeficiency in rhesus macaques, Am. J. Pathol. 114:94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osterhaus, A., de Vries, P., Morein, B., Akerblom, L., and Heeney F,, 1992b, Comparison of protection afforded by whole virus ISCOM versus MDP adjuvanted formalin-inactivated SIV vaccines from IV cell-free or cell-associated homologous challenge, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otsyula, M., Suleman, M., Gettie, A., Isahakia, M., and Marx, P. A., 1991, Transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in naturally infected African green monkeys (AGMs), Seattle: 9th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Otteken, A., Nick, S., Bergter, W., Voss, G., Faisst, A. C., Stahl, H. C., and Hunsmann, G., 1992, Identification of a gag protein epitope conserved among all four groups of primate immunodeficiency viruses by using monoclonal antibodies, J. Gen. Virol. 73:2721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overbaugh, J., and Rudensey, L. M., 1992, Alterations in potential sites for glycosylation predominate during evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope gene in macaques, J. Virol. 66:5937.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overbaugh, J., Rudensey, L. M., Papenhausen, M. D., Benveniste, R. E., and Morton, W. R., 1991, Variation in simian immunodeficiency virus env is confined to V1 and V4 during progression to simian AIDS, J. Virol. 65:7025.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J. F., Butini, L., Montroni, M., Fox, C. H., Orenstein, J. M., Kotier, D. P., and Fauci, A. S., 1993a, HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease, Nature 362:355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., and Fauci, A. S., 1993b, New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 328:327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, Y., Hanna, Z., Savard, P., Brousseau, R., Robitaille, Y., and Jolicoeur, P., 1989, Retrovirus-induced murine motor neuron disease: Mapping the determinant of spongiform degeneration within the envelope gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, I. W., Steen, R., and Li, Y., 1991, Characterization of multiple mRNA species of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaques in a CD4+ lymphoid cell line, J. Virol. 65:2987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, N. T., Cohen, E. A., Darveau, A., Rosen, C., Haseltine, W., and Sonenberg, N., 1988, Mutational analysis of the 5′ non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Effects of secondary structure on translation, EMBO J. 7:2831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J. R., 1971, A History of Poliomyelitis, Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauza, C. D., Emau, P., Salvato, M. S., Trivedi, P., MacKenzie, D., Malkovsky, M., Uno, H., and Schultz, K. T., 1993a, Pathogenesis of SIVmac251 after atraumatic inoculation of the rectal mucosa in rhesus monkeys, J. Med. Primatol. 22:154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauza, C. D., Trivedi, P., Meyer, K. K., Streblow, D. N., Malkovsky, M., Salvato, M. S., Schultz, K. T., and Emau, P., 1993b, Intramucosal transmission of primate retroviruses, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract 2), p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peeters, M., Honore, C., Huet, T., Bedjabaga, L., Ossari, S., Bussi, P., Cooper, R. W., and Delaporte, E., 1989, Isolation and partial characterization of an HIV-related virus occurring naturally in chimpanzees in Gabon, AIDS 3:625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peeters, M., Fransen, K., Delaporte, E., Van den Haesevelde, M., Gershy-Damet, G. M., Kestens, L., van der Groen, G., and Piot, P., 1992, Isolation and characterization of a new chimpanzee lentivirus (simian immunodeficiency virus isolate cpz-ant) from a wild-captured chimpanzee, AIDS 6:447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peeters, M., Janssens, W., Heyndrickx, L., Williams, B., Fransen, K., Van den Haesevelde, M., and Heeny, J., 1993, Role of V3 loop in neutralization of sequential SIVcpz-ant isolates in a naturally SIVcpz-ant infected chimpanzee, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p. 4L).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, E., Cheynier, R., Letvin, N., and Wain-Hobson, S., 1993, Evolution of SIV quasispecies in animals infected with a molecularly cloned provirus, Berlin: IXth. International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p. 159.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. E., Rowland-Jones, S., Nixon, D. F., Gotch, F. M., Edwards, J. P., Ogunlesi, A. O., Elvin, J. G., Rothbard, J. A., Bangham, C. R. M., Rizza, C. R., and McMichael, A. J., 1991, Human immunodeficiency virus genetic variation that can escape cytotoxic T cell recognition, Nature 354:453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piatak, M., Jr., Luk, K. C., Williams, B., and Lifson, J. D., 1993a, Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for accurate quantitation of HIV DNA and RNA species, BioTechniques 14:70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piatak, M., Jr., Saag, M. S., Yang, L. C., Clark, S. J., Kappes, J. C., Luk, K. C., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., and Lifson, J. D., 1993b, High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR, Science 259:1749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Planelles, V., Haigwood, N. L., Marthas, M. L., Mann, K. A., Scandella, C., Lidster, W. D., Shuster, J. R., VanKuyk, R., Marx, P. A., Gardner, M. B., and Luciw, P. A., 1991, Functional and immunological characterization of SIV envelope glycoprotein produced in genetically engineered mammalian cells, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polacino, P. S., Liang, H. A., Firpo, E. J., and Clark, E. A., 1993, T-cell activation influences initial DNA synthesis of simian immunodeficiency virus in resting T lymphocytes from macaques, J. Virol. 67:7008.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polyanskaya, N., Cook, N., Webster, S., and Cranage, M. P., 1993, Species specific anti-cell antibody responses in infection and vaccination with SIV, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS (Abstract, p. 254.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Polzien, F., Scharf, J. G., Luke, W., and Hunsmann, G., 1992, CD4-binding of gp130 micelles isolated from SIVagmTYO-7, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popov, J., McGraw, T., Hofmann, B., Vowels, B., Shum, A., Nishanian, P., and Fahey, J. L., 1992, Acute lymphoid changes and ongoing immune activation in SIV infection, J. AIDS 5:391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portis, J. L., McAtee, F. J., and Kayman, S. C., 1992, Infectivity of retroviral DNA in vivo [letter], J. AIDS 5:1272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, B. J., 1990, “Mini” reverse transcriptase (RT) assay, in: Techniques in HIV Research (A. Aldovini and B. D. Walker, eds.), Stockton Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, J. D., Bednarik, D. P., Folks, T. M., Jehuda-Cohen, T., Villinger, F., Sell, K. W., and Ansari, A. A., 1993, Inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by CD8+ T cells derived from non-human primates, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 91:473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Power, M. D., Marx, P. A., Bryant, M. L., Gardner, M. B., Barr, P. J., and Luciw, P. A., 1986, The nucleotide sequence of a type D retrovirus, SRV-1 etiologically-linked with the simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Science 231:1567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, K., Ranganathan, P. N., Mettus, R., Reddy, P., Srinivasan, A., and Plotkin, S., 1992, Generation of deletion mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus incapable of proviral integration, J. Virol. 66:167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, V. R., Myrick, K., Haseltine, W., and Goff, S. P., 1990, Expression of enzymatically active reverse transcriptase of simian immunodeficiency virus in bacteria: Sensitivity to nucleotide analogue inhibitors, Virology 179:896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putkonen, P., Bottiger, B., Warstedt, K., Thorstensson, R., Albert, J., and Biberfeld, G., 1989, Experimental infection of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with HIV-2, J. AIDS 2:359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putkonen, P., Thorstensson, R., Ghavamzadeh, L., Albert, J., Hild, K., Biberfeld, G., and Norrby, E., 1991b, Prevention of HIV-2 and SIVsm infection by passive immunization in cynomolgus monkeys, Nature 352:436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putkonen, P., Kaaya, E. E., Bottiger, D., Li, S. L., Nilsson, C., Biberfeld, P., and Biberfeld, G., 1992a, Clinical features and predictive markers of disease progression in cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS 6:257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putkonen, P., Thorstensson, R., Cranage, M., Nilsson, C., Ghavamzadeh, L., Albert, J., Greenaway, P., and Biberfeld, G., 1992c, A formalin inactivated whole SIVmac vaccine in Ribi adjuvant protects against homologous and heterologous SIV challenge, J. Med. Primatol. 21:108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putkonen, P., Nilsson, C., Hild, K., Benthin, R., Cranage, M., Aubertin, A. M., and Biberfeld, G., 1993, Whole inactivated SIV vaccine grown on human cells fails to protect against homologous SIV grown on simian cells, J. Med. Primatol. 22:100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racz, P., Tenner-Racz, K., Kahl, C., Feller, A. C., Kern, P., and Dietrich, M., 1986, Spectrum of morphologic changes of lymph nodes from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complexes, Prog. Allergy 37:81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rangan, S. R. S., Martin, L. N., Bozelka, B. E., Wang, N., and Gormus, B. J., 1986, Epstein-Barr virus-related herpesvirus from a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with malignant lymphoma, Int. J. Cancer 38:425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rausch, D. M., Murray, E. A., Lendvay, J., Sharer, L. R., Heyes, M., Nohr, D., Weihe, E., and Eidden, L. E., 1992, Correlation of immunological, clinical, neuropathological, and neurochemical parameters with motor and cognitive impairments observed in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Redfield, R. R., and Birx, D. L., 1992, HIV-specific vaccine therapy: Concepts, status, and future directions, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1990, The complete nucleotide sequence of a pathogenic molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:1221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A., and Desrosiers, R. C., 1991, The complete nucleotide sequence of a pathogenic molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus, Virology 184:513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann, K. A., Burkly, L. C., Burrus, B., Waite, B. C. D., Lord, C. I., and Letvin, N. L., 1993, In vivo administration to rhesus monkeys of a CD4-specific monoclonal antibody capable of blocking AIDS virus replication, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rey, M. A., Laurent, A. G., McClure, J., Krust, B., Montagnier, L., and Hovanessian, A. G., 1990, Transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIV-mac exist as homodimers, J. Virol. 64:922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. S., and Hunter, E., 1987, Myristylation is required for intracellular transport but not for assembly of D-type retrovirus capsids, J. Virol. 61:1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. S., and Hunter, E., 1990a, Structural role of the matrix protein of type D retroviruses in gag polyprotein stability and capsid assembly, J. Virol. 64:4383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. S., and Hunter, E., 1990b, A single amino acid substitution within the matrix protein of a type D retrovirus converts its morphogenesis to that of a type C retrovirus, Cell 63:77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, A. P., and Mathews, M. B., 1988, Transcriptional but not translational regulation of HIV-1 by the tat gene product, Nature 332:551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, D. D., 1990, Zidovudine resistance of human immunodeficiency virus [see comments], Rev. Infect. Dis. 12(Suppl. 5):S507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringler, D. J., Hancock, W. W., King, N. W., Letvin, N. L., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., and Murphy, G. F., 1987, Immunophenotypic characterization of the cutaneous exanthem of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys, Am. J. Pathol. 126:199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringler, D. J., Wyand, M. S., Walsh, D. G., MacKey, J. J., Chalifoux, L. V., Popovic, M., Minassian, A. A., Sehgal, P. K., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., and King, N. W., 1989a, Cellular localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in lymphoid tissues. I. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, Am. J. Pathol. 134:373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringler, D. J., Wyand, M. S., Walsh, D. G., MacKey, J. J., Sehgal, P. K., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., and King, N. W., 1989b, The productive infection of alveolar macrophages by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), J. Med. Primatol. 18:217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringler, D. J., Walsh, D. G., Chalifoux, L. V., MacKey, J. J., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., King, N. W., and Hancock, W. W., 1990, Soluble and membrane-associated interleukin 2 receptor-alpha expression in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, Lab. Invest. 62:435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, G. D. J., Mulligan, M. J., Lydy, S. L., and Compans, R. W., 1993, Cell fusion activity of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein is modulated by the intracytoplasmic domain, Virology 197:255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, T. A., and Panganiban, A. T., 1992, Propagation of SIV vectors by genetic complementation with a heterologous env gene, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, T. A., and Panganiban, A. T., 1993, Simian immunodeficiency virus RNA is efficiently encapsidated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles, J. Virol. 67:2681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert-Guroff, M., Popovic, M., Gartner, S., Markham, P., Gallo, R. C., and Reitz, M. S., 1990, Structure and expression of tat-, rev-, and nef-specific transcripts of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in infected lymphocytes and macrophages, J. Virol. 64:3391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. D., and Martin, L. N., 1991, Arthritis in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV/DELTA), Lab. Invest. 65:637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, W. E., Jr., and Mitchell, W. M., 1990, Neutralization and enhancement of in vitro and in vivo HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus infections, AIDS 4(Suppl. 1):S151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, W. E., Jr., Montefiori, D. C., and Mitchell, W. M., 1988, Will antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection be a problem with AIDS vaccine? Lancet 1:830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roodman, S. T., Woon, M. D., Hoffmann, J. W., Theodorakis, P., Tsai, C. C., and Wu, H. N., 1991, Interleukin-6 and retroperitoneal fibromatosis from SRV-2-infected macaques with simian AIDS, J. Med. Primatol. 20:201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, C. A., Sodroski, J. G., Goh, W. C., Dayton, A. I., Lippke, J., and Haseltine, W. A., 1986, Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III, Nature 319:555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Y. J., White, B. D., Papermaster, S. F., Zack, P., Jarling, P. B., Eddy, G. A., Burke, D. S., and Lewis, M. G., 1991, Variation in T-lymphocyte activation and susceptibility to SIVPBj-14-induced acute death in macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 20:206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Y. J., Zack, P. M., Greenhouse, J. J., Leon, E. C., Papermaster, S. F., White, B. D., Eddy, G. A., Burke, D. S., and Lewis, M. G., 1992, Immunological deterioration and proviral levels in LN of SIV-infected macaques predicts progression to AIDS, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Y. J., Zack, P. M., White, B. D., Papermaster, S. F., Elkins, W. R., Eddy, G. A., and Lewis, M. G., 1993, Decline in the CD4+ lymphocyte population in the blood of SIV-infected macaques is not reflected in lymph nodes, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudensey, L. M., Papenhausen, M. D., and Overbaugh, J., 1993, Replication and persistence of simian immunodeficiency virus variants after passage in macaque lymphocytes and established human cell lines, J. Virol. 67:1727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruegg, C. L., Monell, C. R., and Strand, M., 1989, Inhibition of lymphoproliferation by a synthetic peptide with sequence identity to gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 63:3257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. W., Whiterock, V. J., Marrero, D., and Klunk, L. J., 1990, Disposition in animals of a new anti-HIV agent: 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine, Drug Metab. Dispos. 18:153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, A., Grant, R., Follis, K., Bischofberger, N., and Tsai, C.-C., 1993, Characterization of SIV isolates from macaques treated with the nucleoside analog, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)- adenine (PMEA), Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, H., Shibata, R., Miura, T., Hayami, M., Ogawa, K., Kiyomasu, T., Ishimoto, A., and Adachi, A., 1990, Complementation of the rev gene mutation among human and simian lentiviruses, J. Virol. 64:2202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, H., Shibata, R., Sakuragi, J., Kiyomasu, T., Kawamura, M., Hayami, M., Ishimoto, A., and Adachi, A., 1991, Compatibility of rev gene activity in the four groups of primate lentiviruses, Virology 184:513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, H., Sakuragi, J., Sakuragi, S., Shibata, R., and Adachi, A., 1992a, Functional analysis of biologically distinct genetic variants of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a mandrill, Virology 189:161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, H., Sakuragi, J., Sakuragi, S., Shibata, R., Hayami, M., Ishimoto, A., and Adachi, A., 1992b, Genetic characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from an African mandrill, Arch. Virol. 125:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, H., Sakuragi, S., Sakuragi, J.-I., Kawamura, M., Shibata, R., and Adachi, A., 1992c, Sequences responsible for efficient replication of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, J. Gen. Virol. 73:2989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saksena, N. K., Dwyer, D. E., Muller, M., Durand, J. P., Herve, V., Lang, M. C., and Barre, S. F., 1992, PCR amplification of large genomic fragments from human and simian immunodeficiency virus infected cell lines, Life Sci. 50:1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuragi, J., Fukasawa, M., Shibata, R., Sakai, H., Kawamura, M., Akari, H., Kiyomasu, T., Ishimoto, A., Hayami, M., and Adachi, A., 1991, Functional analysis of long terminal repeats derived from four strains of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVAGM in relation to other primate lentiviruses, Virology 185:455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuragi, J., Sakai, H., Sakuragi, S., Shibata, R., Wain-Hobson, S., Hayami, M., and Adachi, A., 1992b, Functional classification of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a chimpanzee by transactivators, Virology 189:354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuragi, S., Shibata, R., Mukai, R., Komatsu, T., Fukasawa, M., Sakai, H., Sakuragi, J.-I., Kawamura, M., Ibuki, K., Hayami, M., and Adachi, A., 1992, Infection of macaque monkeys with a chimeric human and simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Gen. Virol. 73:2983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J., 1987, Prospects for the control of AIDS by immunizing seropositive individuals, Nature 327:473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salk, J., Bretscher, P. A., Salk, P. L., Clerici, M., and Shearer, G. M., 1993, A strategy for prophylactic vaccination against HIV, Science 260:1270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, R. D., Howell, D. N., and Cresswell, P., 1985, Genes regulating HLA class I antigen expression in T-B lymphoblast hybrids, Immunogenetics 21:235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvato, M. S., Emau, P., Malkovsky, M., Schultz, K., McKinzie, D., Johnson, E., and Pauza, C. D., 1993, Cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques with inapparent SIV infection, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 24.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, K. P., Hodge, D. R., Chen, Y. M., and Papas, T. S., 1991, Nef proteins of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are structurally similar to leucine zipper transcriptional activation factors, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson, A., Bjorling, E., Putkonen, P., Utter, G., Chiodi, F., and Norrby, E., 1993, Identification of four antibody-binding sites in the envelope proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsm, AIDS 7:159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasseville, V. G., Newman, W. A., Lackner, A. A., Smith, M. O., Lausen, N. C. G., Deall, D., and Ringler, D. J., 1992, Elevated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in AIDS encephalitis induced by simian immunodeficiency virus [Short Communication], Am. J. Pathol. 141:1021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q. J., Moore, J. P., Vignaux, F., Traincard, F., and Poignard, P., 1993, Conformational changes induced in the envelope glycoproteins of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses by soluble receptor binding, J. Virol. 67:7383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J., and Hunsmann, G., 1988, Editorial review. Simian lentiviruses—the SIV group, AIDS 2:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, F., Jurkiewicz, E., Hayami, M., Desrosiers, R., Marx, P., and Hunsmann, G., 1987, Serological and structural comparison of HIV, SIVmac, SIVagm and SIVsm, four primate lentiviruses, Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Virol. 138:93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrier, J. E., Harper, J. S., and Povar, M. L., 1992, Update: Nonhuman primate importation, Lab. Primate Newsl. 31:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scinicariello, F., English, W. J., and Hilliard, J., 1993, Identification by PCR of meningitis caused by herpes B virus [letter], Lancet 341:1660.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby, M. J., and Peterlin, B. M., 1990, Trans-activation by HIV-1 tat via a heterologous RNA binding protein, Cell 62:769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby, M. J., Bain, E. S., Luciw, P. A., and Peterlin, B. M., 1989, Structure, sequence, and position of the stem-loop in tar determine transcriptional elongation by tat through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, Genes Dew. 3:547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seshamma, T., Bagasra, O., Oakes, J. W., and Pomerantz, R. J., 1992, A quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for HIV-1-specific RNA species, J. Virol. Methods 40:331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafferman, A., Layne, A., Sadoff, J., Burke, D. S., Morton, W. R., and Benveniste, R. E., 1989a, Antibody recognition of SIVmac envelope peptides in plasma from macaques experimentally infected with SIV/Mne, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafferman, A., Lennox, J., Grosfeld, H., Sadoff, J., Redfield, R. R., and Burke, D. S., 1989b, Patterns of antibody recognition of selected conserved amino acid sequences from the HIV envelope in sera from different stages of HIV infection, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafferman, A., Jahrling, P. B., Benveniste, R. E., Lewis, M. G., Phipps, T. J., Eden-McCutchan, F., Sadoff, J., Eddy, G. A., and Burke, D. S., 1991, Protection of macaques with a simian immunodeficiency virus envelope peptide vaccine based on conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafferman, A., Lewis, M. G., McCutchan, F. E., Benveniste, R. E., Jahrling, P. B., Burke, D. S., and Eddy, G. A., 1993, Prevention of transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus from vaccinated macaques that developed transient virus infection following challenge, Vaccine 11:848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharer, L. R., Michaels, J., Murphey-Corb, M., Hu, F. S., Kuebler, D. J., Martin, L. N., and Baskin, G. B., 1991, Serial pathogenesis study of SIV brain infection, J. Med. Primatol. 20:211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, D. P., Anderson, M., Zink, M. C., Adams, R. J., Donnenberg, A. D., Clements, J. E., and Narayan, O., 1992a, Pathogenesis of acute infection in rhesus macaques with a lymphocytotropic strain of simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Infect. Dis. 166:738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, D. P., Zink, M. C., Anderson, M., Adams, R., Clements, J. E., Joag, S. V., and Narayan, O., 1992b, Derivation of neurotropic simian immunodeficiency virus from exclusively lymphocytotropic parental virus: Pathogenesis of infection in macaques, J. Virol. 66:3550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, L., Chen, Z. W., Miller, M. D., Stallard, V., Mazzara, G. P., Panicali, D. L., and Letvin, N. L., 1991, Recombinant virus vaccine-induced SIV-specihc CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Science 252:440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, L., Mazzara, G. P., DiSciullo, S. O., Panicali, D. L., and Letvin, N. L., 1993, Immunization with lentivirus-like particles elicits a potent SIV-specihc recall cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in rhesus monkeys, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, R., Adachi, A., Sakai, H., Ishimoto, A., Miura, T., and Hayami, M., 1990a, Mutational analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys and human immunodeficiency virus type 2, J. Med. Primatol. 19:217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, R., Miura, T., Hayami, M., Sakai, H., Ogawa, K., Kiyomasu, T., Ishimoto, A., and Adachi, A., 1990b, Construction and characterization of an infectious DNA clone and of mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from the African green monkey, J. Virol. 64:307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, R., Sakai, H., Ogawa, K., Ishimoto, A., and Adachi, A., 1990c, Comparative studies on tat mutants of three primate lentiviruses, Arch. Virol. 114:243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, R., Sakai, H., Kiyomasu, T., Ishimoto, A., Hayami, M., and Adachi, A., 1990d, Generation and characterization of infectious chimeric clones between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus from an African green monkey, J. Virol. 64:5861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, F., Norley, S., Hartung, S., and Kurth, R., 1992, B-cell epitope mapping of the entire SIVagm envelope glycoprotein including fine mapping of immunogenic regions, J. AIDS 5:583.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M. A., Chalifoux, L. V., and Ringler, D. J., 1992, Pathologic features of SIV-induced disease and the association of macrophage infection with disease evolution, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, A., Jones, S., Almond, N., and Kitchin, P., 1993a, Simian immunodeficiency virus (mac 251–32H) transmembrane protein sequence remains conserved throughout the course of infection in macaques, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, A., Jones, S., Jenkins, A., Bootman, J., Almond, N., and Kitchin, P., 1993b, The quantitation and sequence characterization of proviral DNA in the blood and tissues of two SIV infected macaques, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 192 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerfelt, M. A., and Weiss, R. A., 1990, Receptor interference groups of 20 retroviruses plating on human cells, Virology 176:58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommerfelt, M. A., Williams, B. P., McKnight, A., Goodfellow, P. N., and Weiss, R. A., 1990, Localization of the receptor gene for type D simian retroviruses on human chromosome 19, J. Virol. 64:6214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somogyi, P. A., Gyuris, A., and Foldes, I., 1990, A solid phase reverse transcriptase micro-assay for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses in cell culture superna-tants, J. Virol. Methods 27:269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonigo, P., Barker, C., Hunter, E., and Wain-Hobson, S., 1986, Nucleotide sequence of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: An immunosuppressive D-type retrovirus, Cell 45:375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sopper, S., Hemm, S., Meixensberger, J., Coulibaly, C., Stahl-Hennig, C., Hunsmann, G., Fleckenstein, B., ter Meulen, V., and Dorries, R., 1993, Dynamics of the immune system response in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys, J. Med. Primatol. 22:138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, G. R., Takefman, Sullivan, B. L., Landay, A. L., Jennings, M. B., and Carlson, J. R., 1992, Evidence for complement as an effector mechanism in challenge resistance of macaques vaccinated with human-cell-derived SIV, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, G. R., Takefman, D. M., Sullivan, B. L., Landay, A. L., Jennings, M. B., and Carlson, J. R., 1993, Anti-cellular antibodies in sera from vaccinated macaques can induce complement-mediated virolysis of human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus, Virology 195:475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spies, C. P. and Compans, R. W., 1993, Alternate pathways of secretion of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins, J. Virol. 67:6535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spies, C. P., Ritter, D., Mulligan, M. J., and Compans, R. W., 1994, Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein alters the conformation of the external domain, J. Virol. 68:585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spira, T. J., Bozeman, L. H., Holman, R. C., Warfield, D. T., Phillips, S. K., and Feorino, P. M., 1987, Micromethod for assaying reverse transcriptase of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl-Hennig, C., Voss, G., Nick, S., Petry, H., Fuchs, D., Wachter, H., Coulibaly, C., Luke, W., and Hunsmann, G., 1992, Immunization with Tween-ether-treated SIV adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide protects monkeys against experimental SIV infection, Virology 186:588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl-Hennig, C., Voss, G., Dittmer, U., Coulibaly, C., Petry, H., Makoschey, B., and Aubertin, A. M., 1993, Protection of monkeys by a split vaccine against SIVmac depends on biological properties of the challenge virus, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 253 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahmer, I., de Mesquita, R., Ordonez, C., Ekman, M., Biberfeld, G., and Biberfeld, P., 1993, Interaction of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) with SIV in the AIDS-model of experimentally SIV-infected cynomolgous monkeys, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 194 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamatatos, L., and Duzgunes, N., 1993, Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251) membrane lipid mixing with human CD4+ and CD4 cell lines in vitro does not necessarily result in internalization of the viral core proteins and produce infection, J. Gen. Virol. 74:1043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steimer, K. S., Scandella, C. J., Skiles, P. V., and Haigwood, N. L., 1991, Neutralization of divergent HIV-1 isolates by conformation-dependent human antibodies to Gp120, Science 254:105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, J. R., Hino, S., Garrett, E. W., and Aaronson, S. A., 1976, Immunological cross reactivity of Mason-Phzer monkey virus with type C RNA viruses endogenous to primates, Nature 261:609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stott, E. J., Kitchin, P. A., Page, M., Flanagan, B., Taffs, L. F., Chan, W. L., Mills, K. H. G., Silvera, P., and Rodgers, A., 1991, Anti-cell antibody in macaques [letter], Nature 353:393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stott, E. J., Chan, W. L., Mills, K. H., Page, M., Taffs, F., Cranage, M., Greenaway, P., and Kitchin, P., 1990, Preliminary report: Protection of cynomolgus macaques against simian immunodeficiency virus by fixed infected-cell vaccine, Lancet 336:1538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stott, E. J., Kitchin, P., Mills, K., Page, M., Taffs, F., and Chan, W. L., 1993, The role of cellular and viral antigens in protection against SIV infection of macaques, Berlin: IXth International Conference on AIDS 39 (Abstract, p. 39.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stowell, R. E., Smith, E. K., Espana, C., and Nelson, V. G., 1971, Outbreak of malignant lymphoma in rhesus monkeys, Lab. Invest. 25:476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strebel, K., Daugherty, D., Clouse, K., Cohen, D., Folks, T., and Martin, M. A., 1987, The HIV “A” (sor) gene product is essential for virus infectivity, Nature 328:728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, R. B., McHugh, T. M., Moody, D. J., Morrow, W. J. W., Stites, D. P., Shuman, M. A., and Levy, J. A., 1987, An AIDS-related cytotoxic autoantibody reacts with a specific antigen on stimulated CD4+ T cells, Nature 327:710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, K., Benveniste, R. E., Arthur, L. O., Rabin, H., Giddens, W. E., Jr., Ochs, H. D., Morton, W. R., and Tsai, C.-C., 1984, Characterization of exogenous type D retrovirus from a fibroma of a macaque with simian AIDS and fibromatosis, Science 224:289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugamura, K., and Hinuma, Y., 1993, Human retroviruses: HTLV-I and HTLV-II, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 2 (J. A. Levy, ed.), pp. 399–435, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sutjipto, S., Kodama, T., Yee, J., Gettie, A., Jennings, M., Desrosiers, R. C., and Marx, P. A., 1990a, Characterization of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from each other and from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, J. Gen. Virol. 71:247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutjipto, S., Pedersen, N. C., Miller, C. J., Gardner, M. B., Hanson, C. V., Gettie, A., Jennings, M., Higgins, J., and Marx, P. A., 1990b, Inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine failed to protect rhesus macaques from intravenous or genital mucosal infection but delayed disease in intravenously exposed animals, J. Virol. 64:2290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, J., and Frankel, A. D., 1993, Electrostatic interactions modulate the RNA-binding and transacti-vation specificities of the human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus Tat proteins, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90:1571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarantal, A. F., Marthas, M. L., McChesney, M. B., Miuer, C. J., Lerche, N. W., Pedersen, N. C., and Hendrickx, A. G., 1994, Effects of SIV infection on fetal development and pregnancy outcome in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Pediatric AIDS and HIV Infection: Fetus to Adolescent, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, M. A., Parr, E. L., Bozzola, J. J., and Parr, M. B., 1991, Secretory immune responses in the mouse vagina after parenteral or intravaginal immunization with an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM), Vaccine 9:129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, R. M., Power, M. D., Bryant, M. L., Gardner, M. B., Barr, P. J., and Luciw, P. A., 1987, Sequence relationships of type D retroviruses which cause simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Virology 157:317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeau, L., Tremblay, C., and Lachapelle, L., 1992, Oral priming followed by parenteral immunization with HIV-immunosomes induces HIV-1-specific salivary and circulatory IgA in mice and rabbits, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:1379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorstensson, R., Walther, L., Putkonen, P., Albert, J., and Biberfeld, G., 1991, A capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of HIV-2/SIV antigen, J. AIDS 4:374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Titti, F., Koanga Mogtomo, M. L., Borsetti, A., Geraci, A., Sernicola, L., Panzini, G., Turillazzi, G. P., Baroncelli, S., Giovannetti, A., and Zamarchi, R., 1993, Immunization of Macaca fascicularis with inactivated SIV preparations: challenge with human- or monkey-derived SIV and the effects of a longer immunization schedule, J. Med. Primatol. 22:110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todaro, G. J., Benveniste, R. E., Sherr, C. J., Schlom, J., Schidlovsky, G., and Stephenson, J. R., 1978a, Isolation and characterization of a new type D retrovirus from the Asian primate Presbytis obscurus (spectacled langur), Virology 84:189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todaro, G. J., Benveniste, R. E., Sherwin, S. A., and Sherr, C. J., 1978b, MAC-1, a new genetically transmitted type C virus of primates: “Low frequency” activation from stumptail monkey cell cultures, Cell 13:775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todaro, G. J., Sherr, C. J., Sen, A., King, N., Daniel, M. D., and Fleckenstein, B., 1978c, Endogenous New World primate type C viruses isolated from owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) kidney cell line, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75:1004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toedter, G., Stoner, C., Pearlman, S., Brewer, K., Charie, L., Cueto, C., Marquez, M., and Hofheinz, D., 1990, Improved detection of SIV p27 by antigen capture ELISA, New Orleans: 8th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract, p. 113.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomonaga, K., Katahira, J., Fukasawa, M., Hassan, M. A., Kawamura, M., Akari, H., Miura, T., Goto, T., Nakai, M., and Suleman, M., 1993, Isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from African white-crowned mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus), Arch. Virol 129:77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong-Starksen, S. E., Welsh, T. M., and Peterlin, B. M., 1990, Differences in transcriptional enhancers of HIV-1 and HIV-2. Response to T cell activation signals, J. Immunol. 145:4348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. V., Werner, L. L., Malley, A., and Benjamini, E., 1991b, The induction of neutralizing antibodies by synthetic peptides of the envelope protein of type D simian retrovirus-1 (SRV-1), Mol. Immunol. 28:907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. V., Werner, L. L., Malley, A., and Benjamini, E., 1991c, Neutralization epitope in the envelope glycoprotein of simian retrovirus-1 (SRV-1) and identification of the virus receptor, J. Med. Primatol 20:218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. V., Malley, A., Banapour, B., Anderson, D. E., Axthelm, M. K., Gardner, M. B., and Benjamini, E., 1993a, An epitope on the surface envelope glycoprotein (gp130) of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) involved in viral neutralization and T cell activation, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. V., Anderson, D. E., Malley, A., Banapour, B., Axthelm, M. K., Benjamini, E., and Gardner, M. B., 1993b, SIV envelope glycoprotein epitopes recognized by antibodies from infected or vaccinated rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 22:129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tovey, M. G., Lebon, P., Meyer, F., Hurtrel, B., Gresser, I., Venet, A., Girard, M., and Aubertin, A.-M., 1993, Antibody to the human IFN α receptor reduces the loss of CD4+ T cells in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Traina-Dorge, V., Blanchard, J., Martin, L., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1992, Immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disease in an African green monkey dually infected with SIV and STLV-I, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tristem, M., Marshall, C., Karpas, A., Petrik, J., and Hill, F., 1990, Origin of vpx in lentiviruses [letter], Nature 347:341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tristem, M., Marshall, C., Karpas, A., and Hill, F., 1992, Evolution of the primate lentiviruses: Evidence from vpx and vpr, EMBO J. 11:3405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, P., Emau, P., and Pauza, C. D., 1993, The mucosal barrier selects for SIV with unique envelope sequences, Madison, WI: 11th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract, p. 50.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C. C., Giddens, W. E., Jr., Ochs, H. D., Morton, W. R., Knitter, G. H., Blakley, G. A., and Benveniste, R. E., 1986, Retroperitoneal fibromatosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in macaques: Clinical and immunologic studies, Lab. Anim. Sci. 36:119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C. C., Yarnall, M., Follis, K. E., and Benveniste, R. E., 1989, Antigen capture assay for detection of simian type D retroviruses in cell cultures and plasma samples, Lab. Anim. Sci. 39:554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C. C., Follis, K. E., Yarnall, M., Deaver, L. E., Benveniste, R. E., and Sager, P. R., 1990, In vitro screening for antiretroviral agents against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Antiviral Res. 14:87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C.-C., Follis, K. E., Grant, R. F., Nolte, R. E., Bartz, C. R., Benveniste, R. E., and Sager, P. R., 1993, Effect of dosing frequency on ZDV prophylaxis in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Acq. Immune Syndr. 6:1086.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C.-C., Follis, K. E., Grant, R. F., Nolte, R. E., Wu, H., and Benveniste, R. E., 1993, Infectivity and pathogenesis of titered dosages of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) experimentally inoculated into longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), Lab. Anim. Sci. 43:411–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C.-C., Follis, K., Sabo, A., and Grant, R.; 1993b, Distribution of SIVmne in tissues and organs of Macaca fascicularis treated with AZT or PMEA, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, C.-C., Follis, K. E., Grant, R., Sabo, A., Nolte, R., Bartz, C., Bischofberger, N., and Benveniste, R., 1993c, Comparison of the efficacy of AZT and PMEA treatment on acute SIVmne infection in macaques, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsubota, H., Ringler, D. J., Kannagi, M., King, N. W., Solomon, K. R., MacKey, J. J., Walsh, D. G., and Letvin, N. L., 1989, CD8+ CD4- lymphocyte lines can harbor the AIDS virus in vitro [see comments], J. Immunol. 143:858.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto, H., Sciki, M., Nakamura, H., Watanabe, T., Sakakibara, I., Sasagawa, A., Honjo, S., Hayami, M., and Yoshida, M., 1985, Adult T-cell leukemia-like disease in monkey naturally infected with simian retrovirus related to human T-cell leukemia virus type I, Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 76:911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto, H., Cooper, R. W., Kodama, T., Fukasawa, M., Miura, T., Ohta, Y., Ishikawa, K. I., Nakai, M., Frost, E., Roelants, G. E., Roffi, J., and Hayami, M., 1988, Isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills in Africa and its relationship to other human and simian immunodeficiency viruses, J. Virol. 62:4044.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. E., Stout, M. W., and Luciw, P. A., 1991, Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) exhibits complex splicing for tat, rev, and env mRNA, Virology 182:177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. E., Marthas, M. L., Lackner, A. A., Pratt-Lowe, E., Lohman, B. L., Van Rompay, K., and Luciw, P. A., 1992a, Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus DNA in macrophages from infected rhesus macaques, J. Med. Primatol. 21:74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. E., Marthas, M. L., Pratt-Lowe, E., Padrid, P. A., and Luciw, P. A., 1992b, The nef gene of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmaclAl 1, J. Virol. 66:5432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urabe, T., Sano, K., Tanno, M., Mizoguchi, J., Otani, M., Lee, M. H., Takasaki, T., Kusakabe, H., Imagawa, D. T., and Nakai, M., 1992, A non-radioisotopic reverse transcriptase assay using biotin-11-deoxyuridinetriphosphate on primer-immobilized microtiter plates, J. Virol. Methods 40:145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaishnav, Y. N., and Wong, S. F., 1991, The biochemistry of AIDS, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60:577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanKuyk, R. W., Acevedo, R. A., Torres, J., Levy, N. B., Planelles, V., Munn, R. J., Unger, R. E., Gardner, M. B., and Luciw, P. A., 1991, Characterization of rhesus B lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with simian type D retrovirus, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7:899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rompay, K. K. A., Marthas, M. L., Lohman, B. L., and Pedersen, N. C., 1992a, Characterization of AZT susceptibility of biological SIVmac and molecular clones, and emergence of AZT resistant mutants in vitro, Puerto Rico: Tenth Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Rompay, K. K. A., Marthas, M. L., Ramos, R. A., Mandell, C. P., McGowan, E. K., Joye, S. M., and Pedersen, N. C., 1992c, Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant rhesus macaques as a model to test antiretroviral drug prophylaxis and therapy: Oral 3′-azido-3′deoxythymidine prevents SIV infection, Antimicrob. Agents 36:2381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasudevachari, M. B., Mast, T. C., and Salzman, N. P., 1990, Suppression of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity by mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venet, A., Bourgault, I., Aubertin, A. M., Kieny, M. P., and Levy, J. P., 1992, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteins in SIV-infected macaques, J. Immunol. 148:2899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veronese, F. D., Joseph, B., Copeland, T. D., Oroszlan, S., Gallo, R. C., and Sarngadharan, M. G., 1989, Identification of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac env gene products, J. Virol. 63:1416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viglianti, G. A., and Mullins, J. I., 1988, Functional comparison of transactivation by simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques and human immunodeficiency virus type I, J. Virol. 62:4523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viglianti, G. A., Sharma, P. L., and Mullins, J. I., 1990, Simian immunodeficiency virus displays complex patterns of RNA splicing, J. Virol. 64:4207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villinger, F., Powell, J. D., Jehuda-Cohen, T., Neckelmann, N., Vuchetich, M., De, B., Folks, T. M., McClure, H. M., and Ansari, A. A., 1991, Detection of occult simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmm infection in asymptomatic seronegative nonhuman primates and evidence for variation in SIV gag sequence between in vivo- and in vitro-propagated virus, J. Virol. 65:1855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villinger, F., Lauro, S., Mayne, A., Folks, T. M., and Ansari, A. A., 1993, Sequence analysis of the SIVsmm nef gene in naturally and experimentally infected sooty mangabey monkeys and macaques, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, M., Cichutek, K., Norley, S., and Kurth, R., 1993, Self-limiting infection by int/nef-double mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus, Virology 193:115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volberding, P. A., Lagakos, S. W., Koch, M. A., Pettinelli, C., Myers, M. W., Booth, D. K., Balfour, H. H., Jr., Reichman, R. C., Bartlett, J. A., and Hirsch, M. S., 1990, Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [see comments], N. Engl. J. Med. 322:941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, G., and Hunsmann, G., 1993, Cellular immune response to SIVmac and HIV-2 in macaques: Model for the human HIV-1 infection, J. AIDS 6:969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, G., Nick, S., Stahl-Hennig, C., Coulibaly, C., Petry, H., Luke, W., and Hunsmann, G., 1992, Potential significant of the cellular immune response against the macaque strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVMAC) in immunized and infected rhesus macaques, J. Gen. Virol. 73:2273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vowels, B. R., Gershwin, M. E., Gardner, M. B., Ahmed-Ansari, A., and McGraw, T. P., 1989, Characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus-specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxic response of infected rhesus macaques, AIDS 3:785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vowels, B. R., Gershwin, M. E., Gardner, M. B., and McGraw, T. P., 1990, Natural killer cell activity of rhesus macaques against retrovirus-pulsed CD4+ target cells, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:905.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wain-Hobson, S., Vartanian, J.-P., Henry, M., Chenciner, N., Cheynier, R., Delassus, S., Martins, L. P., Sala, M., Nugeyre, M.-T., Guetard, D., Klatzmann, D., Gluckman, J.-C., Rozenbaum, W., Barre-Sinoussi, F., and Montagnier, L., 1991, LAV revisited: Origins of the early HIV-1 isolates from Institut Pasteur, Science 252:961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, C. M., Moody, D. J., Stites, D. P., and Levy, J. A., 1986, CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication, Science 234:1563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, C. M., Moody, D. J., Stites, D. P., and Levy, J. A., 1989, CD8+ T lymphocyte control of HIV replication in cultured CD4+ cells varies among infected individuals, Cell. Immunol. 119:470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M., Pauza, C. D., and Malkovsky, M., 1993, Antiviral cytotoxic responses of primate gamma-delta T cells isolated by magnetic cell separation, Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research Symposium (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. M., O’Leary, T. J., Baskin, G. B., Benveniste, R., Harris, C. A., Nara, P. L., and Rhodes, R. H., 1987, Immunohistochemical localization of human and simian immunodeficiency viral antigens in fixed tissue sections, Am. J. Pathol. 18:217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, J. T., and Dolatshahi, M., 1992, Worldwide survey of AIDS vaccine challenge studies in nonhuman primates: Vaccines associated with active and passive immune protection from live virus challenge, J. Med. Primatol. 21:139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, J. T., and Dolatshahi, M., 1993, First updated and revised survey of worldwide HIV and SIV vaccine challenge studies in nonhuman primates: progress in first and second order studies, J. Med. Primatol. 22:203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Reimann, K. A., DeLong, P. A., Liu, T., Fisher, R. A., and Letvin, N. L., 1989, Effect of recombinant soluble CD4 in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques, Nature 337:267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Ringler, D. J., Nakamura, M., DeLong, P. A., and Letvin, N. L., 1990, Simian immunodeficiency virus inhibits bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cell growth, J. Virol. 64:656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Chen, Z. W., Tsubota, H., Lord, C. I., Levine, C. G., and Letvin, N. L., 1991a, Soluble human CD4 elicits an antibody response in rhesus monkeys that inhibits simian immunodeficiency virus replication, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Levine, C. G., Shen, L., Fisher, R. A., and Letvin, N. L., 1991b, Immunization of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys with soluble human CD4 elicits an antiviral response, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Boyson, J. E., Lord, C. I., and Letvin, N. L., 1992, Chimpanzees immunized with recombinant soluble CD4 develop anti-self CD4 antibody responses with anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigler, B. J., Roberts, J. A., Hird, D. W., Lerche, N. W., and Hilliard, J. K., 1990, A cross sectional survey for B virus antibody in a colony of group housed rhesus macaques, Lab. Anim. Sci. 40:257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R. A., 1993, Cellular receptors and viral glycoproteins involved in retrovirus entry, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 2 (J. A. Levy, ed.), pp. 1–108, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, A., Winskowsky, G., Cichutek, K., Norley, S. G., and Kurth, R., 1990b, Productive infection of both CD4+ and CD4- human cell lines with HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVagm, AIDS 4:537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, A., Winskowsky, G., and Kurth, R., 1990c, Soluble CD4 enhances simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm infection, J. Virol. 64:6252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, L. L., Malley, A., Torres, J. V., Leung, C. Y., Kwang, H. S., and Benjamini, E., 1990, Synthetic peptides of envelope proteins of two different strains of simian AIDS retrovirus (SRV-1 and SRV-2) represent unique antigenic determinants for serum neutralizing antibodies, Mol. Immunol. 27:1103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, L. L., Torres, J. V., Leung, C. Y., Kwang, H. S., Malley, A., and Benjamini, E., 1991, Immuno-biological properties of a recombinant simian retrovirus-1 envelope protein and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against it, Mol. Immunol. 28:819.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, C. A., Schrier, R. D., Nelson, J. A., Lampert, P. W., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1986, Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willerford, D. M., Gale, M. J., Benveniste, R. E., Clark, E. A., and Gallatin, W. M., 1990, Simian immunodeficiency virus is restricted to a subset of blood CD4+ lymphocytes which includes memory cells, J. Immunol. 144:3779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiviott, L. D., Walker, C. M., and Levy, J. A., 1990, CD8+ lymphocytes suppress HIV production by autologous CD4+ cells without eliminating the infected cells from culture, Cell. Immunol. 128:628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, C. M., Felber, B. K., Paskalis, H., and Pavlakis, G. N., 1986, Expression and characterization of the trans-activator of HTLV-III/LAV virus, Science 234:988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J. C., Chernow, M., Boehme, R. E., Suttmann, R. T., McRoberts, M. J., Prisbe, E. J., Matthews, T. R., Marx, P. A., Chuang, R. Y., and Chen, M. S., 1988, Kinetics and inhibition of reverse transcriptase from human and simian immunodeficiency viruses, Antimicroh. Agents Chemother. 32:1887.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyand, M. S., 1992, The use of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys for the preclinical evaluation of AIDS drugs and vaccines, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyand, M. S., Ringler, D. J., Mattmuller, M., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., and King, N. W., 1989a, Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaque lymph nodes with a SIVmac envelope probe, J. Med. Primatol. 18:209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyand, M. S., Ringler, D. J., Naidu, Y. M., Mattmuller, M., Chalifoux, L. V., Sehgal, P. K., Daniel, M. D., Desrosiers, R. C., and King, N. W., 1989b, Cellular localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in lymphoid tissues, Am. J. Pathol. 134:385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, H., Miller, M. D., Tsubota, H., Watkins, D. I., Mazzara, G. P., Stallard, V., Panicali, D. L., Aldovini, A., Young, R. A., and Letvin, N. L., 1990a, Studies of cloned simian immunodeficiency virus-specific T lymphocytes, gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes exhibit a restricted epitope specificity, J. Immunol. 144:3385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, H., Miller, M. D., Watkins, D. I., Snyder, G. B., Chase, N. E., Mazzara, G. P., Gritz, L., Panicali, D. L., and Letvin, N. L., 1990b, Two distinct lymphocyte populations mediate simian immunodeficiency virus envelope-specific target cell lysis, J. Immunol. 145:3740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasutomi, Y., Reimann, K. A., Lord, C. I., Miller, M. D., and Letvin, N. L., 1993a, Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ lymphocyte response in acutely infected rhesus monkeys, J. Virol. 67:1707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasutomi, Y., Palker, T. J., Gardner, M. B., Haynes, B. F., and Letvin, N. L., 1993b, Synthetic peptide in mineral oil adjuvant elicits simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys, J. Immunol. 151:5096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, J. L., Jennings, M. B., Carlson, J. R., and Lerche, N. W., 1991, A simple, rapid immunoassay for the detection of simian immunodeficiency virus antibodies, Lab. Anim. Care 41:119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yon, J., Rud, E., Corcoran, T., Kent, K., Rowlands, D., and Clarke, B., 1992, Stimulation of specific immune responses to simian immunodeficiency virus using chimeric hepatitis B core antigen particles, J. Gen. Virol. 73:2569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X. F., Ito, S., Essex, M., and Lee, T. H., 1988, A naturally immunogenic virion-associated protein specific for HIV-2 and SIV, Nature 335:262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X. F., Matsuda, M., Essex, M., and Lee, T. H., 1990, Open reading frame vpr of simian immunodeficiency virus encodes a virion-associated protein, J. Virol. 64:5688.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X. F., Yu, Q. C., Essex, M., and Lee, T. H., 1991, The vpx gene of simian immunodeficiency virus facilitates efficient viral replication in fresh lymphocytes and macrophage, J. Virol. 65:5088.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X., Matsuda, Z., Yu, Q. C., Lee, T. H., and Essex, M., 1993, Vpx of simian immunodeficiency virus is localized primarily outside the virus core in mature virions, J. Virol. 67:4386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamarchi, R., Veronese, M. L., Titti, F., Geraci, A., Verani, P., Rossi, G. B., Amadori, A., and Chieco-Bianchi, L., 1993, In vitro spontaneous production of anti-SIV antibodies is a reliable tool in the follow-up of protection of SIV-vaccinated monkeys, AIDS Res and Hum Retroviruses 9:1139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. Y., Martin, L. N., Watson, E. A., Montelaro, R. C., West, M., Epstein, L., and Murphey-Corb, M., 1988, Simian immunodeficiency virus/delta-induced immunodeficiency disease in rhesus monkeys: Relation of antibody response and antigenemia, J. Infect. Dis. 158:1277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y.-J., Ohman, P., Putkonen, P., Albert, J., Walther, L., Stalhandske, P., Biberfeld, G., and Fenyo, E. M., 1993, Autologous neutralizing antibodies to SIVsm in cynomolgus monkeys correlate to prognosis, Virology 197:609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zingler, K., and Littman, D. R., 1993, Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein increases env incorporation into particles and fusogenicity and infectivity, J. Virol. 67:2824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gardner, M.B., Endres, M., Barry, P. (1994). The Simian Retroviruses SIV and SRV. In: Levy, J.A. (eds) The Retroviridae. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1730-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1730-0_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1732-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1730-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics