Abstract
Indicator organisms have been used since 1892, the year Schardinger tested water for what is now called Escherichia coli, instead of testing for Salmonella typhi. It is difficult to detect S. typhi in a water supply. The presence of E coli indicates that there might have been contamination from sewage and that Salmonella or other intestinal pathogens might be present.
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Banwart, G.J. (1989). Indicator Organisms. In: Basic Food Microbiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6453-5_7
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