Abstract
Suppose we would like to utilize the results of multiple tests in making a decision. For example, we might want to use clinical test results in order to diagnose a patient’s disease, or we might want to use short-term in vitro tests to determine whether a particular chemical would present a cancer hazard. Before we can interpret the results of multiple tests and before we can determine which tests might be appropriate to use, we must have some past data on how well the tests performed in this function. We might already have specific knowledge about the reliability of the individual tests in predicting the property of interest, as well as the interrelationships among the tests. In this case, the analysis of data on the tests (i. e., the preliminary analysis step) may be omitted in its entirety or portions may be skipped.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ashby, J., and Tennant, R. W., 1988, “Chemical structure, Salmonella mutagenicity and extent of carcinogenicity as indicators of genotoxic carcinogenesis among 222 chemicals tested in rodents by the U.S. NCI/NTP,” Mutation Res., 204:17–115.
Chankong, V., Haimes, Y. Y., Rosenkranz, H. S., and Pet-Edwards, J., 1985, “The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method: A Bayesian approach,” Mutation Res., 153(3):135–166.
Cramer, H., 1946, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Everitt, B. S., 1977, The Analysis of Contingency Tables, Chapman and Hall, London.
Fleiss, J. L., 1981, Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, Wiley, New York.
Galen, R. S., and Gambino, S. R., 1975, Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnoses, Wiley, New York.
Greenes, R. A., Begg, C. B., Cain, K. C., Swets, J. A., Feehrer, C. E., and McNeil, B. J., 1984, “Patient-oriented performance measures of diagnostic tests: 2. Assignment potential and assignment strength,” Med. Decision Making, 4(1).
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, 1982, Suppl. 4, Chemicals, Industrial Processes and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
Palajda, M., and Rosenkranz, H. S., 1985, “Assembly and preliminary analysis of a genotoxicity data base for predicting carcinogens,” Mutation Res., 153:79–135.
Pearson, K., 1904, “Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution, XIII On the theory of contingency and its relation to association and normal correlation,” Draper’s C. Res. Mem. Biometric, Sec. 1, Reprinted in Karl Pearson’s Early Papers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1948.
Pet-Edwards, J., 1986, “Selection and interpretation of conditionally dependent tests for binary predictions: A Bayesian approach,” Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Pet-Edwards, J., Chankong, V., Rosenkranz, H. S., and Haimes, Y. Y., 1985a, “Application of the CPBS method to the Gene-Tox data base,” Mutation Res., 153:187–200.
Pet-Edwards, J., Rosenkranz, H. S., Chankong, V., and Haimes, Y. Y., 1985b, “Cluster analysis in predicting the carcinogenicity of chemicals using short-term assays,” Mutation Res., 153:173–192.
Tennant, R. W., Margolin, B. H., Shelby, M. D., Zeiger, E., Haseman, J. K., Spalding, J., Caspary, W., Resnick, M., Stasiewicz, S., Anderson, B., and Minor, R., 1987, “Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rodents from in vitro genotoxicity assays,” Science 236:933–941.
Tschuprow, A. A., 1919, “On mathematical expectation of the moments of frequency distributions,” Biometrika, 12:140–169.
Waters, M. D., Stack, H. F., and Brady, A. L., 1986, “Analysis of the spectra of genetic activity in short-term tests,” in Genetic Toxicology of Environmental Chemicals, Part B: Genetic Effects and Applied Mutagenesis, C. Ramel, B. Lambert, and J. Magnusson (eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 99–109.
Zeiger, E., 1982, “Knowledge gained from the testing of large numbers of chemicals,” in Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Mutagens, Tokyo, Mishima, and Kyoto, September 21–27, 1981, T. Sugimura, S. Kondo, and H. Takebe (eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 337–344.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pet-Edwards, J., Haimes, Y.Y., Chankong, V., Rosenkranz, H.S., Ennever, F.K. (1989). Preliminary Analysis. In: Risk Assessment and Decision Making Using Test Results. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5595-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5595-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5597-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5595-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive