Abstract
Mutagenesis is a basic approach to bacterial genetics. Microbiologists previously have shown only limited interest in mutant strains of anaerobes, and this interest was directed toward such modified properties as increased formation of metabolites, e.g., neutral solvents of Clostridium acetobutylicum or hyperproduc-tion of clostridial toxins for vaccines. Investigators often faced unwanted losses in properties of laboratory strains in which the mechanism may have been related to “strain degeneration,” spontaneous mutation, or plasmid loss. Only the pioneering work was focused on obtaining mutants to inquire into such basic mechanisms as oxygen sensitivity, and those unrealistic approaches to “aerobize” anaerobes of course failed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abraham, L.J., A.L. Wales, and J.I. Rood. 1985. World-wide distribution of the conjugative Clostridium perfringens tetracycline resistance plasmid, pCW3. Plasmid 14:37–46.
Abratt, V.R., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1985. Isolation and physiological characterization of mitomycin C-sensitive/UV-sensitive mutants in Bacteroides fragilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:2479–2483.
Abratt, V.R., G.L. Lindsay, and D.R. Woods. 1986. Pyrimidine dimer excision repair of DNA in Bacteroides fragilis wild-type and mitomycin C-sensitive/UV-sensitive mutants.J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:2577–2581.
Adelberg, E.A., M. Mandel, and G.C.C. Chen. 1965. Optimal conditions for mutagenesis by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Escherichia coli K12. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18:788–795.
Adler, H.I. and W. Crow. 1987. A technique for predicting the solvent-producing ability of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2496–2499.
Ahn, B.K. and S. Hayashida. 1990. Metabolism mechanism of ethanol-isovaleric acid fermentation by a Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum UV-mutant. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:353–357.
Algie, J.E. 1980. The heat resistance of bacterial spores due to their partial dehydration by reverse osmosis. Curr. Microbiol. 3:287–290.
Allock, E.R., S.J. Reid, D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1981. Autolytic activity and an autolysis-deficient mutant of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:929–935.
Asther, M. and A.W. Kahn. 1985. Improved fermentation of cellobiose, glucose and xylose to. ethanol by Zymonomas anaerobia and a high ethanol tolerant strain of Clostridium saccharolyticum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21:234–237.
Awang, G.M., G.A. Jones, and W.M. Ingledew. 1988. The acetone-butanol ethanol fermentation. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 15 (Suppl. 1):S33–S67.
Barbeau, J.Y., R. Marchai, and J.-P. Vandecasteele. 1988. Conditions promoting stability of solventogenesis or culture degeneration in continuous fermentations of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29:447–454.
Baskerville, E.N. and R. Twarog. 1972. Regulation of the tryptophan synthetic enzymes in Clostridium butyricum. J. Bacteriol. 112:304–314.
Bayen, H., C. Frehel, A. Ryter, and M. Sebald. 1967. Etude cytologique de la sporulation chez Clostridium histolyticum. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 113:163–173.
Benzer, S. 1961. Genetic fine structure. Harvey Lecture 56:1–21.
Bertram, J. and P. Dürre. 1989. Conjugal transfer and expression of streptococcal transposons in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Arch. Microbiol. 151:551–557.
Blaschek, H.P. and M. Solberg. 1981. Isolation of a plasmid responsible for caseinase activity in Clostridium perfringens ATCC3626B.J. Bacteriol. 147:262–266.
Bowring, S.N. and J.G. Morris. 1985. Mutagenesis of Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 58:577–584.
Brash, D.E., S. Seetharam, K.H. Kraemer, M.M. Seidman, and A. Bredberg. 1987. Photoproduct frequency is not the major determinant of the UV base substitution hot spots or cold spots in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3784–3786.
Brefort, G., M. Magot, H. Ionesco, and M. Sebald. 1977. Characterization and transferability of Clostridium perfringens plasmids. Plasmid 1:52–66.
Britz, M.L. and R.G. Wilkinson. 1979. Isolation and properties of metronidazole-resistant mutants of Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 16:19–27.
Carrasco, A. 1989. Photoreactivating capacity in Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium acetobutylicum. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 8:131–134.
Carrasco, A. and C. Soto. 1987. Mutagenesis of Clostridium butyricum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 63:539–543.
Cassier, M. and A. Ryter. 1971. Sur un mutant de Clostridium perfringens donnant des spores sans tuniques à germination lysozyme-dépendante. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 121:717–732.
Clark, S.W., G.N. Bennett, and F.B. Rudolph. 1989. Isolation and characterization of mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 deficient in acetoacetyl-coenzyme A:acetate/butyrate: coenzyme A-transferase (EC 2.8.3.9) and in other solvent pathways enzymes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:970–976.
Clarke, D.J., D.B. Kell, CD. Morley, and J.G. Morris. 1982. Butyricin 7423 and the membrane H+-ATPase of Clostridium pasteurianum. Arch. Microbiol. 131:81–86.
Cueto, P.H. and B.S. Mendez. 1990. Direct selection of Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation mutants by a proton suicide method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:578–580.
Daldal, F. 1985. Isolation of mutants of Clostridium pasteurianum. Arch. Microbiol. 142:93–96.
Dreyfus-Fourcade, M., M. Sebald, and M. Zavadova. 1972. Restriction et modification du phage r par Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8798 et ses mutants. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 122:1117–1127.
Duncan, C.L., D.H. Strong, and M. Sebald. 1972. Sporulation and enterotoxin production by mutants of Clostridium perfringens. J. Bacteriol. 110:378–391.
Dürre, P., A. Kuhn, and G. Gottschalk. 1986. Treatment with allyl alcohol selects specifically for mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum defective in butanol synthesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 36:77–81.
Eklund, M.W., F.T. Poysky, J.A. Meyers, and G.A. Pelroy. 1974. Interspecies conversion of Clostridium botulinum type C to Clostridium novyi type A by bacteriophage. Science 186:456–458.
Eklund, M.W., F.T. Poysky, L.M. Mseitif, and M.S. Strom. 1988. Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin and bacteriocin production in Clostridium botulinum type G. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1405–1408.
Eklund, M.W., F.T. Poysky, and S.M. Reed. 1972. Bacteriophage and the toxigenicity of Clostridium botulinum type D. Nature New Biol. 235:16–17.
Eklund, M.W., F.T. Poysky, S.M. Reed, and C.A. Smith. 1971. Bacteriophage and the toxigenicity of Clostridium botulinum type C. Science 172:480–482.
El Kanouni, A., A.-M. Junelles, R. Janati-Idrissi, H. Petitdemange, and R. Gay. 1989. Clostridium acetobutylicum mutants isolated for resistance to the pyruvate halogens analogs. Curr. Microbiol. 18:139–144.
Emeruwa, A.C. and R.Z. Hawirko. 1972. Comparative studies of an asporogenic mutant and a wild type strain of Clostridium botulinum type E. Can. J. Microbiol. 18:29–34.
Emeruwa, A.C. and R.Z. Hawirko. 1975. Effect of cyclic AMP on catabolite repressed bacterial sporogenesis of an anaerobe. Arch. Microbiol. 105:67–71.
Emeruwa, A.C., R. Z. Hawirko, H. Halvorson, and I. Suzuki. 1974. Comparison of butyric type of fermentation in sporogenic and asporogenic mutants of Clostridium botulinum. J. Bacteriol. 120:74–80.
Erickson, L.E. and D.Y.-C. Fung. 1988. Handbook on Anaerobic Fermentations. New York: Dekker.
Finn, C.W., R.P. Silver, W.H. Habig, M.C. Hardegree, G. Zon, and C.F. Garon. 1984. The structural gene for tetanus neurotoxin is on a plasmid. Science 224:881–884.
Flint, H.J., J. Bisset, and J. Webb. 1989. Use of antibiotic resistance mutations to track strains of obligately anaerobic bacteria introduced into the rumen of sheep.J. Appl. Bacteriol. 67:177–183.
Flint, H.J., A.M. Thomson, and J. Bisset. 1988. Plasmid-associated transfer of tetracycline resistance in Bacteroides ruminicola. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:855–860.
Gapes, J.R., V.F. Larsen, and I.S. Maddox. 1983. A note on procedures for inoculum development for the production of solvents by a strain of Clostridium butylicum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 55:363–365.
George, H.A. and J.-S. Chen. 1983. Acidic conditions are not obligatory for onset of butanol formation by Clostridium beijerinckii (synonym, C. butylicum). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:321–327.
Gomez, R.F., B. Snedecor, and B. Mendez. 1980. Development of genetic principles in Clostridium thermocellum. In: Developments in Industrial Microbiology 22, L.A. Underkofler, and M.L. Wulf, eds., pp. 82–95. Arlington, Virginia: Society for Industrial Microbiology.
Goodman, H.J.K., E. Strydom, and D.R. Woods. 1985. Heat shock stress in Bacteroides fragilis. Arch. Microbiol. 142:362–364.
Goodman, H.J.K., J.R. Parker, J.A. Southern, and D.R. Woods. 1987. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a recA-like gene from Bacteroides fragilis. Gene 58:265–271.
Guiney, D.G. and K. Bouic. 1990. Detection of conjugal transfer systems in oral, black-pigmented Bacteroides spp.J. Bacteriol. 172:495–497.
Guiney, D.G., P. Hasegawa, K. Bouic, and B. Matthews. 1989. Genetic transfer systems in Bacteroides: cloning and mapping of the transferable tetracycline-resistance locus. Mol. Microbiol. 3:1617–1623.
Hara, T., M. Matsuda, and M. Yoneda. 1977. Isolation and some properties of nontoxigenic derivatives of a strain of Clostridium tetani. Biken J. 20:105–115.
Hartmanis, M.G.N., H. Ahlman, and S. Gatenbeck. 1986. Stability of solvent formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum during repeated subculturing. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:369–371.
Hawirko, R.Z., K.L. Chung, A.C. Emeruwa and A.J.C. Magnusson. 1973. Ultrastructure and characterization of an asporogenic mutant of Clostridium botulinum type E. Canadian J. Microbiol. 19:281–284.
Hayashida, S. and B.K. Ahn. 1990. Isolation and characteristics of an acetone-butanol negative, ethanol-isovaleric acid-producing mutant of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1–4 ATCC 13564. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:343–351.
Hayashida, S. and S. Yoshino. 1990. Degeneration of solventogenic Clostridium caused by a defect in NADH generation. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:427–435.
Hecht, D.W. and M.H. Malamy. 1989. Tn4399, a conjugal mobilizing transposon of Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 171:3603–3608.
Heefner, D.L., C.H. Squires, R.J. Evans, B.J. Kopp, and M.J. Yarus. 1984. Transformation of Clostridium perfringens. J. Bacteriol. 159:460–464.
Hermann, M., F. Fayolle, R. Marchai, L. Podvin, M. Sebald, and J.-P. Vandecasteele. 1985. Isolation and characterization of butanol-resistant mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:1238–1243.
Higashi, Y., M. Chazono, K. Inoue, Y. Yanagase, T. Amano, and K. Shimada. 1973. Complementation in Θ-toxinogenicity between mutants of two groups of Clostridium perfringens. Biken J. 16:1–9.
Higashi, Y., M. Chazono, Y. Yanagase, K. Inoue, and T. Amano. 1974. Complementation of Θ-toxin production between mutants of two groups of Clostridium perfringens. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 27:103–105.
Holt, S.C., J. Ebersole, J. Felton, M. Brunsvold, and K.S. Kornman. 1988. Implantation of Bacteroides gingivalis in nonhuman primates initiates progression of periodontitis. Science 239:55–57.
Hyun, H.H. and J.G. Zeikus. 1985. Regulation and genetic enhancement of gluco-amylase and pullulanase production of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. J. Bacteriol. 164:1146–1152.
Inoue, K. and H. Iida. 1970. Conversion of toxige-nicity in Clostridium botulinum type C. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 14:87–89.
Ionesco, H., G. Bieth, C. Dauguet, and D. Bouanchaud. 1976. Isolement et identification de deux Plasmides d’une souche bactériocinogène de Clostridium perfringens. Ann. Microbiol. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 127B:283–294.
Janati-Idrissi, R., A.-M. Junelles, A. El Kanouni, H. Petitdemange, and R. Gay. 1987. Selection de mutants de Clostridium acetobutylicum défectifs dans la production d’acétone. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Microbiol.) 138:313–323.
Jones, D.T. and D.R. Woods. 1981. Effect of oxygen on liquid holding recovery of Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 145:1–7.
Jones, D.T. and D.R. Woods. 1986. Acetone-butanol fermentation revisited. Microbiol. Rev. 50:484–524.
Jones, D.T., W.A. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1985. Production of recombinants after protoplast fusion in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262.J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:1213–1216.
Jones, D.T., F.T. Robb, and D.R. Woods. 1980a. Effect of oxygen on Bacteroides fragilis survival after far-ultraviolet irradiation.J. Bacteriol. 144:1179–1181.
Jones, D.T., A. Van der Westhuizen, S. Long, E.R. Allock, S.J. Reid, and D.R. Woods. 1982. Solvent production and morphological changes in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1434–1439.
Junelles, A.-M., R. Janati-Idrissi, A. El Kanouni, H. Petitdemange, and R. Gay. 1987. Acetone-butanol fermentation by mutants selected for resistance to acetate and butyrate halogen analogues. Biotechnol. Lett. 9:175–178.
Keller, F.A., J.S. Ganoung, and S.J. Luenser. 1985. Mutant strain of Clostridium thermoaceticum useful for the preparation of acetic acid. U.S. Patent 4, 513, 084.
Knowlton, S., J.D. Ferchak, and J.K. Alexander. 1984. Protoplast regeneration in Clostridium tertium: isolation of derivatives with high-frequency regeneration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:1246–1247.
Kurose, N., S. Kinoshita, J. Yagyu, M. Uchida, S. Hanai, and A. Obayashi. 1988. Improvement of ethanol production of thermophilic Clostridium sp. by mutation.J. Ferment. Technol. 66:467–472.
Kutzenok, A. and M. Aschner. 1952. Degenerative processes in a strain of Clostridium butylicum. J. Bacteriol. 64:829–836.
Laird, W.J., W. Aaronson, R.P. Silver, W.H. Habig, and M.C. Hardegree. 1980. Plasmid-associated toxigenicity in Clostridium tetani. J. Infect. Dis. 142:623.
Lapointe, J.-R. and V. Fredette. 1975. Mutant atténué nitrosoguanidine-induit dans la gangrène gazeuse à Clostridium perfringens type A. Can. J. Microbiol. 21:1259–1269.
Largier, S.T., S. Long, J.D. Santangelo, D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1985. Immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 mutants for solvent production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:477–481.
Lemmel, S.A. 1985. Mutagenesis in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Lett. 7:711–716.
Lengeier, J. 1979. Streptozotocin, an antibiotic superior to penicillin in the selection of rare bacterial mutations. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 5:417–419.
Lin, Y.-L. and H.P. Blaschek. 1983. Butanol production by a butanol-tolerant strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum in extruded corn broth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:966–973.
Long, S., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1984. The relationship between sporulation and solvent production in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262. Biotechnol. Lett. 6:529–534.
Lovitt, R.W., R. Longin, and J.G. Zeikus. 1984. Ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria: physiological comparison of solvent effects on parent and alcohol-tolerant strains of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:171–177.
Mackey, B.M. and J.G. Morris. 1974. Isolation of a mutant strain of Clostridium pasteurianum defective in granulose degradation. FEBS Lett. 48:64–67.
Macrina, F.L., T.D. Mays, C.J. Smith, and R.A. Welch. 1981. Non-plasmid associated transfer of antibiotic resistance in Bacteroides. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 8 (Suppl. D):77–86.
Magot, M., F. Fayolle, G. Privitera, and M. Sebald. 1981. Transposon-like structures in the Bacteroides fragilis plasmid pIP410. Mol. Gen. Genet. 181:559–561.
Makoff, A.J., M.D. Oxer, M.A. Romanos, N.F. Fairweather, and S. Ballantine. 1989. Expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in E. coli: high level expression by removing rare codons. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:10191–10202.
Marsh, P.D., A.S. McKee, A.S. McDermid, and A.B. Dowsett. 1989. Ultrastructure and enzyme activities of a virulent and an avirulent variant of Bacteroides gingivalis W50. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 59:181–186.
McKee, A.S., A.S. McDermid, R. Wait, A. Baskerville, and P.D. Marsh. 1988. Isolation of colonial variants of Bacteroides gingivalis W50 with a reduced virulence.J. Med. Microbiol. 27:59–64.
Meinecke, B., H. Bahl, and G. Gottschalk. 1984. Selection of an asporogenous strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture under phosphate limitation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:1064–1065.
Mendez, B.S. and R.F. Gomez. 1982. Isolation of Clostridium thermocellum auxotrophs. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 43:495–496.
Mihelc, V., C. Duncan, and G. Chambliss. 1978. Characterization of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid in C. perfringens CW55. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 14:771–779.
Mori, Y. 1990. Isolation of mutants of Clostridium thermocellum with enhanced cellulase production. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:825–826.
Morris, J.G. and R.L. Robson. 1973. Granulose deposition and sporulation in Clostridium pasteurianum. In: Regulation de la Sporulation Microbienne, pp. 87–89. Colloques Internationaux du CNRS n° 227, CNRS, Paris.
Murray, W.D., K.B. Wemyss and A.W. Khan. 1983. Increased ethanol production and tolerance by a pyruvate-negative mutant of Clostridium saccharolyticum. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18:71–74.
Nochur, S.V., M.F. Roberts, and A.L. Demain. 1990. Mutation of Clostridium thermocellum in the presence of certain carbon sources. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71:199–204.
Oultram, J.D. and M. Young. 1985. Conjugal transfer of plasmid pAMβ1 from Streptococcus lactis and Bacillus subtilis to Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 27:129–134.
Podvin, L. 1989. Activité Autolytique de Clostridium acetobutylicum Souche N1–4. Thèse doctorat, Université Paris.
Privitera, G., A. Dublanchet, and M. Sebald. 1979. Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance between subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis. J. Infect. Dis. 139:97–101.
Privitera, G., F. Fayolle and M. Sebald. 1981. Resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin in the Bacteroides fragilis group; inducible versus constitutive tetracycline resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 20:314–320.
Rambler, M.B. and L. Margulis. 1980. Bacterial resistance to ultraviolet irradiation under anaero-biosis: implications for pre-Phanerozoic evolution. Science 210:638–640.
Reed, W.M. 1989. Mutation and genetic engineering of anaerobic bacteria. In: Handbook on Anaerobic Fermentations, L.E. Erickson, and D.Y.-C. Fung, eds., pp. 27–58. New York: Dekker.
Reysset, G. and M. Sebald. 1985. Conjugal transfer of plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance from streptococci to Clostridium acetobutylicum. Ann. Ins. Pasteur (Microbiol.) 136B:275–282.
Reysset, G., J. Hubert, L. Podvin, and M. Sebald. 1987. Protoplast formation and regeneration of Clostridium acetobutylicum strain NI-4080.J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:2595–2600.
Robson, R.L., R.M. Robson, and J.G. Morris. 1974. The biosynthesis of granulose by Clostridium pasteurianum. Biochem. J. 144:503–511.
Rogers, P. 1986. Genetics and biochemistry of Clostridium relevant to development of fermentation processes. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 31:1–60.
Rogers, P. and N. Palosaari. 1987. Clostridium acetobutylicum mutants that produce butyraldehyde and altered quantities of solvents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2761–2766.
Rogers, P., C. Quinn, and J.C. McDilda. 1986. Mutants modifying solvents produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum. In: Abstracts, Abstr. 0–51 Washington D.C.: Proc. Am. Soc. of Microbiology National Meet.
Rood, J.I. and R.G. Wilkinson. 1975. Isolation and characterization of Clostridium perfringens mutants altered in both hemagglutinin and sialidase production.J. Bacteriol. 123:419–427.
Rood, J.I., V.N. Scott, and C.L. Duncan. 1978. Identification of a transferable tetracycline resistance plasmid (pCW3) from Clostridium perfringens. Plasmid 1:563–570.
Rothstein, D.M. 1986. Clostridium thermosaccharoly-ticum strain deficient in acetate production.J. Bacteriol. 165:319–320.
Russo, T.A., J.S. Thompson, V.G. Godoy, and M.H. Malamy. 1990. Cloning and expression of the Bacteroides fragilis TAL2480 neuraminidase gene, nanH, in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172:2594–2600.
Schaeffer, P. 1969. Sporulation and the production of antibiotics, exoenzymes and exotoxins. Bacteriol. Rev. 33:48–71.
Schumann, J.P., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1982. UV light induction of proteins in Bacteroides fragilis under anaerobic conditions.J. Bacteriol. 151:44–47.
Schumann, J.P., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1983. Effect of oxygen and UV irradiation on nucleic acid and protein syntheses in Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 156:1366–1368.
Schumann, J.P., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1984. Effect of UV irradiation on macromolecular synthesis and colony formation in Bacteroides fragilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130:771–777.
Schwartz, A.C. and T.C. Stadtman. 1970. Small colonies of Clostridium sticklandii resulting from nitrosoguanidine treatment and exhibiting defects in catabolic enzymes.J. Bacteriol. 104:1242–1245.
Sebald, M. 1968. Sur un mutant asporogène de Clostridium histolyticum incapable de synthétiser l’acide dipicolinique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 114:265–276.
Sebald, M. and G. Bréfort. 1975. Transfert du plasmide tetracycline-chloramphenicol chez Clostridium perfringens. C. R. Acad. Sci. Sér. D (Paris) 281:317–319.
Sebald, M. and M. Cassier. 1969. Sporulation and toxigenicity in mutant strains of Clostridium perfringens. In: Spore IV, L.L. Campbell, ed., pp. 306–316. Bethesda: American Society for Microbiology.
Sebald, M. and R.N. Costilow. 1975. Minimal growth requirements for Clostridium perfringens and isolation of auxotrophic mutants. Appl. Microbiol. 29:1–6.
Sebald, M. and P. Schaeffer. 1965. Toxinogénèse et sporulation chez Clostridium histolyticum. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 260:5398–5400.
Sebald, M., D. Bouanchaud, and G. Bieth. 1975. Nature plasmidique de la resistance à plusieurs antibiotiques chez C. perfringens type A, souche 659. C. Acad. Sci. Sér. D (Paris) 280:2401–2404.
Sebald, M., G. Reysset, and J. Breuil. 1990. What’s new in 5-nitroimidazole resistance in the Bacteroides fragilis group. In: Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Anaerobes, S.P. Borriello, ed., pp. 217–225, Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical.
Shimell, M.J., C.J. Smith, F.P. Tally, F.L. Macrina, and M.H. Malamy. 1982. Hybridization studies reveal homologies between pBF4 and pBFTMlO, two clindamycin-erythromycin resistance transfer plasmids of Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 152:950–953.
Shoemaker, N.B., C. Getty, J.F. Gardner, and A.A. Salyers. 1986. Tn 4351 transposes in Bacteroides spp. and mediates the integration of plasmid R751 into the Bacteroides chromosome.J. Bacteriol. 165:929–936.
Shoemaker, N.B., E.P. Guthrie, A.A. Salyers, and J.F. Gardner. 1985. Evidence that the clindamycin-erythromycin resistance gene of Bacteroides plasmid pBF4 is on a transposable element.J. Bacteriol. 162:626–632.
Simon, M.A. and W.J. Brill. 1971. Mutant of Clostridium pasteurianum that does not fix nitrogen.J. Bacteriol. 105:65–69.
Sindar, P., M.L. Britz, and R.G. Wilkinson. 1982. Isolation and properties of metronidazole-resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens. J. Med. Microbiol. 15:503–509.
Slade, H.J.K., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1981. Effect of oxygen radicals and peroxide on survival after ultraviolet irradiation and liquid holding recovery of Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 147:685–687.
Slade, H.J.K., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1982. Effect of low fluencies of near-ultraviolet radiation on Bacteroides fragilis survival. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 15:257–259.
Slade, H.J.K., D.T. Jones, and D.R. Woods. 1984. Effect of oxygen and peroxide on Bacteroides fragilis cell and phage survival after treatment with DNA damaging agents. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24:159–163.
Smith, C.J. 1987. Nucleotide sequence analysis of Tn4551: use of erm FS Operon fusions to detect promotor activity in Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 169:4589–4596.
Smith, C.J. and H. Spiegel. 1987. Transposition of Tn 4551 in Bacteroides fragilis: identification and properties of a new transposon from Bacteroides spp.J. Bacteriol. 169:3450–3457.
Smith, K.C. 1978. Multiple pathways of DNA repair in bacteria and their roles in mutagenesis. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 28:121–129.
Soucaille, P., G. Joliff, A. Izard, and G. Goma. 1987. Butanol tolerance and autobacteriocin production of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Curr. Microbiol. 14:295–299.
Takumi, K., T. Kinouchi, and T. Kawata. 1980. Isolation of nontoxigenic variants associated with enhanced sporulation and alteration in the cell wall from Clostridium botulinum type A 190L by treatment with detergents. Microbiol. Immunol. 24:469–477.
Tally, F.P., D.R. Snydman, M.J. Shimell, and M.H. Malamy. 1982. Characterization of pBFTM10, a clindamycin-erythromycin resistance transfer factor from Bacteroides fragilis. J. Bacteriol. 151:686–691.
Tessman, I., R.K. Poddar, and S. Kumar. 1964. Identification of the altered bases in mutated single-stranded DNA. I. In vitro mutagenesis by hydroxylamine, ethylmethane sulfonate and nitrous acid.J. Mol. Biol. 9:352–363.
Ueda, M., S. Nakamoto, R. Nakai, and A. Takagi. 1983. Establishment of a defined minimal medium and isolation of auxotrophic mutants for Bifidobacterium bifidum ES5.J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 29:103–114.
Van Tassell, R.L. and T.D. Wilkins. 1978. Isolation of auxotrophs of Bacteroides fragilis. Can. J. Microbiol. 24:1619–1621.
Weizmann, C. and B. Rosenfeld. 1937. The activation of the butanol-acetone fermentation of carbohydrates by Clostridium acetobutylicum (Weizmann). Biochem. J. 31:619–639.
Welch, R.A. and F.L. Macrina. 1981. Physical characterization of Bacteroides R plasmid pBF4. J. Bacteriol. 145:867–872.
Winkelman, J.W. and D.P. Clark. 1984. Proton suicide: general method for direct selection of sugar transport- and fermentation-defective mutants.J. Bacteriol. 160:687–690.
Woods, D.R. and D.T. Jones. 1986. Physiological responses of Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium strains to environmental stress factors. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 28:1–64.
Wyatt, L.R. and W.M. Waites. 1971. Studies with spores of Clostridium bifermentans: comparison of germination mutants. In: Spore Research 1971, A.N. Barker, G.W. Gould, and J. Wolf, eds., pp. 123–131. London: Academic Press.
Zoutberg, G.R., R. Willemsberg, G. Smit, M.J. Teixeira de Mattos, and O.M. Neijssel. 1989a. Aggregate formation by Clostridium butyricum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:17–21.
Zoutberg, G.R., R. Willemsberg, G. Smit, M.J. Teixeira de Mattos, and O.M. Neijssel. 1989b. Solvent production by an aggregate-forming variant of Clostridium butyricum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:22–26.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sebald, M. (1993). Mutations. In: Sebald, M. (eds) Genetics and Molecular Biology of Anaerobic Bacteria. Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7087-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7087-5_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7089-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7087-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive