Skip to main content

Sense of Community in Rural Communities

A Mixed Methodological Approach

  • Chapter
Psychological Sense of Community

Abstract

Psychological sense of community (SOC) was proposed to be the central aspect of community psychology by Sarason (1974). At the Society for Community Research and Action conference at Yale in 1999, Sarason was asked by Bob Newbrough why he had formulated the concept of SOC. He stated that as a child during the depression he experienced the terror of being at the point of having no physical and emotional support. Sustained experiences of this kind then form the basis of alienation that individuals and groups in our societies experience. Sarason argued that this was a profound experience and is a considerable risk factor for psychological and social problems. Understanding SOC, thus, is an essential aspect of community psychology.

The authors wish to thank David MacMillan for his constructive comments on the draft of this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Amos user’s guide: Version 3.6. Chicago: SmallWaters Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, K. M., & Zautra, A. J. (1985). Coping with a community stressor: The threat of a hazardous waste facility. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 127–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, R. (1968). Ecological psychology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brim, J. A. (1974). Social network correlates of avowed happiness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 158, 432–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, B. J., & Syme, G. J. (1995). The Social costs and benefits of urban consolidation: A time budget/contingent valuation approach. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16, 223–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, B. J., & Syme, G. J. (1996). Social change in rural settings: Lessons for community change agents. In D. R. Thomas & A. Veno (Eds.), Community Psychology and social change: Australian and New Zealand perspectives (pp. 157–181). Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodsky, A. E., O’Campo, P. J., & Aronson, R. E. (1999). PSOC in community context: Multi-level correlates of a measure of psychological sense of community in low-income, urban neighborhoods. Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 659–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, J. C. (1988). The development of an instrument of measure neighborhood cohesion. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 771–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavis, D., Hogge, J., McMillan, D., & Wandersman, A. (1986). Sense of community through Brunswik’s lens: A first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 24–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavis, D. M., & Wandersman, A. (1990). Sense of community in the urban environment: A catalyst for participation and community development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chipuer, H. M. (2001). Dyadic attachments and community connectedness: Links with youth’s loneliness experiences. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 429–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chipuer, H. M., & Pretty, G. M. H. (1999). A review of the sense of community index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development. Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 643–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coakes, S. J. (1995). Participation of women in rural communities: The influence of social structural and contextual factors. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Curtin University, Perth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coakes, S. J., & Bishop, B. J. (1998). Where do I fit in? Factors influencing women’s participation in rural communities. Community, Work & Family, 1, 249–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and the research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, W. B., & Cotter, P. R. (1986). Measurement of sense of community within the sphere of city. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 608–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, W. B., & Cotter, P. R. (1989). Sense of community and political participation. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 119–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, W. B., & Cotter, P. R. (1993). Psychological sense of community and support for public school taxes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 59–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle, R. J., & MacDonald, D. (1978). Communication and a sense of community in a metropolitan neighborhood: A factor analytic examination. Communication Quarterly, 26, 2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girgerenzer, G., Swijtink, Z., Porter, T., Daston, L., Beaty, J., &, Kruger, L. (1989). The empire of chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, T. J. (1986). Neighborhood and sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 341–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, K. (1989). The return to community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria verses new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G. (1996). Sense of community in two communities of elderly people. Unpublished thesis, Curtin University, Perth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. A., & Mullins, P. (1990). Moral communities: Religious and secular. Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 153–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, F. G. (1986). Community: A trinity of models. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lounsbury, J. W., & DeNeui (1996). Collegiate psychological sense of community in relation to size of college/university and extroversion. Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 381–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D. W. (1996). Sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 315–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 6–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. M., & Beals, J. (1997). The structure and positive behavior among American adolescents: Gender and community differences. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 257–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper S. C. (1942). World hypotheses. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newbrough, J. R. (1995). Toward community: A third position. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 9–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I. (1983). The psychological climate of religious congregations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 77, 351–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, G. M. (1990). Relating psychological sense of community to social climate characteristics. Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 60–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, G. M. H. & McCarthy, M. (1991). Exploring psychological sense of community among women and men of the corporation. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 351–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, G. M. H., Conroy, C. Dugay, J., Fowler, K. & Williams, D. (1996). Sense of community and its relevance to adolescents of all ages. Journal of Community, 24, 365–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, L. (2000). Using NVivo in qualitative research. Bundoora, Vic.: QSR International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royal, M. A., & Rossi, R. J. (1996). Individual-level correlates of sense of community: Findings from workplace and school. Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 395–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, S. B. (1973). Jewishness, blackishness, and the nature-nurture controversy. American Psychologist, 28, 962–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, S. B. (2000). Barometers of community change: Personal reflections. In J. Rappaport and E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumcker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tönnies, F. (1957). Community and society (C. P. Loomis, Trans.). New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bishop, B.J., Coakes, S.J., D’Rozario, P.N. (2002). Sense of Community in Rural Communities. In: Fisher, A.T., Sonn, C.C., Bishop, B.J. (eds) Psychological Sense of Community. The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0719-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0719-2_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5209-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0719-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics