Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Membranes, Molecules, Nerves, and People

  • Chapter
Membrane Transport

Part of the book series: People and Ideas ((PEOPL))

  • 375 Accesses

Abstract

This paper is, as requested, an autobiographical account of my 1 involvement with the evolution of ideas about the molecular structure of biological membranes and nerve fibers since the electron microscope began to be used productively in this field in the late 1940s. I was asked to write about people as well as science and to include anecdotes and snapshots that I might have whenever appropriate. This chapter is an abridged version of a paper published in the International Review of Cytology (138) for a different audience and with a different emphasis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  1. Arvanitaki, A. Effects evoked in an axon by the activity of a contiguous one. J. Neurophysiol. 5: 89–108, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bartelmez, G. W. Mauthner’s cell and the nucleus motorius tegmenti. J. Comp. Neurol. 25: 87: 128, 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Benedetti, E. L., and P. Emmelot. Electron microscopic observations on negatively stained plasma membranes isolated from rat liver. J. Cell Biol. 26: 299–304, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Benedetti, E. L., and P. Emmelot. Hexagonal array of subunits in tight junctions separated from isolated rat liver plasma membranes. J. Cell Biol. 38: 15–24, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Benson, A. A. Plant membrane lipids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 15: 116, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Benson, A. A. On the orientation of lipids in chloroplast and cell membranes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 43: 265–270, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Blaurock, A. E. The spaces between membrane bilayers within Pns myelin as characterized by X-ray diffraction. Brain Res. 210: 383–387, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Blaurock, A. E. X-ray and neutron diffraction by membranes: How great is the potential for defining the molecular interactions? In: Progress in Protein-Lipid Interactions, edited by A. Watts and J. J. DePont, 1986, vol. 2, p. 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bloj, B., and D. B. Zilversmit. Asymmetry and transposition rates of phosphatidylcholine in rat erythrocyte ghosts. Biochemistry 15: 1277–1283, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bodian, D. The structure of the vertebrate synapse. A study of the axon ending on Mauthner’s cell and neighboring centers in the goldfish. J. Comp. Neurol. 68: 117–159, 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bodian, D. Introductory survey of neurones. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 17: 1, 1952.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bodian, D., And H. A. Howe. Experimental studies on intraneural spread of poliomyelitis. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 68: 248–267, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Branton, D. Fracture faces of frozen membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 55: 1048–1056, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Branton, D. Fracture faces of frozen myelin. Exp. Cell Res. 45: 703–707, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Branton, D. Freeze-etching studies of membrane structure. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 261: 133–138, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Branton, D., And D. W. Deamer. Membrane structure. In: Protoplasmatologia, edited by M. Alfert, H. Baner, W. Sandritter, et al. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1972, p. 1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Branton, D., and R. B. Park. Subunit chloroplast lamellar. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 19: 288–303, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Brenner, S., and R. W. Horne. A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 34: 103–110, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bretscher, M. S. Major human erythrocyte glycoprotein spans the cell membrane. Nature Lond. 231: 229–232, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bretscher, M. S. Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine: differential labelling in intact cells and cell ghosts of human erythrocytes by a membrane-impermeable reagent. J. Mol. Biol. 71: 523–528, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bretscher, M. S. Membrane structure: some general properties. Science Wash. DC 181: 622–629, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brink, P. R., and M. M. Dewey. Evidence for fixed charge in the nexus. Nature Lond. 285: 101–102, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Caspar, D. L. D., D. A. Goodenough, L. Makowski, and W. C. Phillips. Gap junction structures. I. Correlated electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. J. Cell Biol. 74: 605–628, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Caspar, D. L. D., and D. A. Kirschner. Myelin membrane structure at 10 resolution. Nature Lond. 231: 46–52, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chambers, R., and M. J. Kopac. The coalescence of living cells with oil drops. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 9: 331–345, 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chambers, R., and H. Pollack. Micrurgical studies in cell physiology. Iv. Colorimetric determination of the nucleus and cytoplasmic pH in the starfish egg. J. Gen. Physiol. 10: 739–755, 1927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chapman, D., and D. F. H. Wallach. Recent physical studies of phospholipide and natural membranes. In: Biological Membranes, edited by Dennis Chapman. Academic: New York, 1968, p. 125–202.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chen Wen-Tien, E. Hasegawa, T. Hasegawa, C. Weinstock, and K. M. Yamada. Development of cell surface linkage complexes in cultured fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 100: 1103–1114, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Cole, K. S., and H. J. Curtis. Bioelectricity: electric physiology. In: Medical Physics, edited by Otto Glasser. Chicago, IL: Year Book, 1950, vol. II, p. 82–90.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Collander, R., and H. Baerlund. Permeabilitaets studuien an chara ceratophylla. Acta Bot. Fenn. 11: 1–114, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cone, R. A. Rotational diffusion of rhodopsin in the visual receptor membrane. Nature Lond. 236: 39–42, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Danielli, J. F. The thickness of the wall of the red blood corpuscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 19: 19–22, 1935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Danielli, J. F. Some properties of lipoid films in relation to the structure of the plasma membrane. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 7: 393–408, 1936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Danielli, J. F. Protein films at the oil-water interface. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 6: 190–195, 1938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Danielli, J. F. Colston papers. vol. V II, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Danielli, J. F., and H. A. Davson. A contribution of the theory of permeability of thin films. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 5: 495–508, 1935.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Davson, H., and J. F. Danielli The Permeability of Natural Membranes. New York: Hafner, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Deamer, D. W., and N. Yamanaka. Freeze-fracture particles in protease treated membranes. Biophys. J. 15: 110–111, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Deisenhofer, J., O. Epp, K. Miki, R. Huber, and H. Michel. Structure of the protein subunits in the photosynthetic reaction centre of Rhodopseudomonas viridis at 3 A resolution. Nature Lond. 318: 618–624, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Del Castillo, J., and B. Katz. Quantal components of the end-plate potential. J. Physiol. Lond. 124: 560–573, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Del Castillo, J., and B. Katz. Biophysical aspects of neuromuscular transmission. Prog. Biophys. 6: 121–170, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  42. DE Robertis, E., and H. S. Bennett. Some features of the submicroscopic morphology of synapses in frog and earthworm. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1: 47–58, 1955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. DE Robertis, E., and F. O. Schmitt. An electron microscope analysis of certain nerve axon constituents. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 31: 1–24, 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Dewey, M. M., and L. Barr. Intercellular connection between smooth muscle cells: the nexus. Science Wash. DC, 137: 670–672, 1962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dewey, M. M., and L. Barr. A study of the structure and distribution of the nexus. J. Cell Biol. 23: 553–585, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Doggenweiler, C. F., and S. Frenk. Staining properties of lanthanum on cell membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 53: 425–430, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Farquhar, M. G., and G. E. Palade. Junctional complexes in various epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 17: 375–412, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fait, P. Biophysics of junctional transmission. Physiol. Rev. 34: 674–710, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Fatt, P., and B. Katz. Chemo-receptor activity at the motor end-plate. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29: 117–125, 1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fernandez-Moran, H. The submicroscopic organization of vertebrate nerve fibers. Exp. Cell Res. 3: 282–359, 1952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Fierschbacher, M. D., E. C. Hayman, and E. Ruoslahti. The cell attachment determinant in fibronectin. J. Cell. Biochem. 28: 115–126, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Finean, J. B. Recent ideas on the structure of myelin. In: Biochemical Problems of Lipids. London: Butterworths, 1956, p. 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

  53. FoLch, J., and M. Lees. Proteolipids, a new type of tissue lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 191: 807–817, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Franzini-Armstrong, C., and K. R. Porter. Sarcolemmal invaginations constituting the T system in fish muscle fibers. J. Cell Biol. 22: 675696, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fricke, H. The electric capacity of suspensions with special references to blood. J. Gen. Physiol. 9: 137–152, 1925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fricke, H. The electric impedance of suspensions of biological cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1: 117–124, 1933.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Frye, L. D., and M. Edidin. The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of mouse-human heterokaryons. J. Cell Sci. 7: 319–335, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Furshpan, E. J., and T. Furakawa. Intracellular and extracellular response of the several regions of the Mauthner cell of the goldfish. J. Neurophysiol. 25: 732–771, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Gasser, H. S. Addendum to paper by B. Frankenhaeuser. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 17: 32–36, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Gasser, H. S. Properties of dorsal root unmedullated fibers on two sides of the ganglion. J. Gen. Physiol. 38: 709–728, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Geren, B. B. The formation from the Schwann cell surface of myelin in the peripheral nerves of chick embryos. Exp. Cell Res. 7: 558–562, 1954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Geren, B. B., and F. O. ScHmitt. The structure of the nerve sheath in relation to lipid and lipid-protein layers. Emsa J. Appl. Phys. 24: 1421, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Geren, B. B., and F. O. Schmitt. The structure of the Schwann cell and its relation to the axon in certain invertebrate nerve fibers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 40: 863–871, 1954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Glauert, A. M., G. E. Rogers, and R. H. Glauert. A new embedding medium for electron microscopy. Nature Lond. 178: 803, 1956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Glauert, A. M., G. E. Rogers, and R. H. Glauert. Araldite as an embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4: 191–194, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Goodenough, D. A. Channels traversing two junctional membranes and intervening “gap.” J. Cell Biol. 71: 334–335, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Goodenough, D. A. In vitro formation of gap junction vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 68: 220–231, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gordesky, S. E., and G. V. Marinetti. The asymmetric arrangement of phospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 50: 1027–1031, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gorter, E., and R. Grendel. Bimolecular layers of lipid on the chromocytes of the blood. J. Exp. Med. 41: 439–443, 1925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Greenblatt, R. E., Y. Blatt, and M. Montal. Hypothesis: the structure of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. Febs Lett. 193: 125–134, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hall, C.E. Electron densitometry of stained virus particles. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1: 1–12, 1955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Heckman, C. A., and R. J. Barrnett. Gach: a water-miscible, lipid-retaining embedding polymer for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 42: 156–179, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Henderson, R. The structure of the purple membrane for Halobacterium halobium. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern. J. Mol. Biol. 93: 123–138, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hess, A., and J. Z. Young. The nodes of Ranvier. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 140: 301–320, 1952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hill, A. V. The abrupt transition from rest to activity in muscle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 136: 399–435, 1949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hoeber, R. The Physical Chemistry of Cells and Tissues. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Huxley, A. F. The Croonian lecture 1967. The activation of striated muscle and its mechanical response. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 178: 1–27, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Huxley, A. F., and R. E. Taylor. Function of Krause’s membrane. Nature Lond. 176: 1068, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Johnson, G. E. Giant nerve fibers in crustaceans with special reference to Cambarus and Palaemonetes. J. Comp. Neurol. 36: 323–373, 1924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Korn, E. D. Structure of biological membranes. Science Wash. DC 153: 1491–1498, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kornberg, R. D., and H. M. McCoNnell. Inside-outside transitions of phospholipids in vesicle membranes. Biochemistry 10: 1111–1120, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kuhn, T. The Structures of Scientific Revolutions ( 2nd edition ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Laatsch, R. H., M. W. Kies, S. Gordon, and E. C. Alvord. The encephalomyelitic activity of myelin isolated by ultracentrifugation. J. Exp. Med. 115: 777–778, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lenard, J., and S. J. Singer. Protein conformation in cell membrane preparations as studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dischroism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 56: 1828–1835, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lucy, J. A. Globular lipid micelles and cell membranes. J. Theor. Biol. 7: 360–373, 1964.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lucy, J. A. Theoretical and experimental models for biological membranes. In: Biological Membranes-Physical Fact and Function. London: Academic, 1968, p. 233–288.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Lucy, J. A., and A. M. Glauert. Structure and assembly of macromolecular lipid complexes composed of globular micelles. J. Mol. Biol. 8: 727–748, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Luit, J. H. Permanganate-a new fixative for electron microscopy. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 2: 799–801, 1956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. LuzAtti, V., and F. HussoN. The structure of the liquid-crystalline phases of lipid-water systems. J. Cell Biol. 12: 207–220, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Makowski, L., D. L. D. Caspar, W. C. Phillips, and D. A. Goodenough. Gap junction structures. II. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction data. J. Cell Biol. 74: 629–645, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Miljanich, G. P., P. P. Nemes, D. L. White, and E. A. Dratz. The asymmetric transmembrane distribution ofphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and fatty acids of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane. J. Membr. Biol. 60: 249–255, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Moor, H., and K. Muhlethaler. Fine structure in freeze-etched yeast cells. J. Cell Biol. 17: 609–628, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Moor, H., K. Muhlethaler, H. Waldner, and A. Frey-Wyssling. A new freezing ultramicrotome. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 10: 1–14, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Namba, K., and G. Stubbs. Structure of tobacco mosaic virus at 3.6 angstroms resolution: implications for assymmetry. Science Wash. DC 231: 1401–1406, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Palade, G. E. (assisted by S. L. Palay). Electron microscope observations of interneuronal and neuromuscular synapses. Anat. Rec. 118: 335–336, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Palay, S. L. (assisted by G. E. Palade). Electron microscopy study of the cytoplasm of membranes. Anat. Rec. 118: 336, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Palay, S. L. Synapses in the central nervous system. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. Suppl. 2: 193–202, 1956.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Pease, D. C., and R. G. Peterson. Polymerizable glutaraldehyde urea mixtures as polar, water-containing embedding media. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 45: 124–148, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Peterson, R. G., and D. C. Pease. Myelin embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde urea. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 41: 115–132, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Piersschbacher, M. D., E. G. Hayman, and E. Ruoslahti. The cell attachment determinant in fibronectin. J. Cell. Biochem. 28: 115–126, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Porter, K. R., and G. E. Palade. Studies on the endoplasmic reticulum. Iii. Its form and distribution in striated muscle cells. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3: 269–300, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Reger, J. F. Electron microscopy of the motor end-plate in intercostal muscle of the rat. Anat. Rec. 118: 344, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Reger, J. F. Electron microscopy of the motor end-plate in rat intercostal muscle. Anat. Rec. 122: 1–15, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Renooij, W. L., M. G. Van Golde, R. F. A. Zwaall, and L. L. M. Van Deenen. Topological asymmetry of phospholipid metabolism in rat erythrocyte membranes: evidence for flip-flop of lecithin. Eur. J. Biochem. 61: 53–58, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Revel, J. P., and M. J. Karnowski. Hexagonal array of subunits in intercellular junctions of the mouse heart and liver. J. Cell Biol. 33: C7 - C12, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Robertson, J. D. Addendum to neurones of arthropods by C. A. G. Wiersma (Abstract). Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 17: 161, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Robertson, J. D. The Ultrastructure of Two Invertebrate Synapses. Boston, MA: Mit Press, 1952, Ph.D. thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Robertson, J. D. Ultrastructure of two invertebrate synapses. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 82: 219–223, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Robertson, J. D. Electron microscope observations on a reptilian myoneural junction. Anat. Rec. 118: 346, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Robertson, J. D. The ultrastructure of a reptilian myoneural junction. J. Appl. Physics 25: 1466–1467, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Robertson, J. D. Recent electron microscope observations on the ultrastructure of the crayfish median-to-motor giant synapse. Exp. Cell Res. 8: 226–229, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Robertson, J. D. The ultrastructure of adult vertebrate peripheral myelinated fibers in relation to myelinogenesis. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1: 271–278, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Robertson, J. D. Some features of the ulrastructure of reptilian skeletal muscle. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 2: 369–379, 1956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Robertson, J. D. The ultrastructure of a reptilian myoneural junction. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 2: 381–394, 1956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Robertson, J. D. The cell membrane concept. J. Physiol. Lond. 140: 58–59, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Robertson, J. D. New observations in the ultrastructure of frog peripheral nerve fibers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3: 1043–1948, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. RoBertsoN, J. D. The ultrastructure of the myelin sheath near nodes of Ranvier. J. Physiol. Lond. 135: 56P - 57P, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Robertson, J. D. Structural alterations in nerve fibers produced by hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4: 349–364, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Robertson, J. D. The ultrastructure of Schmidt-Lanterman clefts and related shearing defects of the myelin sheath. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4: 39–46, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Robertson, J. D. The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 16: 3–43, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Robertson, J. D. The molecular biology of cell membranes. Molecular Biology, edited by D. Nachmansohn. New York: Academic, 1960, p. 87–151.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Robertson, J. D. The molecular structure and contact relationships of cell membranes. Prog. Biophys. 10: 343–417, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Robertson, J. D. A molecular theory of cell membrane structure. Proc. Int. Conf. Electron Microsc., 4th. Berlin: Springer, 1960, vol. XX, p. 159–171.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Robertson, J. D. Cell membranes and the origin of mitochondria. Proc. Reg. Neurochem. Symp. 4th, edited by S. S. Kety and J. Elkes. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1961, p. 497–530.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Robertson, J. D. Ultrastructure of excitable membranes and the crayfish median giant synapse. Ann. Nyacad. Sci. 94: 339–389, 1961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Robertson, J. D. The unit membrane. In: Electron Microscopy in Anatomy,edited by J. D. Boyd, F. R. Johnson, and J. D. Lever. London: Arnold, 1961, p. 74–99. (Proc. Symp. Anat. Soc Gr. Brit. Ultrastruct. Cells.)

    Google Scholar 

  127. Robertson, J. D. The membrane of the living cell. Sci. Am. 206: 6472, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Robertson, J. D. The unit membrane of cells and mechanisms of myelin formation. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 40: 94–158, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Robertson, J. D. The occurrence of a subunit pattern in the unit membranes of club endings in Mauthner cell synapses in goldfish brains. J. Cell Biol. 19: 201–221, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Robertson, J. D. Unit membranes: a review with recent new studies of experimental alterations and a new subunit structure in synaptic membranes. In: Cellular Membranes in Development,edited by Michael Locke. New York: Academic, 1963, p. 1–81. (Proc. Symp. Soc. Stud. Dev. Growth, Xxii.)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Robertson, J. D. Design principles of the unit membrane. In: Principles of Biomolecular Organization,edited by G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. O’Connor. London: Churchill, 1966, p. 357–408. (Ciba Found. Symp.)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Robertson, J. D. Granulo-fibrillar and globular substructure in unit membranes. Ann. Nyacad. Sci. 137: 421–440, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Robertson, J. D. The organization of cellular membranes. In: Molecular Organization and Biological Function, edited by J. M. Allen. New York: Harper and Row, 1966, p. 65–106.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Robertson, J. D. The structure of biological membranes, current status. Arch. Intern. Med. 129: 202–228, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Robertson, J. D. On the nature of intramembrane particles. Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. Am., 35th, edited by J. W. Bailey. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor’s, 1977, p. 680–683.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Robertson, J. D. Citation classic: the ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives (Abstract). Current Contents Jan. 1982: 20.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Robertson, J. D. A review of membrane structure with perspectives on certain transmembrane channels. In: Demyelinating Disease and Basic and Clinical Electrophysiology, edited by S. G. Waxman and J. M. Ritchie. 1981, p. 419–477.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Robertson, J. D. The nature and limitations of electron microscopic methods in biology. In: Physiology of Membrane Disorders,edited by T. Andreoli, J. Hoffman, and D. Fanestil. New York: Plenum, 1986, p. 59–80 (2nd ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Robertson, J. D. The early days of electron microscopy of nerve tissue and membranes. Int. Rev. Cytol. 100: 129–196, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Robertson, J. D., T. S. Bodenheimer, and D. E. Stage. The ultrastructure of Mauthner cell synapses and nodes in goldfish brains. J. Cell Biol. 19: 201–221, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Robertson, J. D., and J. A. Vergara. An analysis of the structure of intramembrane particles of the mammalian urinary bladder. J. Cell Biol. 86: 514–528, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Rothman, J. E., and E. P. Kennedy. Assymmetrical distribution of phospholipids in the membrane of bacillus megaterium. J. Mol. Biol. 110: 603–618, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Rothman, J. E., and J. Lenard. Membrane asymmetry. The nature of membrane asymmetry provides clues to the puzzle of how membranes are assembled. Science Wash. DC 195: 743–753, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Rothschild, V. The membrane capacitance of the sea urchin egg. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3: 103–110, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Schmidt, W. J. Doppelbrechung und Feinbau der Markescheide der Nervenfasern. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 23: 657–676, 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Schmidt, F. O., R. S. Bear, and G. L. Clark. X-ray diffraction studies in nerve. Radiology 25: 131–135, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Schmitt, F. O., R. S. Bear, and E. Ponder. Optical properties of the red cell membrane. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 9: 89–92, 1937.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Schmitt, F. O., R. S. Bear, and E. Ponder. The red cell envelope considered as a Wiener mixed body. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 11: 309–313, 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Schnitt, F. O., R. S. Bear, and K. J. Palmer. X-ray diffraction studies on the structure of the nerve myelin sheath. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 18: 1–41, 1941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Simionescu, M., N. Simionescu, and G. E. Palade. Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vascular epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 67: 863–885, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Singer, S. J. The molecular organization of membranes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 43: 805–833, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Singer, S. J., and G. L. Nicholson. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science Wash. DC 175: 720–731, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Sjoestrand, F. S. The lamellated structure of the nerve myelin sheath as revealed by high resolution electron microscopy. Experientia 9: 68–69, 1953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Sjoestrand, F. S. The ultrastructure of the retinal rod synapses of the guinea pig eye. J. Appl. Physics 24: 14–22, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Sjoestrand, F. S. A new repeat structural element of mitochondrial and certain cytoplasmic membranes. Nature Lond. 199: 1062–1064, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Sjoestrand, F. S., and J. Rhodin. The ultrastructure of the proximal convoluted tubules of the mouse kidney as revealed by high resolution electron microscopy. Exp. Cell Res. 4: 426–456, 1953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Steere, R. A. Electron microscopy of structural detail in frozen biological specimens. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3: 45–60, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Stoeckenius, W. An electron microscope study of myelin figures. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5: 491–500, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Stoeckenius, W. Some electron microscopical observations on liquid-crystalline phases in lipid-water systems. J. Cell Biol. 12: 221–229, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Stoeckenius, W., and D. M. Engelman. Current models for the structure of biological membranes. J. Cell Biol. 42: 613–646, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Thompson, T. E., and C. Huang. Composition and dynamics of lipids in biomembranes. In: Physiology of Membrane Disorders (2nd ed.), edited by T. E. Andreoli, J. F. Hoffman, D. D. Fanestil, and S. G. Schultz. New York: Plenum, p. 25–44, 1986.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  162. Unwin, N. Is there a common design for cell membrane channels? Nature Lond. 323: 12–13, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Unwin, P. N. T., and P. D. Ennis. Two configurations of a channel-forming membrane protein. Nature Lond. 307: 609–613, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Unwin, P. N. T., and R. Henderson. Molecular structure determination by electron microscopy of unstained crystalline specimens. J. Mol. Biol. 94: 425–440, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Unwin, P. N. T., and G. Zampighi. Structure of the junctions between communicating cells. Nature Lond. 283: 545–549, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Verkleij, A. J., R. F. A. Zwaal, B. Roelofsen, P. Comfurius, D. Kostelijn, and L. L. M. Van Deenen. The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human red cell membrane: a combined study using phospholipases and freeze-etch electron microscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 323: 178–193, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Von Criegee, R. Osmium Saure-ester als Mischerproducte beir Oxydation. Ann. Chim. 522: 75–96, 1936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Von Criegee, R., B. Marchand, and H. Wannowius. Zur Kentnis der organischer Osmium-Vergindungen. Ann. Chim. 550: 99–133.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Wade, R. H., and A. Brisson. Three-D structure of luminal plasma membrane protein from urinary bladder. Proc. Electron Microsc. Soc. Am., 41st. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Press, 1983, p. 436–437.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Wallach, D. F. H., and P. H. Zahler. Protein conformations in cellular membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa 56: 1552–1559, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Waugh, D. F., and F. O. Schmitt. Investigations of the thickness and ultrastructure of cellular membranes by the analytical leptoscope. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 8: 233–241, 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Whitely, N. W., Amd H. C. Berg. Amidination of the outer and inner surfaces of the human erythrocyte membrane. J. Mol. Biol. 87: 541–561, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Wiersma, C. A. G. Giant nerve fiber system of the crayfish. A contribution to comparative physiology of synapse. J. Neurophysiol. 10: 23–38, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Wiersma, C. A. G. Synaptic facilitation in the crayfish. J. Neurophysiol. 12: 267–275, 1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Wiersma, C. A. G., and W. Schallek. Influence of drugs on response of a crustacean synapse to pre-ganglionic stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 11: 491–496, 1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Williams, R. C., and R. W. G. Wyckoff. Application of metallic shadow-casting to microscopy. J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 23–33, 1946.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Young, J. Z. Fused neurons and synaptic contact in the giant nerve fibers of cephalopods. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 229: 465, 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. Zampighi, G., J. M. Corless, and J. D. Robertson. On gap junction structure. J. Cell Biol. 86: 190–198, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Zampighi, G., and J. D. Robertson. Fine structure of synaptic discs separated from the goldfish medulla oblongata. J. Cell Biol. 56: 92–105, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Zampighi, G., and P. N. T. Unwin. Two forms of isolated gap junctions. J. Mol. Biol. 135: 451–464, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. David Robertson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel C. Tosteson (Dean) (Dean)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 American Physiological Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robertson, J.D. (1989). Membranes, Molecules, Nerves, and People. In: Tosteson, D.C. (eds) Membrane Transport. People and Ideas. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7516-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7516-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7516-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation