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Introduction and Historical Perspective

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DNA Topoisomerases and Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Drug Discovery and Development ((CDD&D))

Abstract

The discoveries of DNA supercoiling and DNA topoisomerases have been two of the most important breakthroughs in biology in the last century. Negative supercoiling is a critical feature of bacterial genomes and transient supercoiling is produced in all organisms by DNA binding proteins and/or various DNA tracking processes. DNA topoisomerases are major elements in cellular life and the plethora of natural antibiotics and antitumor drugs that target these enzymes testify for their importance. DNA topoisomerases I and II, catalyzing DNA strand transfer via single or double-strand breaks in DNA molecules respectively, originated and evolved to solve topological problems raised by the plectonemic coiling of two DNA strands in the double helix, and specialized topoisomerases acquired the ability to produce supercoiling. The first DNA topoisomerases were discovered in Escherichia coli (protein ω, DNA gyrase, Topo III, and Topo IV) and eukaryotic cells (Topo IB, Topo II, Topo III). Later on, new families and subfamilies of DNA topoisomerases were discovered in Archaea, the third domain of life (reverse gyrase, Topo V, Topo VI), challenging the prokaryote/eukaryote dichotomy. DNA topoisomerases are now classified into five families of homologous proteins (Topo IA, IB, IC, Topo IIA, IIB) based on structural similarities. These families have been divided into subfamilies, some of them characterized by unique enzymatic properties (gyrase, reverse gyrase). The distribution of these families and subfamilies do not overlap with the universal tree of life, and some subfamilies are specific for viruses. This suggests that viruses played an important role in the origin and distribution of DNA topoisomerases among cellular organisms.

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Acknowledgment

I thank Daniele Gadelle and Marc Nadal for some references and critical comments on some aspect of this manuscript. I am grateful to Anna Bizard for the two-D gels in Fig. 1.3 and Sugimoto-Shirasu for the spectacular pictures of Arabidopsis wild type and Topo IIB mutant.

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    Patrick Forterre

  2. CNRS UMR 8621, and Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France

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    Yves Pommier

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Forterre, P. (2012). Introduction and Historical Perspective. In: Pommier, Y. (eds) DNA Topoisomerases and Cancer. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0323-4_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0323-4_1

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