Skip to main content

The Chemistry of Starches and Sugars Present in Food

  • Chapter
Dietary Starches and Sugars in Man: A Comparison

Part of the book series: ILSI Human Nutrition Reviews ((ILSI HUMAN))

Abstract

In human nutrition carbohydrates play a major part in supplying the metabolic energy that enables the body to perform its different functions. Due to their availability, starch, sucrose and lactose occupy a very important position in this vast group of natural substances. The way they are consumed can, however, vary greatly as a consequence of various factors: geographical area, state of development of the country, cultural traditions, importance of health considerations, etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beaux Y, Mazerolle P (1988) Les Céréales dans L’Agro-industrie. ITCF, Paris, pp 3–11

    Google Scholar 

  2. Farris, PL (1984) Economics and future of the starch industry. In: Whistler RL et al. (eds) Starch: chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 11–24

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rexen F, Munck L (1984) Utilization of starch. In: Cereal crops for industrial use in Europe. EEC Report, EUR 9617 EN, pp 64–119

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dossier “Les Polysaccharides”. Biofutur, Paris, September 1986: 17–31

    Google Scholar 

  5. Jones SF (1983) The world market for starch and starch products with particular reference to cassava starch. Report of the Tropical Development and Research Institute, G173, London

    Google Scholar 

  6. Debatisse ML (1987) Industries due Sucre el des amidons (CEE, USA, Japan). Skippers, Pâris

    Google Scholar 

  7. Meyer PA (1984) Corn wet milling Milling and Baking News, 28 February:19–20

    Google Scholar 

  8. Long JE (1985) United States markets for starch-based products. In: Van Beynum GMA, Roels JA (eds) Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 335–347

    Google Scholar 

  9. Corn Refiners Association (1988) Annual report. Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  10. Centre for European Agricultural Studies (1986) The Production and use of cereal and potato starch in the EEC. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  11. Munck L, Rexen F, Hasstrup-Pedersen L (1988) Cereal starches within the European Community: agricultural production, dry and wet milling and potential use in industry. Die Stärke 40: 81–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Light FO (1985) World sugar statistics. In: International sugar economic yearbook and directory. Ratzeburg, pp 1–72

    Google Scholar 

  13. Banks W, Greenwood CT, Muir DD (1973) The structure of starch. In: Birch GG, Green LF (eds) Molecular structure and function of food carbohydrate. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 177–194

    Google Scholar 

  14. Whistler RL, Daniel JR (1984) Molecular structure of starch. In: Whistler RL et al. (eds) Starch: chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 153–182

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tegge G (1984) Chemische Zusammenselzung und Konstitution. In: Tegge G (ed) Stärke und Stärkederivate. Behr’s Verlag, pp 29–48

    Google Scholar 

  16. Swinkels JJM (1985) Sources of starch, its chemistry and physics. In: Van Beynum GMA, Roels JA (eds) Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 15–46

    Google Scholar 

  17. Moss GE (1976) The microscopy of starch. In: Radley JA (ed) Examination and analysis of starch and starch products. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  18. Young AH (1984) Fractionation of starch. In: Whistler RL et al. (eds) Starch chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 249–283

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lyne FA (1976) Chemical analysis of raw and modified starches. In: Radley JA (ed) Examination and analysis of starch and starch products. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 133–165

    Google Scholar 

  20. Miles MJ, Morris VJ, Orford PD, Ring SG (1985) The roles of amylose and amylopectin in the gelation and retrogradation of starch. Carbohydr Res 135: 271–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Inouchi N, Glover DV, Fuwa H (1987) Chain length distribution of amylopectins of several single mutants and the normal counterpart, and sugary-1-phytoglycogen in maize. Die Stärke 39 (8): 259–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ring SG, Colonna P, I’anson KJ et al. (1987) The gelation and crystallization of amylopectin. Carbohydr Res 162: 277–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Solarek DB (1986) Phosphorylated starches and miscellaneous inorganic esters. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 97–112

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gallant DJ, Sterling C (1976) Electron microscopy of starch and starch products. In: Radley JA (ed) Examination and analysis of starch and starch products. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 33–59

    Google Scholar 

  25. Greenwood CT (1978) Observations on the structure of the starch granule. In: Blanshard JMV, Mitchell JR (eds) Polysaccharides in food. Butterworth, London, pp 129–138

    Google Scholar 

  26. French D (1984) Organization of starch granules. In: Whistler RC et al. (eds) Starch: chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 183–247

    Google Scholar 

  27. Oostergetel GT, Van Bruggen EFJ (1987) The structure of starch: electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Food Hydrocolloids 1: 527–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Miller BS, Derby RI, Trimbo HB (1973) A pictorial explanation for the increase in viscosity of a heated wheat starch — water suspension. Cereal Chem 50: 271–280

    Google Scholar 

  29. Blanshard JMV (1978) Physico-chemical aspects of starch gelatinization. In: Blanshard JMV, Mitchell JR (eds) Polysaccharides in food. Butterworth, London, pp 139–152

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ring SG (1987) Molecular interactions in aqueous solutions of the starch polysaccharides: a review. Food Hydrocolloids 1: 449–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. De Willigen AHA (1976) The rheology of starch. In: Radley JA (ed) Examination and analysis of starch and starch products. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 61–90

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zobel HF (1984) Gelatinization of starch and mechanical properties of starch pastes. In: Whistler RL et al. (eds) Starch: chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 285–309

    Google Scholar 

  33. Tipples KH (1982) Uses and applications. In: Shuey WC, Tipples KH (eds) The amylograph handbook. AACC, St Paul, Minnesota, pp 12–24

    Google Scholar 

  34. O’Dell J (1978) The use of modified starches in the food industry. In: Blanshard JMV, Mitchell JR (eds) Polysaccharides in food. Butterworth, London, pp 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Langan RE (1986) Uses of modified starches in the food industry. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 199–212

    Google Scholar 

  36. Radley JA (1976) The manufacture of modified starches. In: Radley JA (ed) Starch production technology. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 449–479

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tegge G (1984) Modifizierte Stärken. In: Tegge G (ed) Stärke und Stärkederivate. Behr’s Verlag, pp 165–193

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rutenberg MW, Solarek D (1984) Starch derivatives: production and uses. In: Whistler RL et al. (eds) Starch:chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 312–388

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fleche G (1985) Chemical modification and degradation of starch. In: Van Beynum GMA, Roels JA (eds) Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 73–99

    Google Scholar 

  40. CEE (1985) Proposition de directive du conseil relative au rapprochement des législations des etats membres concernant les amidons modifiés destinés ä l’alimentation humaine. JOCE 1 February 1985, No. C31/6—C31/10

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wurzburg OB (1986) Cross-linked starches. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 41–54

    Google Scholar 

  42. Radley JA (1976) The manufacture of esters and ethers of starch. In: Radley JA (ed) Starch production technology. Applied Science publishers, London, pp 481–542

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jarowenko W (1986) Acetylated starch and miscellaneous organic esters. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 55–78

    Google Scholar 

  44. Tuschhoff JV (1986) Hydroxypropylated starches. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 89–96

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mercier C, Feillet P (1975) Modification of carbohydrate components by extrusion-cooking of cereal products. Cereal Chem 63: 240–246

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mercier C, Charbonniere R, Gallant D, Guilbot A (1978) Structural modification of various starches by extrusion-cooking with a twin-screw French extruder. In: Blanshard JMV, Mitchell JR (eds) Polysaccharides in food. Butterworth, London, pp 153–170

    Google Scholar 

  47. Doublier JL, Colonna P, Mercier C (1986) Extrusion cooking and drum drying of wheat starch. II. Rheological characterization of starch pastes. Cereal Chem 63: 240–246

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rohwer RG, Klem RE (1984) Acid-modified starch: production and uses. In: Whistler RL et al. (eds) Starch chemistry and technology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 529–541

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wurzburg OB (1986) Converted starches. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 17–40

    Google Scholar 

  50. Acton W (1976) The manufacture of dextrins and British gums. In: Radley JA (ed) Starch production technology. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 273–293

    Google Scholar 

  51. Trubiano PC (1986) Succinate and substituted succinate derivatives of starch. In: Wurzburg OB (ed) Modified starches: properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 131–147

    Google Scholar 

  52. Horikoshi K (1979) Production and industrial applications of beta-cyclodextrin. Process Biochem 14 (5): 26–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Flaschel E, Landert JP, Spiesser D, Renken A (1984) The production of alpha-cyclodextrin by enzymatic degradation of starch. Ann NY Acad Sci 434: 70–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sicard PJ, Saniez M-H (1978) Biosynthesis of cycloglycosyltransferase and obtention of its enzymatic reaction products. In: Duchene D (ed) Cyclodextrins and their industrial uses. Editions de Santé, Paris, pp 75–103

    Google Scholar 

  55. Le Bas G, Rysanek N (1987) Structural aspects of cyclodextrins. In: Duchene D (ed) Cyclodextrins and their industrial uses. Editions de Santé, Paris, pp 105–130

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hirayama F, Uekama K (1987) Methods of investigation and preparing inclusion compounds. In: Duchene D (ed) Cyclodextrins and their industrial uses. Editions de Santé, Paris, pp 131–172

    Google Scholar 

  57. Manners DJ (1978) The enzymatic degradation of starches. In: Blanshard JMV, Mitchell JR (eds) Polysaccharides in food. Butterworth, London, pp 75–91

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sicard, PJ (1982) Application industrielle des enzymes. In: Duran G, Monsan P (eds) Les enzymes: production et utilisations industrielles. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, pp 121–164

    Google Scholar 

  59. Reilly PJ (1985) Enzymic degradation of starch. In: Van Beynum GMA, Roels JA (eds) Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 101–142

    Google Scholar 

  60. Fullbrook PD (1984) The enzymic production of glucose syrups. In: Dziedzic SZ, Kearsley MW (eds), Glucose syrups: science and technology. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 65–115

    Google Scholar 

  61. Macallister RV, Wardrip EK, Schnyder BJ (1975) Modified starches, corn syrups containing glucose and maltose, corn syrups containing glucose and fructose, and crystalline dextrose. In: Reed G (ed) Enzymes in food processing, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 332–359

    Google Scholar 

  62. Birch GG (1977) The general chemistry and properties of glucose syrups. In: Birch GG, Shallenberger RS (eds) Developments in food carbohydrate 1. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  63. Van Tilburg R (1985) Enzymatic isomerization of corn starch-based glucose syrups. In: Van Beynum GMA, Roel JA (eds) Starch conversion technology Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 175–236

    Google Scholar 

  64. Cronin T (1988) Starch/sugar competition for sweetener market in Europe. Zuckerindustrie 113: 283–288

    Google Scholar 

  65. Pawan GLS (1973) Fructose. In: Birch GG, Green F (eds) Molecular structure and function of food carbohydrate. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 65–80

    Google Scholar 

  66. Osberger TF, Linn HR (1978) Pure fructose and its applications in reduced-calorie foods. In: Dwivedi BK (ed) Low calorie and special dietary foods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 115–123

    Google Scholar 

  67. Osberger TF (1986) Pure crystalline fructose. In: O’Brien Nabor L, Gelardi RC (eds) Alternative sweeteners. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 245–275

    Google Scholar 

  68. Sicard PJ (1983) A new sucrochemistry from Starch. In: Heslot H, Villet R (eds) Biomass as a source of industrial chemicals. Adeprina, Tech & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, pp 229–256

    Google Scholar 

  69. La Forge FB, Hudson CS (1918) The preparation of several useful substances from corn cobs. J Ind Eng Chem 10 (11): 925–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Dunning JW, Lathrop EC (1945) The saccharification of agricultural residues. Ind Eng Chem 37: 24–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Voirol F (1985) Xylitol: its caries-preventive and technological properties and food applications. In: Dacosta Y (ed) Polyols and polydextrose Apria, Paris, pp 187–221

    Google Scholar 

  72. Nicol WM (1982) Sucrose, the optimum sweetener. In: Birch GG, Parker RJ (eds) Nutritive sweeteners. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 17–35

    Google Scholar 

  73. Houch L (1977) Selective substitution of hydroxyl groups in sucrose. In: Hickson JL (ed) Sucrochemistry. ACS Symposium Series, Washington DC, pp 9–21

    Google Scholar 

  74. Delaney RAM, Donnelly JK, O’Sullivan 0 (1973) Lactose and reverse osmosis. In: Birch GG, Green CF (eds) Molecular structure and function of food carbohydrate. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 155–176

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nickerson TA (1977) Lactose sources and recovery. In: Birch GG, Shallenberger RS (eds) Developments in food carbohydrate 1. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 77–90

    Google Scholar 

  76. Lefevre M, Morel M (1979) Le lactose. L’Alimentation et la Vie 67: 175–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Williams CA (1983) Lactose hydrolysate syrups. In: Grenby TH et al. (eds) Developments in sweeteners. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 27–50

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fullbrook P (1982) Malt and maltose syrups. In: Birch GG, Parker KJ (eds) Nutritive sweeteners. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 49–81

    Google Scholar 

  79. Saha BC, Zeikus JG (1987) Biotechnology of maltose syrup production. Process Biochem 22: 78–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sicard PJ, Leroy P (1983) Mannitol, sorbitol and lycasin: properties and food applications. In: Grenby TM et al. (eds) Developments in sweeteners 2. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  81. Dwivedi BK (1986) Polyalcohols: sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates. In: O’Brien Nabors L, Gelardi RC (eds) Alternative sweeteners. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 165–183

    Google Scholar 

  82. Sicard PJ, Serpelloni M, Dupas H (1985) Le sorbitol, le mannitol et les sirops de glucose hydrogénés. In: Dacosta Y (ed) Polyols et polydextrose. Apria, Paris, pp 75–134

    Google Scholar 

  83. Fabry I (1987) Malbit and its applications in the food industry. In: Grenby TH (ed) Developments in Sweeteners 3. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 83–108

    Google Scholar 

  84. Linko P (1982) Lactose and lactitol. In: Birch GG, Parker KJ (eds) Nutritive sweeteners. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 109–131

    Google Scholar 

  85. Den Uyl CH (1987) Technical and commercial aspects of the use of lactitol in foods as a reduced-calorie bulk sweetener. In: Grenby TH (ed) Developments in sweeteners. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 65–81

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bar A (1986) Xylitol. In: O’Brien Nabors L, Gelardi RC (eds) Alternative sweeteners. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 165–183

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kieboom APG, Van Bekkum H (1985) Chemical conversion of starch-based syrups. In: Van Beynum GMA, Roels JA (eds) Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 263–334

    Google Scholar 

  88. Weidenhagen R, Lorenz S (1957) Palatinose (6-alpha-glucopyranosido-fructofuranose), ein neues bakterielles Umwandbungsprodukt der Saccharose. Z Zuckerind 7: 533–534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Strater PJ (1987) Palatinose. Zuckerindustrie 112: 900–902

    Google Scholar 

  90. Siebert G, Grupp U (1979) Alpha-D-glucopyranoside-1,6-sorbitol and alpha D-glucopyranoside-1,6-mannitol (palatinat). In: Guggenheim B (ed) Health and sugar substitutes. S Karger, Basel, pp 109–113

    Google Scholar 

  91. Strater PJ (1986) Palatinit. In: O’Brien Nabors L, Gelardi RC (eds) Alternative sweeteners. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 217–244

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hicks KB, Parrish FW (1980) New method of preparation of lactulose from lactose. Carbohydr Res 82: 393–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rennhard HH (1973) Polysaccharides and their preparation. US Patent 3, 876–799

    Google Scholar 

  94. Torres A, Thomas RD (1981) Polydextrose and its applications in foods. Food Technol, July: 44–49

    Google Scholar 

  95. Adachi K (1982) Novel fructosyl transferase and process of preparation. Jpn Pat Spec 57: 166–981

    Google Scholar 

  96. Adachi Y (1983) Immobilized enzymes, process for preparation thereof and process for production of sweeteners by means of immobilized enzymes. Jpn Pat Spec 58–162–292

    Google Scholar 

  97. Ziesenitz SC, Siebert G (1987) In vitro assessment of nystose as a sugar substitute. J Nutr 117: 846–851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Kitahata S, Okada S (1975) Transfer action of cyclodextringlycosyltransferase on starch. Agric Biol Chem 39: 2185–2191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Beck KM (1978) The practical requirements for the use of the synthetic sweeteners. In: Dwivedi BK (ed) Low calorie and special dietary foods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 51–58

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bye P, Mounier A (1984) Produits sucrants et edulcorants. In: Les futurs alimentaires et energétiques des biotechnologies. Imprimerie de l’Ouest Cahiers de l’ISMEA, hors série no. 27: 107–210

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kearsley, M.W., Sicard, P.J. (1989). The Chemistry of Starches and Sugars Present in Food. In: Dobbing, J. (eds) Dietary Starches and Sugars in Man: A Comparison. ILSI Human Nutrition Reviews. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1701-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1701-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1703-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1701-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics