Skip to main content

Qualitative Research from a C-OAR-SE Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Measurement for the Social Sciences

Abstract

The opening quotation, from Laurent (2000), epitomizes the “statistical tail wagging the conceptual dog” problem, which is almost totally due to the neglect of, and ignorance about, qualitative research in the social sciences. Gilles Laurent was the “champion” of my original C-OAR-SE paper for IJRM (after it was rejected by the leading marketing research journal, JMR, as too radical) and I am eternally indebted to this friend, scholar, and delightful French gentleman. He and Bobby Calder (1977), a focus-group practitioner before he became a full professor of both psychology and marketing at Northwestern University, are the only two academics who have realized and spoken out about the vital role of qualitative research for theory-building in the social sciences.

‘Simple’ causal models are logically wrong, and the empirical estimation by LISREL or some other software is not going to ‘confirm’ them.

− Gilles Laurent, Champion of the original C-OAR-SE article

We believe the data; we don’t care about the truth.

− Jeffrey Deaver, Broken Window (2008, p. 95)

Qualitative research is always the output of the fruitfulness of a human mind, both in generating hypotheses and in being insightful enough to select measures that will test the hypotheses.

– Muckler and Seven (1992, p. 442)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abelson RP (1995) Statistics as principled argument. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiken LS, West SG, Millsap RE (2008) Doctoral training in statistics, measurement, and methodology in psychology. Am Psychol 63(1):32–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldinger AL (1992) What CEOs are saying about brand equity: a call to action for researchers. J Advert Res 32(4):RC6–RC12

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk RW (ed) (1991) Highways and buyways: naturalistic research from the consumer behavior Odyssey. Association for Consumer Research, Provo

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder BJ (1977) Focus groups and the nature of qualitative research. J Mark Res 14(3):353–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calder BJ (1994) Qualitative marketing research. In: Bagozzi RP (ed) Marketing research. Blackwell, Cambridge, pp 50–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DT, Stanley JC (1973) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand McNally, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling GR, Kabanoff B (1996) Computer-aided content analysis: what do 240 advertising slogans have in common? Mark Lett 7(1):63–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandson DA, Harris EL, Skipper BL, Allen SA (1993) Doing naturalistic inquiry: a guide to methods. Sage, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Fern E, Monroe K (1996) Effect-size estimates: issues and problems in interpretation. J Consum Res 23(2):89–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier S (1998) Consumer and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. J Consum Res 24(4):343–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner H (1983) Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser BG, Strauss AL (1967) The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Aldine, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin AJ, Hauser JR (1993) The voice of the customer. Mark Sci 12(1):1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard ER (1956) Theories of learning, 2nd edn. Appleton Century Crofts, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard JA (1977) Consumer behaviour: application of theory. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson LA, Ozanne JL (1988) Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer research. J Consum Res 14(4):508–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kover AJ (1995) Copywriters’ implicit theories of communication: an exploration. J Consum Res 21(4):596–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer J (1984) Managing market research: the contribution of qualitative techniques. Mark Rev 40(2):25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke EA (2009) It’s time we brought introspection out of the closet. Perspect Psychol Sci 4(1): 24–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunt P, Livingstone S (1996) Rethinking the focus group in media and communications research. J Commun 46(2):79–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McQuarrie EF (1989) Book review. J Mark 26(1):121–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McQuarrie EF, McIntyre SH (1990) What the group interview can contribute to research on consumer phenomenology. Res Cons Behav 4:165–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Mick DG (1997) Semiotics in marketing and consumer research: balderdash, verity, please. In: Brown S, Turley D (eds) Consumer research: postcards from the edge. Routledge, London, pp 249–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran WT (1986) The science of qualitative research. J Advert Res 26(3):RC16–RC19

    Google Scholar 

  • Muckler FA, Seven SA (1992) Selecting performance measures: “objective” versus “subjective” measurement. Hum Factors 34(4):441–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Overholser C (1986) Quality, quantity and thinking real hard. J Advert Res 26(3):RC7–RC12

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR (1994) Commentary on A.S.C. Ehrenberg’s “Theory of well-based results: which comes first?” In: Laurent G, Lilien GL, Pras B (eds) Research traditions in marketing. Kluwer, Boston, pp 116–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR (2001) What is marketing knowledge? Stage I: forms of marketing knowledge. Mark Theory 1(1):9–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR (2002a) The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. Int J Res Mark 19(4):305–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR (2002b) The five forms of transmissible, usable marketing knowledge. Mark Theory 2(4):369–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR (2009b) Qualitative marketing research: theory and practice. Australas J Mark Soc Res 17(1):7–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR, Bellman S (2005) Marketing communications: theory and applications. Pearson Prentice Hall, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR, Danaher PJ (1998) Advanced media planning. Kluwer, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR, Lilien GL (1994) New “brainstorming” principles. Aust J Manag 19(1):61–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR, Percy L (1987) Advertising and promotional management. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter JR, Percy L (1997) Advertising communications and promotion management. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust RT, Cooil B (1994) Reliability measures for qualitative data: theory and implications. J Mark Res 31(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scipione PA (1995) The value of words: numerical perceptions associated with descriptive words and phrases in market research reports. J Advert Res 35(3):36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban GL, Hauser JR (1993) Design and marketing of new products. 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker R (1985b) Evaluating applied qualitative research. In: Walker R (ed) Applied qualitative research. Gower, Aldershot, pp 177–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker R (1985a) An introduction to applied qualitative research. In: Walker R (ed) Applied qualitative research. Gower, Aldershot, pp 3–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb EJ, Campbell DT, Schwartz RD, Sechrest L (1966) Unobtrusive measures: nonreactive research in the social sciences. Rand McNally, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells WD (1986) Truth and consequences. J Advert Res 26(3):RC13–RC16

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells W (1993) Discovery-oriented consumer research. J Consum Res 19(4):489–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westen D, Weinberger J (2004) When clinical description becomes statistical prediction. Am Psychol 59(7):595–613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson TD, Dunn DS, Kraft D, Lisle DJ (1989) Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: the disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 22:287–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimiles H (2009) Comment. Ramifications of increased training in quantitative methodology. Am Psychol 64(1):51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald AG, Brock T, Ostrom T (1968) Psychological foundations of attitudes. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass FM (1969) A new product growth model for consumer durables. Manag Sci 15(1):215–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durgee JF(1985) Depth-interview techniques for creative advertising. J Advert Res 25(6):29–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison MT, Haley E, Sheehan KB, Taylor RE (2002) Using qualitative research in advertising. Sage, Thousand Oaks CAPT, CAPI

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrault, WD, Leigh LE (1989) Reliability of nominal data based on qualitative judgment. J Mark Res 26(2):135–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John R. Rossiter .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rossiter, J.R. (2011). Qualitative Research from a C-OAR-SE Perspective. In: Measurement for the Social Sciences. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7158-6_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics