Abstract
The term hard rock was perhaps originally coined by drillers to indicate poor drillability of these rocks. Hard rocks are characterized by insignificant primary (intergranular) porosity and primary permeability. However, weathering and fracturing can impart secondary porosity and permeability to varying extent. Usually, crystalline (igneous and metamorphic) rocks are included in this group. As the hydraulic properties of these rocks are mainly controlled by fracturing, these are also referred as fractured rocks. Unlike sedimentary rocks, the hard rocks generally represent anisotropic and heterogeneous media.
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Singhal, B.B.S. (2008). Nature of Hard Rock Aquifers: Hydrogeological Uncertainties and Ambiguities. In: Ahmed, S., Jayakumar, R., Salih, A. (eds) Groundwater Dynamics in Hard Rock Aquifers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6540-8_2
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