Abstract
The small heat shock protein, Hsp27, is elevated in a significant proportion of breast cancers. Over-expression of Hsp27 in breast cancer cells increases anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and is associated with poor prognosis and shorter disease free survival in a proportion of cancer patients. Hsp27 acts in a complex manner to elicit diverse effects e.g. increasing survival in response to many stresses by acting either as a molecular chaperone, by association with components of the apoptotic machinery and/or by increasing cellular glutathione to regulate the redox state of the cells. Hsp27 also regulates cytoskeleton organization and stability. Therefore, factors that increase the expression and/or alter the functions of Hsp27 in breast cancer cells can affect disease progression and outcome following treatment. Although Hsp27 expression can be mediated via the classical Heat Shock response following stress, its elevation in breast cancer cells is associated with independent positive regulators which include the estrogen receptor (ER) and transcription factors such as Brn-3b and Sp1. HET/SAF-B negatively regulates Hsp27 in these cells. The effects of Hsp27 are also regulated post-translationally by phosphorylation at specific residues, which alter the oligomerization state of the protein and thus its effects in the cells. The expression, effects and mechanisms by which Hsp27 acts in breast cancer cells are described in this chapter
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams DJ, Edwards D P and McGuire W L (1980) Estrogen Regulation of Specific Messinger RNA’s in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 97: pp 1354–1361.
Ahlers A, Belka C, Gaestel M, Lamping N, Sott C, Herrmann F and Brach M A (1994) Interleukin-1-Induced Intracellular Signaling Pathways Converge in the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2 and the Subsequent Phosphorylation of the 27-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein in Monocytic Cells. Mol Pharmacol 46: pp 1077–1083.
Arrigo AP (2001) Hsp27: Novel Regulator of Intracellular Redox State. IUBMB Life 52: pp 303–307.
Arrigo AP, Suhan J P and Welch W J (1988) Dynamic Changes in the Structure and Intracellular Locale of the Mammalian Low-Molecular-Weight Heat Shock Protein. Mol Cell Biol 8: pp 5059–5071.
Bai J, Sui J, Demirjian A, Vollmer C M, Jr., Marasco W and Callery M P (2005) Predominant Bcl-XL Knockdown Disables Antiapoptotic Mechanisms: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Based Triple Chemotherapy Overcomes Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Cancer Cells in Vitro. Cancer Res 65: pp 2344–2352.
Behrend L, Henderson G and Zwacka R M (2003) Reactive Oxygen Species in Oncogenic Transformation. Biochem Soc Trans 31: pp 1441–1444.
Benndorf R, Engel K and Gaestel M (2000) Analysis of Small Hsp Phosphorylation. Methods Mol Biol 99: pp 431-445.
Benndorf R, Hayess K, Ryazantsev S, Wieske M, Behlke J and Lutsch G (1994) Phosphorylation and Supramolecular Organization of Murine Small Heat Shock Protein HSP25 Abolish Its Actin Polymerization-Inhibiting Activity. J Biol Chem 269: pp 20780–20784.
Black AR, Black J D and Azizkhan-Clifford J (2001) Sp1 and Kruppel-Like Factor Family of Transcription Factors in Cell Growth Regulation and Cancer. J Cell Physiol 188: pp 143–160.
Bruey JM, Ducasse C, Bonniaud P, Ravagnan L, Susin S A, Diaz-latoud C, Gurbuxani S, Arrigo A P, Kroemer G, Solary E and Garrido C (2000) Hsp27 Negatively Regulates Cell Death by Interacting With Cytochrome C. Nat Cell Biol 2: pp 645–652.
Budhram-Mahadeo, VS, Irshad S, Bowen S, Lee, S, Tonini, GP and Latchman DS (2007) Proliferation-associated Brn-3b transcription factor can activate cyclin D1 expression in neuroblastoma and breast cancer cells Oncogene. javascript:AL_get(this, %20’jour, %20’Oncogene.’);(in press)
Budhram-Mahadeo V, Ndisang D, Ward T, Weber B L and Latchman D S (1999) The Brn-3b POU Family Transcription Factor Represses Expression of the BRCA-1 Anti-Oncogene in Breast Cancer Cells. Oncogene 18: pp 6684–6691.
Budhram-Mahadeo V, Parker M and Latchman D S (1998) POU Transcription Factors Brn-3a and Brn-3b Interact With the Estrogen Receptor and Differentially Regulate Transcriptional Activity Via an Estrogen Response Element. Mol Cell Biol 18: pp 1029–1041.
Budhram-Mahadeo VS and Latchman D S (2006) “Targeting Brn-3b in Breast Cancer Therapy” . Expert Opin Ther Targets 10: pp 15–25.
Cairns J, Qin S, Philp R, Tan Y H and Guy G R (1994) Dephosphorylation of the Small Heat Shock Protein Hsp27 in Vivo by Protein Phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem 269: pp 9176–9183.
Calderwood SK, Khaleque M A, Sawyer D B and Ciocca D R (2006) Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer: Chaperones of Tumorigenesis. Trends Biochem Sci 31: pp 164–172.
Charette SJ and Landry J (2000) The Interaction of HSP27 With Daxx Identifies a Potential Regulatory Role of HSP27 in Fas-Induced Apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 926: pp 126–131.
Charette SJ, Lavoie J N, Lambert H and Landry J (2000) Inhibition of Daxx-Mediated Apoptosis by Heat Shock Protein 27. Mol Cell Biol 20: pp 7602–7612.
Christians ES, Zhou Q, Renard J and Benjamin I J (2003) Heat Shock Proteins in Mammalian Development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 14: pp 283–290.
Ciocca DR, Adams D J, Bjercke R J, Edwards D P and McGuire W L (1982) Immunohistochemical Detection of an Estrogen-Regulated Protein by Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancer Res 42: pp 4256–4258.
Ciocca DR, Adams D J, Edwards D P, Bjercke R J and McGuire W L (1983) Distribution of an Estrogen-Induced Protein With a Molecular Weight of 24,000 in Normal and Malignant Human Tissues and Cells. Cancer Res 43: pp 1204-1210.
Ciocca DR and Calderwood S K (2005) Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer: Diagnostic, Prognostic, Predictive, and Treatment Implications. Cell Stress Chaperones 10: pp 86–103.
Ciocca DR, Fuqua S A, Lock-Lim S, Toft D O, Welch W J and McGuire W L (1992) Response of Human Breast Cancer Cells to Heat Shock and Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Cancer Res 52: pp 3648–3654.
Ciocca DR, Green S, Elledge R M, Clark G M, Pugh R, Ravdin P, Lew D, Martino S and Osborne C K (1998) Heat Shock Proteins Hsp27 and Hsp70: Lack of Correlation With Response to Tamoxifen and Clinical Course of Disease in Estrogen Receptor- Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (a Southwest Oncology Group Study). Clin Cancer Res 4: pp 1263–1266.
Ciocca DR, Oesterreich S, Chamness G C, McGuire W L and Fuqua S A (1993) Biological and Clinical Implications of Heat Shock Protein 27,000 (Hsp27): a Review. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: pp 1558–1570.
Cleator S and Ashworth A (2004) Molecular Profiling of Breast Cancer: Clinical Implications. Br J Cancer 90: pp 1120–1124.
Concannon CG, Gorman A M and Samali A (2003) On the Role of Hsp27 in Regulating Apoptosis. Apoptosis 8: pp 61–70.
Concannon CG, Orrenius S and Samali A (2001) Hsp27 Inhibits Cytochrome C-Mediated Caspase Activation by Sequestering Both Pro-Caspase-3 and Cytochrome C. Gene Expr 9: pp 195–201.
Csermely P, Schnaider T, Soti C, Prohaszka Z and Nardai G (1998) The 90-KDa Molecular Chaperone Family: Structure, Function, and Clinical Applications. A Comprehensive Review. Pharmacol Ther 79: pp 129–168.
Cuesta R., Laroia G and and Schneider R.J. (2006) Chaperone Hsp27 Inhibits Translation During Heat Shock by Binding EIF4G and Facilitating Dissociation of Cap-Initiation Complexes. Genes Dev pp 1460–1469.
Damstrup L, Andersen J, Kufe D W, Hayes D F and Poulsen H S (1992) Immunocytochemical Determination of the Estrogen-Regulated Proteins Mr 24,000, Mr 52,000 and DF3 Breast Cancer Associated Antigen: Clinical Value in Advanced Breast Cancer and Correlation With Estrogen Receptor. Ann Oncol 3: pp 71–77.
Darnell JE, Jr., Kerr I M and Stark G R (1994) Jak-STAT Pathways and Transcriptional Activation in Response to IFNs and Other Extracellular Signaling Proteins. Science 264: pp 1415–1421.
Dennis JH, Budhram-Mahadeo V and Latchman D S (2001) The Brn-3b POU Family Transcription Factor Regulates the Cellular Growth, Proliferation, and Anchorage Dependence of MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Oncogene 20: pp 4961–4971.
Dillmann WH (1999) Small Heat Shock Proteins and Protection Against Injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 874: pp 66–68.
Dunn DK, Whelan R D, Hill B and King R J (1993) Relationship of HSP27 and Oestrogen Receptor in Hormone Sensitive and Insensitive Cell Lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46: pp 469–479.
Edwards DP, Adams D J and McGuire W L (1981) Estrogen Regulation of Growth and Specific Protein Synthesis in Human Breast Cancer Cells in Tissue Culture. Adv Exp Med Biol 138: pp 133–149.
Ehrnsperger M, Graber S, Gaestel M and Buchner J (1997) Binding of Non-Native Protein to Hsp25 During Heat Shock Creates a Reservoir of Folding Intermediates for Reactivation. EMBO J 16: pp 221–229.
Engel K, Ahlers A, Brach M A, Herrmann F and Gaestel M (1995) MAPKAP Kinase 2 Is Activated by Heat Shock and TNF-Alpha: in Vivo Phosphorylation of Small Heat Shock Protein Results From Stimulation of the MAP Kinase Cascade. J Cell Biochem 57: pp 321–330.
Fanelli MA, Cuello Carrion F D, Dekker J, Schoemaker J and Ciocca D R (1998) Serological Detection of Heat Shock Protein Hsp27 in Normal and Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7: pp 791–795.
Farooqui-Kabir SR, Budhram-Mahadeo V, Lewis H, Latchman D S, Marber M S and Heads R J (2004) Regulation of Hsp27 Expression and Cell Survival by the POU Transcription Factor Brn3a. Cell Death Differ 11: pp 1242–1244.
Ferns G, Shams S and Shafi S (2006) Heat Shock Protein 27: Its Potential Role in Vascular Disease. Int J Exp Pathol 87: pp 253–274.
Fink AL (1999) Chaperone-Mediated Protein Folding. Physiol Rev 79: pp 425–449.
Fuqua SA, Blum-Salingaros M and McGuire W L (1989) Induction of the Estrogen-Regulated “24K” Protein by Heat Shock. Cancer Res 49: pp 4126–4129.
Gaestel M, Schroder W, Benndorf R, Lippmann C, Buchner K, Hucho F, Erdmann V A and Bielka H (1991) Identification of the Phosphorylation Sites of the Murine Small Heat Shock Protein Hsp25. J Biol Chem 266: pp 14721–14724.
Garrido C (2002) Size Matters: of the Small HSP27 and Its Large Oligomers. Cell Death Differ 9: pp 483–485.
Garrido C, Bruey J M, Fromentin A, Hammann A, Arrigo A P and Solary E (1999) HSP27 Inhibits Cytochrome C-Dependent Activation of Procaspase-9 1. FASEB J 13: pp 2061–2070.
Garrido C, Ottavi P, Fromentin A, Hammann A, Arrigo A P, Chauffert B and Mehlen P (1997) HSP27 As a Mediator of Confluence-Dependent Resistance to Cell Death Induced by Anticancer Drugs. Cancer Res 57: pp 2661–2667.
Garrido C, Schmitt E, Cande C, Vahsen N, Parcellier A and Kroemer G (2003) HSP27 and HSP70: Potentially Oncogenic Apoptosis InhibitorsCell Cycle 2: pp 579–584.
Greene JM, Larin Z, Taylor I C, Prentice H, Gwinn K A and Kingston R E (1987) Multiple Basal Elements of a Human Hsp70 Promoter Function Differently in Human and Rodent Cell Lines. Mol Cell Biol 7: pp 3646–3655.
Guay J, Lambert H, Gingras-Breton G, Lavoie J N, Huot J and Landry J (1997) Regulation of Actin Filament Dynamics by P38 Map Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation of Heat Shock Protein 27. J Cell Sci 110 ( Pt 3): pp 357–368.
Guy GR, Cairns J, Ng S B and Tan Y H (1993) Inactivation of a Redox-Sensitive Protein Phosphatase During the Early Events of Tumor Necrosis Factor/Interleukin-1 Signal Transduction. J Biol Chem 268: pp 2141–2148.
Hall JM, Couse J F and Korach K S (2001) The Multifaceted Mechanisms of Estradiol and Estrogen Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 276: pp 36869–36872.
Hansen RK, Parra I, Lemieux P, Oesterreich S, Hilsenbeck S G and Fuqua S A (1999) Hsp27 Overexpression Inhibits Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 56: pp 187–196.
Hart LL and Davie J R (2002) The Estrogen Receptor: More Than the Average Transcription Factor. Biochem Cell Biol 80: pp 335–341.
Hartl FU (1996) Molecular Chaperones in Cellular Protein Folding. Nature 381: pp 571–579.
Hartl FU and Hayer-Hartl M (2002) Molecular Chaperones in the Cytosol: From Nascent Chain to Folded Protein. Science 295: pp 1852–1858.
Hickey E, Brandon S E, Potter R, Stein G, Stein J and Weber L A (1986) Sequence and Organization of Genes Encoding the Human 27 KDa Heat Shock Protein. Nucleic Acids Res 14: pp 4127–4145.
Hightower LE (1991) Heat Shock, Stress Proteins, Chaperones, and Proteotoxicity. Cell 66: pp 191–197.
Horman S, Fokan D, Mosselmans R, Mairesse N and Galand P (1999) Anti-Sense Inhibition of Small-Heat-Shock-Protein (HSP27) Expression in MCF-7 Mammary-Carcinoma Cells Induces Their Spontaneous Acquisition of a Secretory Phenotype. Int J Cancer 82: pp 574–582.
Horne GM, Angus B, Wright C, Needham G, Nicholson S, Harris A L, Innes B and Horne C H (1988) Relationships Between Oestrogen Receptor,Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, ER-D5, and P24 Oestrogen Regulated Protein in Human Breast Cancer. J Pathol 155: pp 143–150.
Huot J, Houle F, Spitz D R and Landry J (1996) HSP27 Phosphorylation-Mediated Resistance Against Actin Fragmentation and Cell Death Induced by Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 56: pp 273–279.
Huot J, Lambert H, Lavoie J N, Guimond A, Houle F and Landry J (1995) Characterization of 45-KDa/54-KDa HSP27 Kinase, a Stress-Sensitive Kinase Which May Activate the Phosphorylation-Dependent Protective Function of Mammalian 27-KDa Heat-Shock Protein HSP27. Eur J Biochem 227: pp 416–427.
Ioachim E, Tsanou E, Briasoulis E, Batsis C, Karavasilis V, Charchanti A, Pavlidis N and Agnantis N J (2003) Clinicopathological Study of the Expression of Hsp27, PS2, Cathepsin D and Metallothionein in Primary Invasive Breast Cancer. Breast 12: pp 111–119.
Irshad S, Pedley R B, Anderson J, Latchman D S and Budhram-Mahadeo V (2004) The Brn-3b Transcription Factor Regulates the Growth, Behavior, and Invasiveness of Human Neuroblastoma Cells in Vitro and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 279: pp 21617–21627.
Jakob U, Gaestel M, Engel K and Buchner J (1993) Small Heat Shock Proteins Are Molecular Chaperones. J Biol Chem 268: pp 1517–1520.
Kim K, Barhoumi R, Burghardt R and Safe S (2005) Analysis of Estrogen Receptor Alpha-Sp1 Interactions in Breast Cancer Cells by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Mol Endocrinol 19: pp 843–854.
Kim YJ, Shuman J, Sette M and Przybyla A (1984) Nuclear Localization and Phosphorylation of Three 25-Kilodalton Rat Stress Proteins. Mol Cell Biol 4: pp 468–474.
Kindas-Mugge I, Micksche M and Trautinger F (1998) Modification of Growth in Small Heat Shock (Hsp27) Gene Transfected Breast Carcinoma. Anticancer Res 18: pp 413–417.
Kindas-Mugge I, Rieder C, Frohlich I, Micksche M and Trautinger F (2002) Characterization of Proteins Associated With Heat Shock Protein Hsp27 in the Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line A431. Cell Biol Int 26: pp 109–116.
Klemenz R, Andres A C, Frohli E, Schafer R and Aoyama A (1993) Expression of the Murine Small Heat Shock Proteins Hsp 25 and Alpha B Crystallin in the Absence of Stress. J Cell Biol 120: pp 639-645.
Klemenz R, Scheier B, Muller A, Steiger R and Aoyama A (1994) Alpha B Crystallin Expression in Response to Hormone, Oncogenes and Stress. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 78: pp 34–35.
Klinge CM (2001) Estrogen Receptor Interaction With Estrogen Response Elements. Nucleic Acids Res 29: pp 2905–2919.
Lambert H, Charette S J, Bernier A F, Guimond A and Landry J (1999) HSP27 Multimerization Mediated by Phosphorylation-Sensitive Intermolecular Interactions at the Amino Terminus. J Biol Chem 274: pp 9378–9385.
Landry J, Chretien P, Laszlo A and Lambert H (1991) Phosphorylation of HSP27 During Development and Decay of Thermotolerance in Chinese Hamster Cells. J Cell Physiol 147: pp 93–101.
Landry J and Huot J (1999) Regulation of Actin Dynamics by Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (SAPK2)-Dependent Phosphorylation of Heat-Shock Protein of 27 KDa (Hsp27). Biochem Soc Symp 64: pp 79–89.
Landry J, Lambert H, Zhou M, Lavoie J N, Hickey E, Weber L A and Anderson C W (1992) Human HSP27 Is Phosphorylated at Serines 78 and 82 by Heat Shock and Mitogen-Activated Kinases That Recognize the Same Amino Acid Motif As S6 Kinase II. J Biol Chem 267: pp 794–803.
Latchman DS (2002a) Gene Regulation: A Eukaryotic Perspective.
Latchman DS (2002b) Protection of Neuronal and Cardiac Cells by HSP27. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 28: pp 253–265.
Lavoie JN, Hickey E, Weber L A and Landry J (1993) Modulation of Actin Microfilament Dynamics and Fluid Phase Pinocytosis by Phosphorylation of Heat Shock Protein 27. J Biol Chem 268: pp 24210–24214.
Lavoie JN, Lambert H, Hickey E, Weber L A and Landry J (1995) Modulation of Cellular Thermoresistance and Actin Filament Stability Accompanies Phosphorylation-Induced Changes in the Oligomeric Structure of Heat Shock Protein 27. Mol Cell Biol 15: pp 505–516.
Lee JH, Sun D, Cho K J, Kim M S, Hong M H, Kim I K, Lee J S and Lee J H (2007) Overexpression of Human 27 KDa Heat Shock Protein in Laryngeal Cancer Cells Confers Chemoresistance Associated With Cell Growth Delay. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 133: pp 37–46.
Lee SA, Ndisang D, Patel C, Dennis J H, Faulkes D J, D’Arrigo C, Samady L, Farooqui-Kabir S, Heads R J, Latchman D S and Budhram-Mahadeo V S (2005) Expression of the Brn-3b Transcription Factor Correlates With Expression of HSP-27 in Breast Cancer Biopsies and Is Required for Maximal Activation of the HSP-27 Promoter. Cancer Res 65: pp 3072–3080.
Lemieux P, Oesterreich S, Lawrence J A, Steeg P S, Hilsenbeck S G, Harvey J M and Fuqua S A (1997) The Small Heat Shock Protein Hsp27 Increases Invasiveness but Decreases Motility of Breast Cancer Cells. Invasion Metastasis 17: pp 113–123.
Lindquist S and Craig E A (1988) The Heat-Shock Proteins. Annu Rev Genet 22: pp 631–677.
Loft S and Poulsen H E (1996) Cancer Risk and Oxidative DNA Damage in Man. J Mol Med 74: pp 297–312.
Loktionova SA and Kabakov A E (1998) Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors and Heat Preconditioning Prevent Hsp27 Dephosphorylation, F-Actin Disruption and Deterioration of Morphology in ATP-Depleted Endothelial Cells. FEBS Lett 433: pp 294-300.
Love S and King R J (1994) A 27 KDa Heat Shock Protein That Has Anomalous Prognostic Powers in Early and Advanced Breast Cancer. Br J Cancer 69: pp 743–748.
Mairesse N, Bernaert D, Del Bino G, Horman S, Mosselmans R, Robaye B and Galand P (1998) Expression of HSP27 Results in Increased Sensitivity to Tumor Necrosis Factor, Etoposide, and H2O2 in an Oxidative Stress-Resistant Cell Line. J Cell Physiol 177: pp 606–617.
Mairesse N, Horman S, Mosselmans R and Galand P (1996) Antisense Inhibition of the 27 KDa Heat Shock Protein Production Affects Growth Rate and Cytoskeletal Organization in MCF-7 Cells. Cell Biol Int 20: pp 205–212.
Malins DC, Polissar N L and Gunselman S J (1996) Progression of Human Breast Cancers to the Metastatic State Is Linked to Hydroxyl Radical-Induced DNA Damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: pp 2557–2563.
Marin M, Karis A, Visser P, Grosveld F and Philipsen S (1997) Transcription Factor Sp1 Is Essential for Early Embryonic Development but Dispensable for Cell Growth and Differentiation. Cell 89: pp 619–628.
Martin KJ, Kritzman B M, Price L M, Koh B, Kwan C P, Zhang X, Mackay A, O’Hare M J, Kaelin C M, Mutter G L, Pardee A B and Sager R (2000) Linking Gene Expression Patterns to Therapeutic Groups in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 60: pp 2232–2238.
McDonnell DP and Norris J D (2002) Connections and Regulation of the Human Estrogen Receptor. Science 296: pp 1642–1644.
Mearow KM, Dodge M E, Rahimtula M and Yegappan C (2002) Stress-Mediated Signaling in PC12 Cells – the Role of the Small Heat Shock Protein, Hsp27, and Akt in Protecting Cells From Heat Stress and Nerve Growth Factor Withdrawal. J Neurochem 83: pp 452–462.
Mehlen P, Kretz-Remy C, Briolay J, Fostan P, Mirault M E and Arrigo A P (1995a) Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species As Apparent Modulators of Heat-Shock Protein 27 (Hsp27) Structural Organization and Phosphorylation in Basal and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha-Treated T47D Human Carcinoma Cells. Biochem J 312 ( Pt 2): pp 367–375.
Mehlen P, Kretz-Remy C, Preville X and Arrigo A P (1996a) Human Hsp27, Drosophila Hsp27 and Human AlphaB-Crystallin Expression-Mediated Increase in Glutathione Is Essential for the Protective Activity of These Proteins Against TNFalpha-Induced Cell Death. EMBO J 15: pp 2695–2706.
Mehlen P, Mehlen A, Guillet D, Preville X and Arrigo A P (1995b) Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Induces Changes in the Phosphorylation, Cellular Localization, and Oligomerization of Human Hsp27, a Stress Protein That Confers Cellular Resistance to This Cytokine. J Cell Biochem 58: pp 248–259.
Mehlen P, Preville X, Chareyron P, Briolay J, Klemenz R and Arrigo A P (1995c) Constitutive Expression of Human Hsp27, Drosophila Hsp27, or Human Alpha B-Crystallin Confers Resistance to TNF- and Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in Stably Transfected Murine L929 Fibroblasts. J Immunol 154: pp 363–374.
Mehlen P, Schulze-Osthoff K and Arrigo A P (1996b) Small Stress Proteins As Novel Regulators of Apoptosis. Heat Shock Protein 27 Blocks Fas/APO-1- and Staurosporine-Induced Cell Death. J Biol Chem 271: pp 16510–16514.
Merck KB, Groenen P J, Voorter C E, Haard-Hoekman W A, Horwitz J, Bloemendal H and de Jong WW (1993a) Structural and Functional Similarities of Bovine Alpha-Crystallin and Mouse Small Heat-Shock Protein. A Family of Chaperones. J Biol Chem 268: pp 1046–1052.
Merck KB, Horwitz J, Kersten M, Overkamp P, Gaestel M, Bloemendal H and de Jong W W (1993b) Comparison of the Homologous Carboxy-Terminal Domain and Tail of Alpha-Crystallin and Small Heat Shock Protein. Mol Biol Rep 18: pp 209–215.
Miron T, Vancompernolle K, Vandekerckhove J, Wilchek M and Geiger B (1991) A 25-KD Inhibitor of Actin Polymerization Is a Low Molecular Mass Heat Shock Protein. J Cell Biol 114: pp 255–261.
Moretti-Rojas I, Fuqua S A, Montgomery R A, III and McGuire W L (1988) A CDNA for the Estradiol-Regulated 24K Protein: Control of MRNA Levels in MCF-7 Cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 11: pp 155–163.
Morimoto RI (1993) Cells in Stress: Transcriptional Activation of Heat Shock Genes. Science 259: pp 1409–1410.
Morimoto RI (2002) Dynamic Remodeling of Transcription Complexes by Molecular Chaperones. Cell 110: pp 281–284.
Morimoto RI, Kline M P, Bimston D N and Cotto J J (1997) The Heat-Shock Response: Regulation and Function of Heat-Shock Proteins and Molecular Chaperones. Essays Biochem 32: pp 17–29.
Nakagomi S, Suzuki Y, Namikawa K, Kiryu-Seo S and Kiyama H (2003) Expression of the Activating Transcription Factor 3 Prevents C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Induced Neuronal Death by Promoting Heat Shock Protein 27 Expression and Akt Activation. J Neurosci 23: pp 5187–5196.
Nohl H, Kozlov A V, Gille L and Staniek K (2003) Cell Respiration and Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species: Facts and Artefacts. Biochem Soc Trans 31: pp 1308–1311.
Nollen EA and Morimoto R I (2002) Chaperoning Signaling Pathways: Molecular Chaperones As Stress-Sensing ‘Heat Shock’ Proteins. J Cell Sci 115: pp 2809–2816.
O’Neill PA, Shaaban A M, West C R, Dodson A, Jarvis C, Moore P, Davies M P, Sibson D R and Foster C S (2004) Increased Risk of Malignant Progression in Benign Proliferating Breast Lesions Defined by Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27. Br J Cancer 90: pp 182–188.
Oesterreich S, Hickey E, Weber L A and Fuqua S A (1996a) Basal Regulatory Promoter Elements of the Hsp27 Gene in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 222: pp 155–163.
Oesterreich S, Hilsenbeck S G, Ciocca D R, Allred D C, Clark G M, Chamness G C, Osborne C K and Fuqua S A (1996b) The Small Heat Shock Protein HSP27 Is Not an Independent Prognostic Marker in Axillary Lymph Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2: pp 1199–1206.
Oesterreich S, Lee A V, Sullivan T M, Samuel S K, Davie J R and Fuqua S A (1997) Novel Nuclear Matrix Protein HET Binds to and Influences Activity of the HSP27 Promoter in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 67: pp 275–286.
Oesterreich S, Weng C N, Qiu M, Hilsenbeck S G, Osborne C K and Fuqua S A (1993) The Small Heat Shock Protein Hsp27 Is Correlated With Growth and Drug Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Res 53: pp 4443–4448.
Oesterreich S, Zhang Q, Hopp T, Fuqua S A, Michaelis M, Zhao H H, Davie J R, Osborne C K and Lee A V (2000) Tamoxifen-Bound Estrogen Receptor (ER) Strongly Interacts With the Nuclear Matrix Protein HET/SAF-B, a Novel Inhibitor of ER-Mediated Transactivation. Mol Endocrinol 14: pp 369–381.
Pandey P, Farber R, Nakazawa A, Kumar S, Bharti A, Nalin C, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D and Kharbanda S (2000) Hsp27 Functions As a Negative Regulator of Cytochrome C-Dependent Activation of Procaspase-3. Oncogene 19: pp 1975–1981.
Parcellier A, Gurbuxani S, Schmitt E, Solary E and Garrido C (2003) Heat Shock Proteins, Cellular Chaperones That Modulate Mitochondrial Cell Death Pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304: pp 505–512.
Parker MG (1998) Transcriptional Activation by Oestrogen Receptors. Biochem Soc Symp 63: pp 45–50.
Parker MG, Arbuckle N, Dauvois S, Danielian P and White R (1993) Structure and Function of the Estrogen Receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 684: pp 119–126.
Paul C, Manero F, Gonin S, Kretz-Remy C, Virot S and Arrigo A P (2002) Hsp27 As a Negative Regulator of Cytochrome C Release. Mol Cell Biol 22: pp 816–834.
Pelham HR (1982) A Regulatory Upstream Promoter Element in the Drosophila Hsp 70 Heat-Shock Gene. Cell 30: pp 517–528.
Pinhasi-Kimhi O, Michalovitz D, Ben Zeev A and Oren M (1986) Specific Interaction Between the P53 Cellular Tumour Antigen and Major Heat Shock Proteins. Nature 320: pp 182–184.
Pirkkala L, Nykanen P and Sistonen L (2001) Roles of the Heat Shock Transcription Factors in Regulation of the Heat Shock Response and Beyond. FASEB J 15: pp 1118–1131.
Porter W, Saville B, Hoivik D and Safe S (1997) Functional Synergy Between the Transcription Factor Sp1 and the Estrogen Receptor. Mol Endocrinol 11: pp 1569–1580.
Porter W, Wang F, Duan R, Qin C, Castro-Rivera E, Kim K and Safe S (2001) Transcriptional Activation of Heat Shock Protein 27 Gene Expression by 17beta-Estradiol and Modulation by Antiestrogens and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists. J Mol Endocrinol 26: pp 31–42.
Porter W, Wang F, Wang W, Duan R and Safe S (1996) Role of Estrogen Receptor/Sp1 Complexes in Estrogen-Induced Heat Shock Protein 27 Gene Expression. Mol Endocrinol 10: pp 1371–1378.
Rane MJ, Pan Y, Singh S, Powell D W, Wu R, Cummins T, Chen Q, McLeish K R and Klein J B (2003) Heat Shock Protein 27 Controls Apoptosis by Regulating Akt Activation. J Biol Chem 278: pp 27828–27835.
Regazzi R, Eppenberger U and Fabbro D (1988) The 27,000 Daltons Stress Proteins Are Phosphorylated by Protein Kinase C During the Tumor Promoter-Mediated Growth Inhibition of Human Mammary Carcinoma Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152: pp 62–68.
Richter-Landsberg C and Goldbaum O (2003) Stress Proteins in Neural Cells: Functional Roles in Health and Disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 60: pp 337–349.
Rocchi P, Jugpal P, So A, Sinneman S, Ettinger S, Fazli L, Nelson C and Gleave M (2006) Small Interference RNA Targeting Heat-Shock Protein 27 Inhibits the Growth of Prostatic Cell Lines and Induces Apoptosis Via Caspase-3 Activation in Vitro. BJU Int 98: pp 1082–1089.
Rogalla T, Ehrnsperger M, Preville X, Kotlyarov A, Lutsch G, Ducasse C, Paul C, Wieske M, Arrigo A P, Buchner J and Gaestel M (1999) Regulation of Hsp27 Oligomerization, Chaperone Function, and Protective Activity Against Oxidative Stress/Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha by Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 274: pp 18947–18956.
Rohde M, Daugaard M, Jensen M H, Helin K, Nylandsted J and Jaattela M (2005) Members of the Heat-Shock Protein 70 Family Promote Cancer Cell Growth by Distinct Mechanisms. Genes Dev 19: pp 570–582.
Rust W, Kingsley K, Petnicki T, Padmanabhan S, Carper S W and Plopper G E (1999) Heat Shock Protein 27 Plays Two Distinct Roles in Controlling Human Breast Cancer Cell Migration on Laminin-5. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 1: pp 196–202.
Safe S (2001) Transcriptional Activation of Genes by 17 Beta-Estradiol Through Estrogen Receptor-Sp1 Interactions. Vitam Horm 62: pp 231–252.
Samady L, Dennis J, Budhram-Mahadeo V and Latchman D S (2004) Activation of CDK4 Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells by the Brn-3b POU Family Transcription Factor. Cancer Biol Ther 3: pp 317–323.
Samali A, Robertson J D, Peterson E, Manero F, van Zeijl L, Paul C, Cotgreave I A, Arrigo A P and Orrenius S (2001) Hsp27 Protects Mitochondria of Thermotolerant Cells Against Apoptotic Stimuli. Cell Stress Chaperones 6: pp 49–58.
Schaefer TS, Sanders L K and Nathans D (1995) Cooperative Transcriptional Activity of Jun and Stat3 Beta, a Short Form of Stat3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: pp 9097–9101.
Schafer ZT and Kornbluth S (2006) The Apoptosome: Physiological, Developmental, and Pathological Modes of Regulation. Dev Cell 10: pp 549–561.
Schmitt CA, Fridman J S, Yang M, Baranov E, Hoffman R M and Lowe S W (2002) Dissecting P53 Tumor Suppressor Functions in Vivo. Cancer Cell 1: pp 289–298.
Sen P, Mukherjee S, Ray D and Raha S (2003) Involvement of the Akt/PKB Signaling Pathway With Disease Processes. Mol Cell Biochem 253: pp 241–246.
Seymour L, Bezwoda W R and Meyer K (1990a) Tumor Factors Predicting for Prognosis in Metastatic Breast Cancer. The Presence of P24 Predicts for Response to Treatment and Duration of Survival. Cancer 66: pp 2390–2394.
Seymour L, Bezwoda W R, Meyer K and Behr C (1990b) Detection of P24 Protein in Human Breast Cancer: Influence of Receptor Status and Oestrogen Exposure. Br J Cancer 61: pp 886–890.
Shin KD, Lee M Y, Shin D S, Lee S, Son K H, Koh S, Paik Y K, Kwon B M and Han D C (2005) Blocking Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion With Biphenyl Isoxazole Derivative KRIBB3, a Synthetic Molecule That Inhibits Hsp27 Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 280: pp 41439–41448.
Sommer S and Fuqua S A (2001) Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 11: pp 339–352.
Son WY, Hwang S H, Han C T, Lee J H, Kim S and Kim Y C (1999) Specific Expression of Heat Shock Protein HspA2 in Human Male Germ Cells. Mol Hum Reprod 5: pp 1122–1126.
Song H, Ethier S P, Dziubinski M L and Lin J (2004) Stat3 Modulates Heat Shock 27kDa Protein Expression in Breast Epithelial Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 314: pp 143–150.
Sorger PK (1991) Heat Shock Factor and the Heat Shock Response. Cell 65: pp 363–366.
Storm FK, Gilchrist K W, Warner T F and Mahvi D M (1995) Distribution of Hsp-27 and HER-2/Neu in in Situ and Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2: pp 43–48.
Storm FK, Mahvi D M and Gilchrist K W (1996) Heat Shock Protein 27 Overexpression in Breast Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 3: pp 570–573.
Tanabe K, Akamatsu S, Suga H, Takai S, Kato K, Dohi S and Kozawa O (2005) Midazolam Suppresses Thrombin-Induced Heat Shock Protein 27 Phosphorylation Through Inhibition of P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Cardiac Myocytes. J Cell Biochem 96: pp 56–64.
Tavaria M, Gabriele T, Kola I and Anderson R L (1996) A Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Human Hsp70 Family. Cell Stress Chaperones 1: pp 23–28.
Teimourian S, Jalal R, Sohrabpour M and Goliaei B (2006) Down-Regulation of Hsp27 Radiosensitizes Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Urol 13: pp 1221–1225.
Terman A and Brunk U T (2004) Lipofuscin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36: pp 1400–1404.
Tetu B, Brisson J, Landry J and Huot J (1995) Prognostic Significance of Heat-Shock Protein-27 in Node-Positive Breast Carcinoma: an Immunohistochemical Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 36: pp 93–97.
Thor A, Benz C, Moore D, Goldman E, Edgerton S, Landry J, Schwartz L, Mayall B, Hickey E and Weber L A (1991) Stress Response Protein (Srp-27) Determination in Primary Human Breast Carcinomas: Clinical, Histologic, and Prognostic Correlations. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: pp 170–178.
Tonkiss J and Calderwood S K (2005) Regulation of Heat Shock Gene Transcription in Neuronal Cells. Int J Hyperthermia 21: pp 433–444.
van Nimwegen MJ, Huigsloot M, Camier A, Tijdens I B and van de W B (2006) Focal Adhesion Kinase and Protein Kinase B Cooperate to Suppress Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Breast Tumor Cells. Mol Pharmacol 70: pp 1330–1339.
Vargas-Roig LM, Fanelli M A, Lopez L A, Gago F E, Tello O, Aznar J C and Ciocca D R (1997) Heat Shock Proteins and Cell Proliferation in Human Breast Cancer Biopsy Samples. Cancer Detect Prev 21: pp 441–451.
Vargas-Roig LM, Gago F E, Tello O, Aznar J C and Ciocca D R (1998) Heat Shock Protein Expression and Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Induction Chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 79: pp 468–475.
Veronesi U, Boyle P, Goldhirsch A, Orecchia R and Viale G (2005) Breast Cancer. Lancet 365: pp 1727–1741.
Vertii A, Hakim C, Kotlyarov A and Gaestel M (2006) Analysis of Properties of Small Heat Shock Protein Hsp25 in MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MK2)-Deficient Cells: MK2-Dependent Insolubilization of Hsp25 Oligomers Correlates With Susceptibility to Stress. J Biol Chem 281: pp 26966–26975.
Waris G and Ahsan H (2006) Reactive Oxygen Species: Role in the Development of Cancer and Various Chronic Conditions. J Carcinog 5: pp 14.
Wei H (1992) Activation of Oncogenes and/or Inactivation of Anti-Oncogenes by Reactive Oxygen Species. Med Hypotheses 39: pp 267–270.
Welch WJ (1992) Mammalian Stress Response: Cell Physiology, Structure/Function of Stress Proteins, and Implications for Medicine and Disease. Physiol Rev 72: pp 1063–1081.
Welch WJ (1993) Heat Shock Proteins Functioning As Molecular Chaperones: Their Roles in Normal and Stressed Cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 339: pp 327–333.
Whelan RD and Hill B T (1993) Differential Expression of Steroid Receptors, Hsp27, and PS2 in a Series of Drug Resistant Human Breast Tumor Cell Lines Derived Following Exposure to Antitumor Drugs or to Fractionated X-Irradiation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 26: pp 23–39.
Xu L, Chen S and Bergan R C (2006) MAPKAPK2 and HSP27 Are Downstream Effectors of P38 MAP Kinase-Mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase Type 2 Activation and Cell Invasion in Human Prostate Cancer. Oncogene 25: pp 2987–2998.
Yamamoto K, Okamoto A, Isonishi S, Ochiai K and Ohtake Y (2001) Heat Shock Protein 27 Was Up-Regulated in Cisplatin Resistant Human Ovarian Tumor Cell Line and Associated With the Cisplatin Resistance. Cancer Lett 168: pp 173–181.
Yang X, Khosravi-Far R, Chang H Y and Baltimore D (1997) Daxx, a Novel Fas-Binding Protein That Activates JNK and Apoptosis. Cell 89: pp 1067–1076.
Yenari MA (2002) Heat Shock Proteins and Neuroprotection. Adv Exp Med Biol 513: pp 281–299.
Zantema A, Verlaan-De Vries M, Maasdam D, Bol S and van der E A (1992) Heat Shock Protein 27 and Alpha B-Crystallin Can Form a Complex, Which Dissociates by Heat Shock. J Biol Chem 267: pp 12936–12941.
Zheng C, Lin Z, Zhao Z J, Yang Y, Niu H and Shen X (2006) MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase-2 (MK2)-Mediated Formation and Phosphorylation-Regulated Dissociation of the Signal Complex Consisting of P38, MK2, Akt, and Hsp27. J Biol Chem 281: pp 37215–37226.
Zhong Z, Wen Z and Darnell J E, Jr. (1994) Stat3: a STAT Family Member Activated by Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Response to Epidermal Growth Factor and Interleukin-6. Science 264: pp 95–98.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Budhram-Mahadeo, V.S., Heads, R.J. (2007). Heat Shock Protein-27 (Hsp-27) in Breast Cancers: Regulation of Expression and Function. In: Calderwood, S.K., Sherman, M.Y., Ciocca, D.R. (eds) Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer. Heat Shock Proteins, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6401-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6401-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6400-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6401-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)