Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optical Measurements of Secondary Electron Transfer in Photosystem I

  • Chapter
Photosystem I

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 24))

Abstract

All known photosynthetic reaction centers have symmetric structures, using two similar or identical integral membrane subunits to form a dimeric core, which binds the cofactors through which electrons are shuttled across the membrane. This symmetric arrangement gives rise to two similar branches of cofactors, down which light-driven electron transfer could proceed. The first three members of each branch are chlorins, while the third is a quinone. It is known that the initial electron transfer occurs almost exclusively along one of the two branches in the wellcharacterized Type 2 reaction centers, although the origins of this strong asymmetry are still debated. Photosystem I is the best characterized representative of the Type 1 reaction centers, but many aspects of electron transfer directionality remain unresolved. Recent time-resolved absorption studies suggest that electron transfer can make use of both cofactor branches of Photosystem I at room temperature. Here, we will present the results that led to this proposal and discuss this model in the light of the recent studies aimed at testing its validity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agalarov R and Brettel K (2003) Temperature dependence of biphasic forward electron transfer from the phylloquinone(s) A1 in photosystem I: only the slower phase is activated. Biochim Biophys Acta 1604: 7–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JP, Feher G, Yeates TO, Komiya H and Rees DC (1987) Structure of the reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R–26: the cofactors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5730–5734

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bautista JA, Rappaport F, Guergova-Kuras M, Cohen RO, Golbeck JH, Wang JY, Beal D and Diner BA (2005) Biochemical and biophysical characterization of photosystem I from phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase deletion mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Evidence for PsaA- and PsaB-side electron transport in cyanobacteria. J Biol Chem 280: 20030–20041

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Béal D, Rappaport F and Joliot P (1999) A new high-sensitivity 10-ns time-resolution spectrophotometric technique adapted to in vivo analysis of the photosynthetic apparatus. Rev Sci Instrum 70: 202–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudreaux B, MacMillan F, Teutloff C, Agalarov R, Gu F, Grimaldi S, Bittl R, Brettel K and Redding K (2001) Mutations in both sides of the photosystem I reaction center identify the phylloquinone observed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 276: 37299–37306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breton J, Burie JR, Berthomieu C, Berger G and Nabedryk E (1994) The binding sites of quinones in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers investigated by light-induced FTIR difference spectroscopy: assignment of the Q(A) vibrations in Rhodobacter sphaeroides using O-18 or C-13 labeled ubiquinone and vitamin K. Biochemistry 33: 4953–4965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breton J, Boullais C, Berger G, Mioskowski C and Nabedryk E (1995) Binding sites of quinones in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers investigated by light-induced FTIR difference spectroscopy: symmetry of the carbonyl interactions and close equivalence of the QB vibrations in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas viridis probed by isotope labeling. Biochemistry 34: 11606–11616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breton J, Nabedryk E and Leibl W (1999) FTIR study of the primary electron donor of photosystem I (P700) revealing delocalization of the charge in P700+ and localization of the triplet character in 3P700. Biochemistry 38: 11585–11592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breton J, Xu W, Diner BA and Chitnis PR (2002) The two histidine axial ligands of the primary electron donor chlorophylls (P700) in photosystem I are similarly perturbed upon P700+ formation. Biochemistry 41: 11200–11210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brettel K (1988) Electron transfer from A-1 to an iron–sulfur center with t1/2 = 200 nsec at room temperature in photosystem I. FEBS Lett 239: 93–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brettel K (1997) Electron transfer and arrangement of the redox cofactors in photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1318: 322–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brettel K (1998) Electron transfer from acceptors A1 to the iron–sulfur clusters in Photosystem I measured with a time resolution of 2 ns. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: Mechanism and Effects, Vol I, pp 611–614. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Brettel K and Golbeck JH (1995) Spectral and kinetic characterization of electron acceptor A1 in a Photosystem 1 core devoid of iron–sulfur centers FX, FA, FB. Photosynth Res 45: 183–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brettel K, Sétif P and Mathis P (1986) Flash-induced absorption changes in photosystem I at low temperature: evidence that the electron acceptor A1 is a vitamin K1. FEBS Lett 203: 220–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brudler R, de Groot HJM, Vanliemt WBS, Steggerda WF, Esmeijer R, Gast P, Hoff AJ, Lugtenburg J and Gerwert K (1994) Asymmetric binding of the 1- and 4-C=0 groups of QA in Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26 reaction centres monitored by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy using site-specific isotopically labelled ubiquinone-10. EMBO J 13: 5523–5530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brudler R, de Groot HJ, van Liemt WB, Gast P, Hoff AJ, Lugtenburg J and Gerwert K (1995) FTIR spectroscopy shows weak symmetric hydrogen bonding of the QB carbonyl groups in Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26 reaction centres. FEBS Lett 370: 88–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen RO, Shen G, Golbeck JH, Xu W, Chitnis PR, Valieva AI, van der Est A, Pushkar Y and Stehlik D. (2004) Evidence for asymmetric electron transfer in cyanobacterial photosystem I: analysis of a methionine-to-leucine mutation of the ligand to the primary electron acceptor A0. Biochemistry 43: 4741–4754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dashdorj N, Xu W, Cohen RO, Golbeck JH and Savikhin S (2005) Asymmetric electron transfer in cyanobacterial Photosystem I: charge separation and secondary electron transfer dynamics of mutations near the primary electron acceptor A0. Biophys J 88: 1238–1249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Quintana A, Leibl W, Bottin H and Sétif P (1998) Electron transfer in photosystem I reaction centers follows a linear pathway in which iron–sulfur cluster FB is the immediate electron donor to soluble ferredoxin. Biochemistry 37: 3429–3439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diner BA and Rappaport F (2002) Structure, dynamics, and energetics of the primary photochemistry of photosystem II of oxygenic photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 551–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diner BA, Schlodder E, Nixon PJ, Coleman WJ, Rappaport F, Lavergne J, Vermaas WF and Chisholm DA (2001) Site-directed mutations at D1-His198 and D2-His197 of photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: sites of primary charge separation and cation and triplet stabilization. Biochemistry 40: 9265–9281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough WV, Forsyth A, Evans MC, Rigby SE, Purton S and Heathcote P (2003) Bidirectional electron transfer in photosystem I: electron transfer on the PsaA side is not essential for phototrophic growth in Chlamydomonas. Biochim Biophys Acta 1606: 43–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer N, Sétif P and Rochaix JD (1999) Site-directed mutagenesis of the PsaC subunit of photosystem I F(b) is the cluster interacting with soluble ferredoxin. J Biol Chem 274: 23333–23340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme P, Jordan P and Krauß N (2001) Structure of photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507: 5–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guergova-Kuras M, Boudreaux B, Joliot A, Joliot P and Redding K (2001) Evidence for two active branches for electron transfer in photosystem I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 4437–4442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunner MR and Dutton PL (1988) Temperature and Δ G° dependence of the electron transfer to and from QA in reaction center protein from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. In: Breton J and Verméglio A (eds) The Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Center, pp 259–269. Plenum Press, New York, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunner MR, Nicholls A and Honig B (1996) Electrostatic potentials in Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction centers: implications for the driving force and directionality of electron transfer. J Phys Chem 100: 4277–4291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley J, Deligiannakis Y, MacMillan F, Bottin H and Rutherford AW (1997) ESEEM study of the phyllosemiquinone radical A1 − in 14N- and 15N-labeled photosystem I. Biochemistry 36: 11543–11549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings G and Sivakumar V (2001) A Fourier transform infrared absorption difference spectrum associated with the reduction of A1 in photosystem I: are both phylloquinones involved in electron transfer? Biochemistry 40: 3681–3689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings G, Kleinherenbrink FAM, Lin S, McHugh TJ and Blankenship RE (1994) Observation of the reduction and reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor in photosystem I. Biochemistry 33: 3193–3200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecks B, Breton J, Leibl W, Wulf K and Trissl H-W (1994) Primary charge separation in photosystem I: a picosecond two-step electrogenic charge separation connected with P700+A0 −- and P700+A1 − formation. Biochemistry 33: 8619–8624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopfield JJ (1974) Electron transfer between biological molecules by thermally activated tunneling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71: 3640–3644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou JM, Boichenko VA, Wang YC, Chitnis PR and Mauzerall D (2001) Thermodynamics of electron transfer in oxygenic photosynthetic reaction centers: a pulsed photoacoustic study of electron transfer in photosystem I reveals a similarity to bacterial reaction centers in both volume change and entropy. Biochemistry 40: 7109–7116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikita H and Knapp EW (2003) Redox potential of quinones in both electron transfer branches of photosystem I. J Biol Chem 278: 52002–52011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwaki M and Itoh S (1991) Structure of the phylloquinone-binding (Q phi) site in green plant photosystem-I reaction centers: the affinity of quinones and quinonoid compounds for the Q phi site. Biochemistry 30: 5347–5352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joliot P and Joliot A (1999) In vivo analysis of the electron transfer within photosystem I: are the two phylloquinones involved? Biochemistry 38: 11130–11136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan P, Fromme P, Witt HT, Klukas O, Saenger W and Krauß N (2001) Three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial photosystem I at 2.5 Å resolution. Nature 411: 909–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jortner J (1976) Temperature dependent activation energy for electron transfer between biological molecules. J Chem Phys 64: 4860–4867

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandrashkin YE, Salikhov KM, van der Est A and Stehlik D (1998) Electron Spin Polarization in consecutive spin-correlated radical pairs: application to short-lived and long-lived precursors in type 1 photosynthetic reaction centres. Appl Magn Res 15: 417–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg EC, Kolaczkowski S, Wasielewski MR and Tiede DM (1989) Measurement of the extent of electron-transfer to the bacteriopheophytin in the M-subunit in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Photosynth Res 22: 47–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirmaier C, Holten D, Bylina EJ and Youvan DC (1988) Electron transfer in a genetically modified bacterial reaction center containing a heterodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7562–7566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirmaier C, Gaul D, Debey R, Holten D and Schenck CC (1991) Charge separation in a reaction center incorporating bacteriochlorophyll for photoactive bacteriopheophytin. Science 251: 922–927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinherenbrink FAM, Hastings G, Wittmershaus BP and Blankenship RE (1994) Delayed fluorescence from Fe–S type photosynthetic reaction centers at low redox potential. Biochemistry 33: 3096–3105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krabben L, Schloddr E, Jordan R, Carbonera D, Giacometti G, Lee H, Webber AN and Lubitz W (2000) Influence of the axial ligands on the spectral properties of P700 of photosystem I: a study of site-directed mutants. Biochemistry 39: 13012–13025

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laible PD, Kirmaier C, Udawatte CS, Hofman SJ, Holten D and Hanson DK (2003) Quinone reduction via secondary B-branch electron transfer in mutant bacterial reaction centers. Biochemistry 42: 1718–1730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmi KV, Jung YS, Golbeck JH and Brudvig GW (1999) Location of the iron–sulfur clusters FA and FB in photosystem I: an electron paramagnetic resonance study of spin relaxation enhancement of P700+. Biochemistry 38: 13210–13215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibl W, Toupance B and Breton J (1995) Photoelectric characterization of forward electron transfer to iron–sulfur centers in photosystem I. Biochemistry 34: 10237–10244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Lucas MG, Konovalova T, Abbott B, MacMillan F, Petrenko A, Sivakumar V, Wang R, Hastings G, Gu F, van Tol J, Brunel LC, Timkovich R, Rappaport F and Redding K. (2004) Mutation of the putative hydrogen-bond donor to P700 of photosystem I. Biochemistry 43: 12634–12647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, van der Est A, Lucas MG, Ramesh VM, Gu F, Petrenko A, Lin S, Webber AN, Rappaport F and Redding K (2006) Directing electron transfer within Photosystem I by breaking H-bonds in the cofactor branches. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 2144–2149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Murchison HA, Nagarajan V, Parson WW, Allen JP and Williams JC (1994) Specific alteration of the oxidation potential of the electron donor in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 10265–10269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lüneberg J, Fromme P, Jekow P and Schlodder E (1994) Spectroscopic characterization of PS I core complexes from thermophilic Synechococcus sp. Identical reoxidation kinetics of A1 − before and after removal of the iron–sulfur-clusters FA and FB. FEBS Lett 338: 197–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus RA and Sutin N (1985) Electron transfers in chemistry and biology. Biochim Biophys Acta 811: 265–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathis P and Sétif P (1988) Kinetic studies on the function of A1 in the photosystem I reaction center. FEBS Lett 237: 65–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moser CC and Dutton PL (1996) Outline of theory of protein electron transfer. In: Bendall DS (ed) Protein Electron Transfer, pp 1–21. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser CC, Keske JM, Warncke K, Farid RS and Dutton PL (1992) Nature of biological electron transfer. Nature 355: 796–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhiuddin IP, Heathcote P, Carter S, Purton S, Rigby SE and Evans MC (2001) Evidence from time resolved studies of the P700+/A1 − radical pair for photosynthetic electron transfer on both the PsaA and PsaB branches of the photosystem I reaction centre. FEBS Lett 503: 56–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parson WW (1996) Photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers. In: Bendall DS (ed) Protein Electron Transfer, pp 125–160. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrenko A, Maniero AL, van Tol J, MacMillan F, Li Y, Brunel L-C and Redding K (2004) A high-field EPR study of P700 +· in wild-type and mutant Photosystem I from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochemistry 43: 1781–1786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purton S, Stevens DR, Muhiuddin IP, Evans MC, Carter S, Rigby SE and Heathcote P (2001) Site-directed mutagenesis of PsaA residue W693 affects phylloquinone binding and function in the photosystem I reaction center of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochemistry 40: 2167–2175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh VM, Gibasiewicz K, Lin S, Bingham SE and Webber AN (2003) Bi-directional electron transfer in Photosystem I: accumulation of A0 − in A-side or B-side mutants of the axial ligand to chlorophyll A0. Biochemistry 43: 1369–1375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby SE, Evans MC and Heathcote P (1996) ENDOR and special triple resonance spectroscopy of A1 − of photosystem 1. Biochemistry 35: 6651–6656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby SE, Evans MC and Heathcote P (2001) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy of radicals in photosystem I and related Type 1 photosynthetic reaction centres. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507: 247–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby SE, Muhiuddin IP, Evans MC, Purton S and Heathcote P (2002) Photoaccumulation of the PsaB phyllosemiquinone in photosystem I of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1556: 13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romijn JC and Amesz J (1977) Purification and photochemical properties of reaction centers of Chromatium vinosum. Evidence for the photoreduction of a naphthoquinone. Biochim Biophys Acta 461: 327–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlodder E, Falkenberg K, Gergeleit M and Brettel K (1998) Temperature dependence of forward and reverse electron transfer from A1 −, the reduced secondary electron acceptor in photosystem I. Biochemistry 37: 9466–9476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sétif P (2001) Ferredoxin and flavodoxin reduction by photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507: 161–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sétif P and Bottin H (1995) Laser flash absorption spectroscopy study of ferredoxin reduction by photosystem I: spectral and kinetic evidence for the existence of several photosystem I–ferredoxin complexes. Biochemistry 34: 9059–9070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sétif P and Brettel K (1993) Forward electron transfer from phylloquinone A1 to iron sulfur centers in spinach photosystem I. Biochemistry 32: 7846–7854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sétif P, Mathis P and Vanngard T (1984) Photosystem I photochemistry at low temperature. Heterogeneity in pathways for electron transfer to the secondary acceptors and for recombination processes. Biochim Biophys Acta 767: 404–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen G, Antonkine ML, van der Est A, Vassiliev IR, Brettel K, Bittl R, Zech SG, Zhao J, Stehlik D, Bryant DA and Golbeck JH (2002) Assembly of photosystem I. II. Rubredoxin is required for the in vivo assembly of FX in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as shown by optical and EPR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 277: 20355–20366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen MA, Lao KQ and Boxer SG (1994) Dielectric asymmetry in the photosynthetic reaction center. Science 264: 810–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi Y, Hirota K and Katoh S (1985) Multiple forms of P700-chlorophyll a–protein complexes from Synechococcus sp.: the iron, quinone and carotenoid contents. Photosynth Res 6: 183–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurnauer MC and Gast P (1985) Q-band (35 GHz) EPR results on the nature of A1 and the electron spin polarization in photosystem I particles. Photobiochem Photobiophys 9: 29–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Brederode ME, Jones MR, Van Mourik F, Van Stokkum IH and Van Grondelle R (1997) A new pathway for transmembrane electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides not involving the excited special pair. Biochemistry 36: 6855–6861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Est A (2001) Light-induced spin polarization in type I photosynthetic reaction centres. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507: 212–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Est A, Bock C, Golbeck J, Brettel K, Sétif P and Stehlik D (1994) Electron transfer from the acceptor A1 to the iron–sulfur centers in photosystem I as studied by transient EPR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 33: 11789–11797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Est A, Prisner T, Bittl R, Fromme P, Lubitz W, Mobius K and Stehlik D (1997) Time-resolved X-, K-, and W-Band EPR of the radical pair state P700 ·+A1 ·− of Photosystem I in comparison with P865 ·+QA ·−in bacterial reaction centers. J Phys Chem B 101: 1437–1443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vassiliev IR, Jung YS, Yang F and Golbeck JH (1998) PsaC subunit of photosystem I is oriented with iron–sulfur cluster FB as the immediate electron donor to ferredoxin and flavodoxin. Biophys J 74: 2029–2035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos MH and van Gorkom HJ (1988) Thermodynamics of electron transport in photosystem I by electric field-stimulated charge recombination. Biochim Biophys Acta 934: 293–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakeham MC, Goodwin MG, McKibbin C and Jones MR (2003) Photo-accumulation of the P+QB − radical pair state in purple bacterial reaction centres that lack the QA ubiquinone. FEBS Lett 540: 234–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren PV, Golbeck JH and Warden JT (1993) Charge recombination between P700+ and A1 − occurs directly to the ground state of P700 in a photosystem I core devoid of FX, FB, and FA. Biochemistry 32: 849–857

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webber AN and Lubitz W (2001) P700: the primary electron donor of photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507: 61–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webber AN, Su H, Bingham SE, Kass H, Krabben L, Kuhn M, Jordan R, Schlodder E and Lubitz W (1996) Site-directed mutations affecting the spectroscopic characteristics and midpoint potential of the primary donor in photosystem I. Biochemistry 35: 12857–12863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witt H, Schlodder E, Teutloff C, Niklas J, Bordignon E, Carbonera D, Kohler S, Labahn A and Lubitz W (2002) Hydrogen bonding to P700: site-directed mutagenesis of threonine A739 of photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochemistry 41: 8557–8569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu W, Chitnis P, Valieva A, van der Est A, Pushkar YN, Krzystyniak M, Teutloff C, Zech SG, Bittl R, Stehlik D, Zybailov B, Shen G and Golbeck JH (2003a) Electron transfer in cyanobacterial photosystem I: I. Physiological and spectroscopic characterization of site-directed mutants in a putative electron transfer pathway from A0 through A1 to FX. J Biol Chem 278: 27864–27875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu W, Chitnis PR, Valieva A, van der Est A, Brettel K, Guergova-Kuras M, Pushkar YN, Zech SG, Stehlik D, Shen G, Zybailov B and Golbeck JH (2003b) Electron transfer in cyanobacterial photosystem I: II. Determination of forward electron transfer rates of site-directed mutants in a putative electron transfer pathway from A0 through A1 to FX. J Biol Chem 278: 27876–27887

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Physiologie membranaire et moléculaire du Chloroplaste, CNRS-Univ., Paris, UMR 7141, France

    Fabrice Rappaport

  2. Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE 19880-017, USA

    Bruce A. Diner

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA

    Kevin Redding

Authors
  1. Fabrice Rappaport
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bruce A. Diner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kevin Redding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA

    John H. Golbeck

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rappaport, F., Diner, B.A., Redding, K. (2006). Optical Measurements of Secondary Electron Transfer in Photosystem I. In: Golbeck, J.H. (eds) Photosystem I. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 24. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4256-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation