Abstract
One of the central problems in supernova theory is the question how massive stars explode. Understanding the physical processes that drive the explosion is crucial for linking the stellar progenitors to the final remnants and for predicting observable properties like explosion energies, neutron star and black hole masses, nucleosynthetic yields, explosion anisotropies, and pulsar kicks. In this article we review different suggestions for the explosion mechanism and discuss the constraints that can or cannot be deduced from observations. The prompt hydrodynamical bounce-shock mechanism has turned out not to work for typical stellar iron cores and empirical values of the compressibility of bulk nuclear matter. Magnetohydrodynamical models on the other hand contain a number of imponderabilities and are still far behind the level of refinement that has been achieved in nonmagnetic simulations. In view of these facts the neutrino-driven mechanism must still be considered as the standard paradigm to explain the explosion of ordinary supernovae, although its viability has yet to be demonstrated convincingly. Since spherically symmetric models do not yield explosions, the hope rests on the helpful effects of convection inside the nascent neutron star, which could boost the neutrino luminosity, and convective overturn in the neutrino-heated region behind the stalled shock, which increases the efficiency of neutrino-energy transfer in this layer. Here we present the first two-dimensional simulations of these processes which have been performed with a Boltzmann solver for the neutrino transport and a state-of-the-art description of neutrino-matter interactions. Although our most complete models fail to explode, convection brings them encouragingly close to a success. An explosion could be obtained by just a minor modification of the neutrino transport, in which case the exploding model fulfills important requirements from observations. We discuss necessary improvements on the route to finally successful models.
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Janka, HT., Buras, R., Kifonidis, K., Rampp, M., Plewa, T. (2004). Explosion Mechanisms of Massive Stars. In: Fryer, C.L. (eds) Stellar Collapse. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 302. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48599-2_3
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