Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V et al (2002) Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 105:539–542
Edwards WD, Tajik AJ, Seward JB (1981) Standardized nomenclature and anatomic basis for regional tomographic analysis of the heart. Mayo Clin Proc 56:479–497
Higgins CB, De Roos A (2003) Cardiovascular MRI and MRA. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
References
Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D (1993) The epidemiology of heart failure: The Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:6A–13A
Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R (1976) Problems in echocardiographic volume determination: Echocardiographic-angiographic correlation in presence or absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 37:7–11
Zehender M, Kasper W, Kauder E, Schonthaler M, Geibel A, Olschewski M, Just H (1993) Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 328:981–988
Amico AF, Lichtenberg GS, Reisner SA et al (1989) Superiority of visual versus computerized echocardiography estimation of radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction. Am Heart J 118:1259–1265
Bellenger NG, Francis JM, Davies CL et al (2000) Establishment and performance of a magnetic resonance of cardiac function clinic. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2:15–22
Chuang ML, Hibberd MG, Salton CJ et al (2000) Importance of imaging method over imaging modality in non invasive determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: assessment by two-and three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:477–484
Mohiaddin RH, Longmore DB (1993) Functional aspects of cardiovascular nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: techniques and application. Circulation 88:264–281
Mogelvang J, Lindvig K, Sondergaard L, Saunamaki K, Henriksen O (1993) Reproducibility of cardiac volume measurements including left ventricular mass determined by MRI. Clin Physiol 13:587–597
Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG, Lahiri A, Coats AJS, Cleland JGF, Pennel DJ (2000) Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance: are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J 21:1387–1396
Morales MA, Positano V, Lombardi M, Rodriguez O, Passera M, Rovai D (2004) Semiautomatic detection of left ventricular contours in contrast-enhanced echocardiographic images: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17:876–882
Lorenz CH, Walker ES, Morgan VL, Graham TP, Klein SS (1999) Normal human right and left ventricular mass, systolic function and gender differences by cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 1:7–21
Marcus JT, DeWaal LK, Gotte MJ, van der Geest RJ, Heethaar RM, Van Rossum AC (1999) MRI-derived left ventricular function parameters and mass in healthy young adults: relation with gender and body size. Int J Card Imaging 15:411–419
Alfakih K, Plein S, Thiele H, Jones T, Ridgway JP, Sivananthan MU (2003) Normal human left and right ventricular dimensions for MRI as assessed by turbo gradient echo and steady-state free precession imaging sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging 17:323–329
Pennel DJ (2002) Ventricular volume and mass by CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 4:4
Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJS, Pennel DJ (2000) Reduction in sample size for studies of remodelling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2:271
Zile MR, Brutsaert DL (2002) New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation 105:1387–1393.
Zile MR, Brutsaert DL (2002) New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part II: causal mechanisms and treatment. Circulation 105:1503–1508
Paelinck BP, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, Van der Wall EE, de Roos A (2002) Assessment of diastolic function by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 144:198–205
Mohiaddin RH, Gatehouse PD, Henien M et al (1997) Cine MR Fourier velocimetry of blood flow through cardiac valves: comparison with Doppler echocardiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 7:657–663
Hartiala JJ, Mostbeck GH, Foster E et al (1993) Velocity-encoded cine MRI in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. Measurement of mitral valve and pulmonary vein flow velocities and flow across the mitral valve. Am Heart J 125:1054–1066
Lamb HJ, Beyerbacht HP, van der Laarse A, Stoel BC, Doornbos J, van der Wall EE, de Roos A (1999) Diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive heart disease is associated with altered myocardial metabolism. Circulation 99:2261–2267
Osman NF, Kerwin WS, McVeigh E and Prince LJ (1999) Cardiac motion tracking using CINE harmonic phase (HARP), magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 42:1048–1060
References
Epstein SE, Cannon III RO, Talbot TL (1985) Hemodynamic principles in the control of coronary blood flow. Am J Cardiol 56:4E–10E
Klocke FJ (1982) Clinical and experimental evaluation of the functional severity of coronary stenoses. Newsletter of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association, Inc 7:1–9
Gould KL (1980) Dynamic coronary stenosis. Am J Cardiol 45:286–292
Heyndrickx CR, Baic H, Nelkins P et al (1978) Depression of regional blood flow and wall thickening after brief coronary occlusion. Am J Physiol 234:H653–H660
The European Society of Cardiology. Management of stable angina pectoris (1997) Recommendations of the task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 18:394–413
Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V et al (2002) Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the cardiac imaging committee of the council on clinical cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 105: 539–542
Forrester JS, Wyatt HL, da Luz PL et al (1976) Functional significance of regional ischemic contraction abnormalities. Circulation 54:64–70
Gallagher KP, Kumada T, Koziol JA et al (1980) Significance of regional wall thickening abnormalities relative to transmural myocardial perfusion in anesthetized dogs. Circulation 62:1266–1274
Picano E (1997) Stress Echocardiography. 3rd Edition Springer Verlag
Wahl A, Roethemeyer S, Paetsch I et al (2001) Simultaneous assessment of wall motion and perfusion during high-dose dobutamine-atropine stress MRI improves diagnosis of ischemia. Eur Heart J 184:P1058
Schalla S, Nagel E, Paetsch I et al (2001) Real-time magnetic resonance image acquisition during dobutamine stress for the detection of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 391A:1108
Whal A, Roethemeyer S, Paetsch I et al (2001) Value of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI for follow-up after coronary revascularization procedures. Circulation II-769:3622
Hundley WG, Hamilton CA, Thomas MS et al (1999) Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of miocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation 100:1697–1702
Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, Bocksch W et al (1999) Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation. 99:763–770
van Rugge FP, van der Wall EE, de Roos A, Bruschke AV (1993) Dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging for detection coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:431–439
Zhao S, Croisille P, Janier M et al (1997) Comparison between qualitative and quantitative wall motion analyses using dipyridamole stress breath-hold cine magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe coronary artery stenosis. Magn Reson Imaging 15:891–898
Baer FM, Smolarz K, Theissen P et al (1993) Identification of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses by dipyridamole-magnetic resonance imaging and 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile-SPECT. Int J Card Imaging 9:133–145
Mazeika PK, Nadazdin A, Oakley CM (1992) Dobutamine stress echocardiography for detection assessment of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 69:1269–1273
Mcneill AJ, Fioretti PM, El-Said EM et al (1992) Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 70:41–46
Picano E, Lattanzi F, Masini M, Distante A, l’Abbate A (1986) High dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in effort angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:848–854
Picano E, Pingitore A, Conti U et al (1993) Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dipyridamole echocardiography. Eur Heart J 14:1216–1222
Lima JCA, Jeremy R, Guier W et al (1993) Accurate systolic wall thickening by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with tissue tagging: correlation with sonomicrometers in normal and ischemic myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:1741–1751
Power TP, Kramer CM, Shaffer AL et al (1997) Breath-hold dobutamine magnetic resonance myocardial tagging: normal left ventricular response. Am J Cardiol 80:1203–1207
Kuijpers D, Ho KY, van Dijkman PRM, Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M (2003) Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of myocardial ischemia with the use of myocardial tagging. Circulation 107:1592–1597
References
Atkinson DJ, Burnstein D, Edelman RR (1990) First pass cardiac perfusion evaluation with ultrafast MR Imaging. Radiology 174:757–762
Matheijssen NA, Louwerenburg HW, van Rugge FP et al (1996) Comparison of ultrafast dipyridamole magnetic resonance imaging with dipyridamole SestaMIBI SPECT for detection of perfusion abnormalities in patients with one-vessel coronary artery disease: assessment by quantitative model fitting. Magn Reson Med 35:221–288
Schwitter J, Nanz D, Kneifel S et al (2001) Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: a comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography. Circulation 103:2230–2235
Ibrahim T, Nekolla SG, Schreiber K et al (2002) Assessment of coronary flow reserve: comparison between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography J Am Coll Cardiol 39:864–870
Nagel E, Klein C, Paetsch I et al (2003) Magnetic resonance perfusion measurements for the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Circulation 108:432–437
Giang TH, Nanz D, Coulden R, Friedrich M, Graves M, Al-Saadi N, Luscher TF, von Schulthess GK, Schwitter J (2004) Detection of coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging with various contrast medium doses: first European multi-centre experience. Eur Heart J 25:1657–1665
Lombardi M, Jones RA, Westby J et al (1999) Use of the mean transit time of an intravascular contrast agent as an exchange-insensitive index of myocardial perfusion. J Magn Reson Imaging 9:402–408
Wilke N, Simm C, Zhang J et al (1993) Contrast-enhanced first pass myocardial perfusion imaging: correlation between myocardial blood flow in dogs at rest and during hyperemia. Magn Reson Med 29:485–497
Wilke N, Jerosch-Herold M, Wang Y et al (1997) Myocardial perfusion reserve: assessment with multisection, quantitative, first-pass MR imaging. Radiology 204:373–384
Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, Zenovich A, Stillman AE (1999) Magnetic resonance first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging: clinical validation and future applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:676–685
Jerosch-Herold M, Wilke N, Stillman AE (1998) Magnetic resonance quantification of the myocardial perfusion reserve with a Fermi function model for constrained deconvolution. Med Phys 25:73–84
Jerosch-Herold M, Wilke N (1997) MR first pass imaging: quantitative assessment of transmural perfusion and collateral flow. Int J Card Imaging 13:205–218
Cullen JH, Horsfield MA, Reek CR, et al (1999) Myocardial perfusion reserve index in humans using first-pass contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1386–1394
Santarelli MF, Landini L, Lombardi M et al (2000) A model-based method for myocardium flow estimation MAGMA. 11:87–88
Eichenberger AC, Schuiki E, Kochli VD et al. (1994) Ischemic heart disease: assessment with gadolinium-enhanced ultrafast MR imaging and dipyridamole stress. J Magn Reson Imaging 4:425–431
Wilke N, Kroll K, Merkle H et al. (1995) Regional myocardial blood volume and flow: first-pass MR imaging with polylysine-Gd-DTPA. J Magn Reson Imaging 5:227–237
Saeed M, Wendland MF, Higgins CB (2000) Blood pool MR contrast agents for cardiovascular imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:890–898
Al-Saadi N, Nagel E, Gross M et al (2000) Improvement of myocardial perfusion reserve early after coronary intervention: assessment with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1557–1564
Kwong RY, Schussheim AE, Rekhraj S et al. (2003) Detecting acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 4;107:531–537
References
Pierard LA, De Landsheere CM, Berthe C et al (1990). Identification of viable myocardium by echocardiography during dobutamine infusion in patients with myocardial infarction after thrombolytic therapy: comparison with positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:1021–1031
Picano E, Marzullo P, Gigli G et al (1992) Identification of viable myocardium by dypiridamole induced improvement in regional left ventricular function assessed by echocardiography in myocardial infarction and comparison with thallium function scintigraphy at rest. Am J Cardiol 70:703–710
Gheorghiade M, Cody RJ, Francis GS et al (1998) Current medical therapy for advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 135:231–248
Braunwald E, Rutherford JD (1986) Reversible ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: evidence for the “hibernating” myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:1467–1470
Eitzman D, Al-Aouar Z, Kanter HL et al (1992) Clinical outcome of patients with advanced coronary artery disease after viability studies with positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:559–565
Lee KS, Marwick TH, Cook SA et al (1994) Prognosis of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, with and without viable myocardium after myocardial infarction. Relative efficacy of medical therapy and revascularization. Circulation 90:2687–2694
Nixon JV, Brown CN, Smitherman TC (1982) Identification of transient and persistent segmental wall motion abnormalities in patients with unstable angina by two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 65:1497–1503
Kloner RA, Allen J, Cox TA, Zheng Y, Ruiz CE (1991) Stunned left ventricular myocardium after exercise treadmill testing in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 68:329–334
Breisblatt WM, Stein KL, Wolfe CJ et al (1990) Acute myocardial dysfunction and recovery: a common occurrence after coronary by-pass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:1261–1269
Touchstone DA, Beller GA, Nygaard TW, Tedesco C, Kaul S (1989) Effects of successful intravenous reperfusion therapy on regional myocardial function and geometry in humans: a tomographic assessment using two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 13:1506–1513
Rahimtoola SH (1985) A perspective on the three large multivessel randomised clinical trials of coronary bypass surgery for chronic stable angina. Circulation 72(Suppl V):V123–V135
Sicari R, Picano E, Landi P. et al (1997) The prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography early after acute myocadilal infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:254–260
Picano E, Sicari R, Landi P et al (1998) Prognostic value of myocardial viability in medically treated patients with global left ventricular dysfunction early after an acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction: a dobutamine stress echocardiography study. Circulation 98:1078–1084
Meluzin J, Cerny J, Frelich M et al (1998) Prognostic value of the amount of dysfunctional but viable myocardium in revascularized patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Al Coll Cardiol 32:912–920
Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Visser FC et al (1996) Prediction of recovery of myocardial dysfunction after revascularization. Comparison of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose/thallium-201 SPECT, thallium-201 stress-reinjection SPECT and dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:558–564
Zamorano J, Delgado J, Almeria C et al (2002) Reason for Discrepancies in Identifying Myocardial Viability by Thallium-201 Redistribution, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Dobutamine Echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 90:455–459
Gunning MA, Anagnostopoulos C, Knight CJ et al (1998) Comparison of 201 TL, 99mTc-Tetrofosmin, and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for identifying hibernating myocardium. Circulation 98:1869–1874
Roberts CS, Maclean D, Maroko P, Kloner RA (1984) Early and late remodeling of the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 54:407–410
Dubnow MH, Burchell HB, Titus JL (1965) Post infarction ventricular aneurysm.A clinicomorphologic and electocardiographic study of 80 cases. Am Heart J 70:753–760
Pirolo JS, Hutchins GM, Moore GW (1986) Infarct expansion: pathologic analysis of 204 patients witha a single myocardial infarct. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:349–354
Faletra F, Crivellaro W, Pirelli S et al (1995) Value of transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in predicting viability in patients with healed Q-wave anterior wall myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 76:1002–1006
Cwaig MJ, Cxaig E, Nagueh SF et al (2000) End-diastolic wall thickness as a predictor of recovery of function in myocardial hibernation: relation to rest-redistribution TL-201 tomography and dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1152–1161
van Rugge FP, van der Wall EE, Spanjersberg SJ et al (1994) Magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine stress for detection and localization of coronary artery disease. Quantitative wall motion analysis using a modification of centerline method. Circulation 90:127–138
Baer FM, Voth E, Schneider CA et al (1995) Comparison of low dose dobutamine gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with 18F fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: a functional and morphological approach to the detection of residual myocardial viability. Circulation 91:1006–1015
Baer FM, Theissen P, Schneider CA et al (1998) Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging predicts contractile recovery of chronically dysfunctional myocardium after successful revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1040–1048
Perrone Filardi P, Bacharach SL, Dilsizian V et al (1992) Metabolic evidence of viable myocardium in regions with reduced wall thickness and absent wall thickening in patients with chornic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:161–168
Dendale P, Franken PR, Block P, Pratikakis Y, De Roos A (1998) Contrast enhanced and functional magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of viable myocardium after infarction. Am Heart J 135:875–880
Dakik HA, Howell JF, Lawrie GM et al (1997) Assessment of myocardial viability with 99mTc-sestamibi tomography before coronary by-pass graft surgery: correlation with histopathology and postoperative improvement in cardiac function. Circulation 96:2892–2898
Gascho JA, Copenhaver GL, Heitjan DL (1990) Systolic thickening increases from subepicardium to subendocardium. Cardiovascular Research 24:777–780
Clark N, Reicheck N, Bergey P et al (1991) Circumferential myocardial shortening in the normal human left ventricle. Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging using spatial modulation of magnetization. Circulation 84:67–74
Power T, Kramer CM, Shaffer AL et al (1997) Breath-hold dobutamine magnetic resonance myocardial tagging: normal left ventricular response. Am J Cardiol 80:1203–1207
Geskin G, Kramer CM, Rogers WJ et al (1998) Quantitative assessment of myocardial viability after infarction by dobutamine magnetic resonance tagging. Circulation 98:217–223
Bogaert J, Maes A, Van de Werf F et al (1999) Functional recovery of subepicardial myocardial tissue in transmural myocardial infarction after successful reperfusion: an important contribution to the improvement of regional and global left ventricular function. Circulation 99:36–43
Williams ES, Kaplan JI, Thatcher F Zimmerman G, Knoebel SB (1980) Prolongation of proton spin lattice relaxation times in regionally ischemic tissue from dog hearts. J Nucl Med 21:449–453
van Rugge FP, van der Wall EE, van Dijkman PR et al (1992) Usefulness of ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging in healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 70:1233–1237
McNamara MT, Higgins CB, Schechtmann N et al (1985) Detection and characterization of acute myocardial infarction in man with the use of gated magnetic resonance. Circulation 71:717–724
Pflugfelder PW, Wisenberg G, Prato FS, Carrol SE (1986) Serial imaging of canine myocardial infarction by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:843–849
Tscholakoff D, Higgins CB, McNamara MT, Derugin N (1986) Early-phase myocardial infarction by MR imaging. Radiology 159:667–672
Wesbey G, Higgins CB, Lanzer P Botvinick E, Lipton MJ (1984) Imaging and characterisation of acute myocardial infarction in vivo by gated nuclear magnetic resonance. Circulation 69:125–130
McNamara MT, Tscholakoff D, Revel D et al (1986) Differentiation of reversible and irreversible myocardial injury by MR imaging with and without gadolinium-DTPA. Radiology 158:765–769
Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS et al (2001) An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 218:215–223
Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Chen EL et al (2000) Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk: distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1985–1991
Oshinski JN, Yang Z, Jones JR, Mata JF, French BA (2001) Imaging time after Gd-DTPA injection is critical in using delayed enhancement to determine infarct size accurately with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 104:2838–2842
Choi SI, Jiang CZ, Lim KH et al (2000) Application of breath-hold T2 weighted, first pass perfusion and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging for assessment of myocardial viability in a pig model. J Magn Reson Imaging 11:476–480
Lima JAC, Judd RM, Bazille A et al (1995) Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI: potential mechanisms. Circulation 92:1117–1125
Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM et al (1998) Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardail infarction. Circulation 97:765–772
Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Arai M et al (1995) Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-odl reperfused canine infarcts. Circulation 92:1902–1910
Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB (1974) The “no-reflow” phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest 54:1496–1508
Rogers WJ, Kramer CM, Geskin G et al (1999) Early contrast-enhanced MRI predicts late functional recovery after reperfused myocardial infarction. Circulation 99:744–750
Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, (1999) Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100:1992–2002
Hillebrand HB, Kim RJ, Parker MA, Fieno DS, Judd RM (2000) Early assessment of myocardial salvage by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102:1678–1683
Wellnhofer E, Olariu A, Klein C, Grafe M, Wahl A, Fleck E, Nagel E (2004) Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation 109:2172–2184
Hsu JCM, Johnson A, Smith WM et al (1994) Magnetic Resonance imaging of chronic myocardial infarcts in formalin-fixed human autopsy hearts. Circulation 89:2133–2140
Bouchard A, Reeves RC, Cranney G et al (1989) Assessment of myocardial infarct size by means of T2-weighted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 117:281–289
Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD et al (2001) Visualization of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Lancet 357:21–28
Ramani K, Judd RM, Holly TA et al (1998) Contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of myocardial viability in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 98:2687–2694
Lieberman AN, Weiss JL, Jugdutt BI et al (1981) Two-dimensional echocardiography and infarct size: relationship of regional wall motion and thickening to the extent of myocardial infarction in the dog. Circulation 63:739–746
Klein C, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM et al (2002) Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positorn emission tomography. Circulation 105:162–167
Kuhl HP, Beek AM, van der Weerdt AP et al (2003) Myocardial viability in chronic ischemic heart disease: comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1341–1348
Giorgetti A, Pingitore A, Lombardi M et al (2002) Quantitative evaluation of trasmural extent of myocardial necrosis by means of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance: comparison with nitrate 99mTC-tetrofosmin G_SPECT scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 46:4:92
Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A et al (2000) The use of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 343:1445–1453
Nagueh SF, Mikati I, Weilbaecher D et al (1999) Relation of the contractile reserve of hibernating myocardium to myocardial structure in humans. Circulation 100:490–496
Sciagrà R, Pellegri M, Pupi A et al (2000) Prognostic implications of Tc-99m Sestamibi viability imaging and subsequent therapeutic strategy in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:739–745
Kaul S (1995) There may be more to myocardial viability than meets the eye. Circulation 92:2790–2793
Samady H, Elefteriades JA, Abbott BG et al (1999) Failure to improve left ventricular function after coronary revascularization for ischemic cardiomyopathy is not associated with worse outcome. Circulation 100:1298–1304
References
Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D et al (1996) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Displasia, dystrophy, or myocarditis? Circulation 94:983–991
Pinamonti B, Sinagra G, Salvi A et al (1992) Left ventricular involvement in right ventricular dysplasia. Am Heart J 123:711–724
Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M et al (1996) Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93:841–842
Nava A, Thiene G, Canciani B et al (1988) Familial occurrence of right ventricular dysplasia: a study involving nine families. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:1222–1228
Aman Coonar S, Protonotarius N, Tsatsopoulou A et al (1998) Gene for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma and wooly hair (Naxos disease) maps to 17q21. Circulation 97:2049–2058
Ahmad F, Li D, Karibe A et al (1998) Localization of a gene responsible for arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia to chromosome 3p23. Circulation 98:2791–2795
Bauce B, Nava A, Ramazzo A et al (2000) Familial effort polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy map to chromosome 1942-43. Am J Cardiol 85:573–579
Severini GM, Krajinovic M, Pinamonti B et al (1996) A new locus for arrhythmogenic right ventricular displasia on the long arm of chromosome 14. Genomics 31:193–200
Rampazzo A, Nava A, Miorin M et al (1997) DAVD4, a new locus for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, maps to chromosome 2 long arm. Genomics 45: 259–263
Tiso N, Stephan DA, Nava A et al (2001) Identification of mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene in families affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 2. Hum Mal Genet 10:189–194
Li D, Gonzales O, Bachinski LL et al (2000) Human protein tyrosine phosphatase-like gene: expression profile, genomic structure and mutation analysis in families with DAVD. Gene 256:237–243
Li D, Ahmad F, Gardner MJ et al (2000) The locus of a novel gene responsible for arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia characterized by early onset and high penetrance maps to chromosome 10p12-p14. Am J Hum Genet 66:148–156
Melberg A, Oldfors A, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C et al (1999) Autosomal dominant myofibrillar myopathy with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy linked to chromosome 10q. Ann Neurol 46:684–692
Thiene C, Corrado D, Nava A et al (1991) Right ventricular cardiomyopathy: is there evidence of an inflammatory aetiology? Eur Heart J 12:22–25
Kodama M, Matsumoto Y, Fujwara M (1992) In vivo lymphocyte-mediated transfer of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 85:1918–1926
Matsumori A, Kawai C (1980) Coxsackie virus B3 perimyocarditis in BALB/c mice: experimental model of chronic perimyocarditis in the right ventricle. J Pathol 131:97–106
Grumbach IM, Heim A, Vonhof S et al (1998) Coxsackievirus genome in myocardium of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Cardiology 89:241–245
James TN (1994) Normal and abnormal consequences of apoptosis in the human heart. From postnatal morphogenesis to paroxysmal arrhythmias. Circulation 90:556–573
Mallat Z, Tedgui A, Fontaliran F et al (1996) Evidence of apoptosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. N Engl J Med 335:1190–1196
Valente M, Calabrese F, Thiene G et al (1996) In vivo evidence of apoptosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. N Engl J Med 335:1190–1196
Colston JT, Chandrasekar B, Freeman GL (1998) Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in experimental coxsackie virus myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 38:158–168
Fontaliran F, Fontaine G, Fillette F et al (1991) Frontières nosologiques de la dysplasie arythmogène. Variations quantitatives du tissu adipeux ventriculaire droit normal. Arch Mal Coeur 84:33–38
Fontaine G, Guiraudon G, Frank R, Tonet JL et al (1984) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a clinical model for the study of chronic ventricular tachicardia. Jpn Circ 515–538
Thiene G, Basso C, Calabrese F et al (2000) Pathology and pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Hertz 25:210–215
Burke AP, Farb A, Tashko G et al (1998) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and fatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium. Are they different diseases? Circulation 97:1571–1580
Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G et al (1997) Spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1512–1520
Fontaine G, Fontaliran F, Frank R et al (1998) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathies. Clinical forms and main differential diagnoses. Circulation 97:1532–1535
Lorenz Ch, Walker ES, Morgan VL et al (1999) Normal human right and left ventricular mass, systolic function and gender differences by cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 1:7–21
McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A et al (1994) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricula dysplasi/cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 71:215–218
Maron BJ (2003) Sudden death in young athletes. N Eng J Med 11;349(11):1064–1075
Thiene G, Nava A, Corrado D et al (1988) Right ventricula cardiomyopathy and sudden death in young people. N Engl J Med 318:129–133
Zeppilli P, La Rosa Gangi M, Santini C et al (1988) Right heart in athletics. Echocardiography 1988: proceedings of the 6th international congress on echocardiography, Rome, 1988. Excerpta Medica eds Amsterdam
Zeppilli P (1995) Cardiologia dello sport. CESI, Roma
Frank S, Braunwald E (1968) Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: clinical analysis of 126 patients with emphasis on the natural history. Circulation 37:59–788
Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Cannon Ro III et al (1987) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology and theraphy. N Engl J Med 316:780–9, 844-852
Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ (1997) The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 336:775–785
Marian AJ, Roberts R (2001) The molecular genetic basis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Moll Cell Cardiol 33:655–670
Klues HG, Schiffers A, Marron BJ (1995) Phenotypic spectrum and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:morphologic observations and significance as assessed by two dimensional echocardiography in 600 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1699–1708
Maron BJ, Ferrans VJ, Henry WL, Clarke CE, Redwood DR (1974) Differences in distribution of myocardial abnormalities in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH). Light and electron microscopic findings. Circulation 50:436–446
Maron BJ, Roberts WC (1981) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac muscle cell disorganization revisited: relation between the two and significance. Am Heart J 102:95–110
Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Roberts WC (1992) Relation between extent of cardiac muscle cell disorganization and left ventricular wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 70:785–790
Maron BJ, Anan TJ, Roberts WC (1981) Quantitative analysis of the distribution of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the left ventricular wall of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 63:882–894
Unverferth D, Baker PB, Pearce LI, Lautman J et al (1987) Regional myocyte hypertrophy and increased interstitial myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 59:932–936
Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC (1986) Intramural (“small vessel”) coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:545–557
Schwartzkoff B, Mundhenke M, Strauer BE (1998) Alterations of the architecture of subendocardial arterioles in patients with hypertrophic cardiomiopathy and impaired coronary vasodilatator reserve: a possibile cause for myocardic ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1089–1096
Cannan CR, Reeder GS, Bailey KR et al (1995) Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; a population-based study, 1976 through 1990. Circulation 92:2488–2495
Maron BJ, Casey SA, Poliac LC et al (1999) Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a regional United States cohort. JAMA 281:650–655
Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM et al (2000) Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy predicts the risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342:1778–1785
Spirito P, Chiarella F, Carratino L et al (1989) Clinical course and prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an outpatient population. N Engl J Med 320:749–755
Kofflard MJ, Waldestein DJ, Vos J et al (1993) Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study. Am J Cardiol 72:939–943
Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A et al (1995) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. J Am Coll Cardio 26:1529–1536
Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S et al (2000) Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2212–2218
Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS et al (2000) Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342:365–373
Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D et al (2000) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death in the young: pathologic evidence of myocardial ischemia. Hum Pathol 31:988–998
Maron BJ, Epstein SE, Roberts WC (1979) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and transmural myocardial infarction without significant atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary disease. Am J Cardiol 43:1086–1102
McKenna WJ, Spirito P, Desnos M, Dubourg O, Komajada M (1997) Experience from clinical genetics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: proposal for new diagnostic criteria in adult members of affected families. Heart 77:130–132
Bottini PB, Carr AA, Prisant LM et al (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens 8:221–228
Posma JL Blanksma PK Van der Wall et al 1996 Assessment of quantitative hypertrophy scores in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy magnetic resonance imaging versus echocardiography. Am Heart J 1321020–1027
Pons Llado G, Carreras F, Borras X et al (1997) Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging. Am J Cardiol 79:1651–1656
Franke A, Schondube FA, Kuhl HP et al (1998) Quantitative assessment of the operative results after extended myectomy and surgical reconstruction of the subvalvular mitral apparatus in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy using three dimensional transesofageal echocardiography. J am Coll Cardiol 31:1641–1649
Schultz-Menger J, Strohm O, Waigand J et al (2000) The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the left ventricular outflowtract in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after septal artery embolization. Circulation 101:1764–1766
White RD, Obuchowski NA, Gunawardena S et al (1996) Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: presurgical and post surgical evaluation by computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol Imaging 10:1–13
Stuber M, Scheidegger M, Fischer S et al (1999) Alterations in local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis. Circulation 100:361–368
Maier SE, Fischer SE, McKinnon GC et al (1992) Evaluation of left ventricular segmental wall motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with myocardic tagging. Circulation 90:1919–1928
Kramer CM, Reichek N, Ferrari VA et al (1994) Regional heterogeneity of function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 90:186–194
Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, Klocke FJ, Bonow Ro, Kim RJ (2001) Visualization of presence, location and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non Q-wave myocardial infarction. Lancet 357:21–28
Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrisch TB et al (1999) Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infart age and contractile function. Circulation 100:1992–2002
Choi KM, Kim RJ, Gubernikoff G et al (2001) Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function. Circulation 104:1101–1107
Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A et al (2000) The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 343:1445–1453
Choudhury L, Mahrholdot H, Wagner A et al (2002) Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or middly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:2156–2164
Moon JCC, Mckenna WJ, McCrohon JA et al (2003) Toward clinical assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1561–1567
Tanaka M, Fujiwura H, Onodera T et al (1986) Quantitative analysis of myocardial fibrosis in normal, hypertensive hearts and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 55:575–581
Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Mahon N, Davies MJ, McKenna WJ (2001) Relation between myocyte disarray and outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 88:275–279
Sedemera D, Pexieder T, Vuillemin M, Thompson RP, Anderson RH (2000) Developmental pattering of the myocardium. Anat Rec 258:319–337
Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, Jue K, Mohrmann R (1990) Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation 82:507–513
Oechslin EN, Attenhofer Jost CH, Rojas JR, Kaufmann PA, Jenni R (2000) Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:493–500
Ichida F, Hamamichi Y, Miyawaki T et al (1999) Clinical features of isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:233–240
Jenni R, Oechslin E, Scheider J, Attenhofer Jost C, Kaufmann P (2001) Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricula noncompaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86:666–671
Jenni R, Wyss CA, Oechslin EN, Kaufmann PA (2002) Isolated ventricular noncompaction is associated with coronary microcirculatory dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:450–454
Bleyl SB, Mumford BR, Brown-Harrison MC et al (1997) Xq28-linked noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium: prenatal diagnosis and pathologic analysis of affected individuals. Am J Med Gent 72:257–265
Hook S, Ratliff NB, Rosenkranz E, Sterba R (1996) Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Pediatr Cardiol 17:1733–1734
Dusek J, Ostadal B, Duskova M (1975) Postnatal persistence of spongy myocardium with embryonic blood supply. Arch Pathol 99:312–317
Hopkins WE, Waggoner AD, Gussak H (1994) Quantitative ultrasonic tissue characterization of myocardium in cyanotic adults with an unrepaired congenital heart defect. Am J Cardiol 74:930–934
Akiba T, Becker A (1994) Disease of the left ventricle in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. The limiting factor for long-lasting successful surgical intervention? J Thorac Cardiovascular Surg 108:1–8
Junga G, Kneifel S, Von Smeka A, Steiner H, Bauersfeld U (1999) Myocardial ischaemia in children with isolated ventricular noncompaction. Eur Heart J 20:910–916
Daimon Y, Watanabe S, Takeda S, Hijikata Y, Komuro I (2002) Two-layered appearance of noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium on magnetic resonance. Circ J 66:619–621
Borges AC, Kivelitz D, Baumann G (2003) Isolated left ventricular non-compaction: cardiomyopathy with homogeneous transmural and heterogeneous segmental perfusion. Heart 89:e21
Powell LW, George DK, McDonnell SM et al (1998) Diagnosis of hemochromatosis. An Intern Me 129:925–931
Olson LJ, Edwards WD, McCall JT, Ilstrup DM, Gersh BJ (1987) Cardiac iron deposition in idiopathic hemochromatosis: Histologic and analytic assessment of 14 hearts from autopsy. J A. Coll Cardiol 10:1239–1243
Koren A, Garty I, Antonelli D, Katzuni E (1987) Right ventricular cardiac dysfunction in b-thalassemia major. Am J Dis Child 141:93–96
Aessopos A, Stamatelos G, Skoumas V et al (1995) Pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in patients with b-thalassemia intermedia. Chest 107:50–53
Pennel DJ (2002) Ventricular volume and mass by CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 4:507–513
Fujita N, Chazouilleres AF, Hartiala JJ et al (1994) Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. JACC 23:951–958
Kaltwasser J, Werner E (1989) Assessment of iron burden. Bailliere’s Clin Hematol 2:195–207
Waxman S, Eustace S, Hartnell GG (1994) Myocardial involvement in primary hemochromatosis demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 128:1047–1049
Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B et al (2001) Cardiovascular T2 star (T2*) magnetic resonance for early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. EHJ 22:2171–2179
Westwood M, Anderson LJ, Firmin DN, Gatehouse PD, Charrier CC, Wonke B, Pennel JD (2003) A single breath-hold multiecho T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique for diagnosis of myocardial overload. J Magn Reson Imaging 18:33–39
Aso H, Takeda K, Ito T et al (1998) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis in cardiomyopathic hamsters with gadolinium DPTA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 32:22–32
Friedrich MG, Srom O, Schults-Menger J et al (1998) Contrast-media enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circ 97:1802–1809
Rivers J et al (1987) Reversible cardiac dysfunction in hemochromatosis. Am Heart J 113:216–217
Mariotti E, Angelucci E, Agostini A et al (1998) Evaluation of cardiac status in iron-loaded thalassemia patients following bone marrow transplantation: improvement in cardiac function during reduction in body iron burden. Br J Haematol 103:916–921
Davis BA, Porter JB (2000) Long-term outcome of continuous 24-hour deferoxamine infusion via inwelling intravenous catheters in high risk b-thalassemia. Blood 95:1229–1236
Parrillo JE (1990) Heart disease and the eosinophil. N Engl J Med 323:1560–1561
Weller PF, Bulbley GJ (1994) The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood 83:2759–2779
Puvaneswary M, Joshua F, Ratnarajah S (2001) Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging finding in endomyocardial fibrosis. Australasian Radiology 45:524–527
Katritsis D, Wilmshurst PT, Wendon JA et al (1991) Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:1230–1235
Schneider U, Jenni R, Turina J et al (1998) Long term follow up of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis: effects of surgery. Heart 79:362
Chil JS, Perloff JK (1988) The restrictive cardiomyopathies. Cardiol Clinics 6:289–316
D’silva SA, Kohli A, Dalvi BV, Kale PA (1992) MRI in right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Am Heart J 123:1390–1392
Pitt M, Davies MK, Brady AJ (1996) Hypereosinophilic syndrome: endomyocardial fibrosis. Heart 76:377–378
Chandra M, Pettigrew RI, Eley JW, Oshinski JN, Guyton RA (1996) Cine-MRI aided endomyocardetomy in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 62:1856–1858
Bishop G, Bergin J, Kramer C (2001) Hypereosinophilic syndrome and restrictive cardiomyopathy due to apical thrombi. Circulation 104:e3–e4
References
Schwitter J (2000) Valvular heart disease: assessment of valve morphology and quantification using MR. Herz 25:342–355
Kizilbash AM, Hundley WG, Willett DL et al (1998) Comparison of quantitative Doppler with magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 81:792–795
Hundley WG, Li HF, Willard JE et al (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Comparison with invasive techniques. Circulation 92:1151–1158
Arai AE, Epstein FH, Bove KE, Wolff SD (1999) Visualization of aortic valve leaflets using black blood MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:771–777
Pollak Y, Comeau CR, Wolff SD (2002) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis of the aortic valve diagnosed on MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 179:1647
Reynier C, Garcier J, Legault B et al (2001) Cross-sectional imaging of post endocarditis paravalvular myocardial abscesses of native mitral valves: 4 cases. J Radiol 82(6 Pt 1):665–669
Caduff JH, Hernandez RJ, Ludomirsky A (1996) MR visualization of aortic valve vegetations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:613–615
Suzuki J, Caputo GR, Kondo C, Higgins CB (1990) Cine MR imaging of valvular heart disease: display and imaging parameters affect the size of the signal void caused by valvular regurgitation. Am J Roentgenol 155:723–727
Sondergaard L, Lindvig K, Hildebrandt P et al (1993) Quantification of aortic regurgitation by magnetic resonance velocity mapping. Am Heart J 125:1081–1090
Fujita N, Chazouilleres AF, Hartiala JJ et al (1994) Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:951–958
Karwatowski SP, Brecker SJ, Yang GZ et al (1995) Mitral valve flow measured with cine MR velocity mapping in patients with ischemic heart disease: comparison with Doppler echocardiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 5:89–92
Kozerke S, Schwitter J, Pedersen EM, Boesiger P (2001) Aortic and mitral regurgitation: quantification using moving slice velocity mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 4:106–112
Heidenreich PA, Steffens J, Fujita N et al (1995) Evaluation of mitral stenosis with velocity-encoded cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 75:365–369
Casolo GC, Zampa V, Rega L et al (1992) Evaluation of mitral stenosis by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 123:1252–1260
Sondergaard L, Hildebrandt P, Lindvig K et al (1993) Valve area and cardiac output in aortic stenosis: quantification by magnetic resonance velocity mapping. Am Heart J 126:1156–1164
Kilner PJ, Manzara CC, Mohiaddin RH et al (1993) Magnetic resonance jet velocity mapping in mitral and aortic valve stenosis. Circulation 87:1239–1248
Sondergaard L, Stahlberg F, Thomsen C et al (1993) Accuracy and precision of MR velocity mapping in measurement of stenotic cross-sectional area, flow rate, and pressure gradient. J Magn Reson Imaging 3:433–437
Randall PA, Kohman LJ, Scalzetti EM, Szeverenyi NM, Panicek DM (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging of prosthetic cardiac valves in vitro and in vivo. Am J Cardiol 62:973–976
Sievers B, Tintrup K, Franken U, Kickuth R, Trappe HJ (2002) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance of bioprosthetic mitral valve. Heart Vessels 17:86–88
Soulen RL, Budinger TF, Higgins CB (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging of prosthetic heart valves. Radiology 154:705–707
Arrive L, Najmark D, Albert F et al (1994) Cine MRI of mitral regurgitation in planes angled along the intrinsic cardiac axes. J Comput Assist Tomogr 18:569–575
References
O’Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF et al (2000) American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus Document on Electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease: Committee Members Circulation 102:126–140
Manning WJ, Edelmann RR (1993) A preliminary report comparing magnetic resonance angiography with conventional angiography. N Engl J Med 328:828–832
van Geuns RJ, de Bruin HG, Rensing BJ et al (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary arteries: clinical results from three dimensional evaluation of a respiratory gated technique. Heart 82:515–519
Hundley WG, Clarke GD, Landau C et al (1995) Noninvasive determination of infarct artery patency by cine magnetic resonance angiography. Circulation 91:1347–1353
Regenfus M, Ropers D, Achenbach S, Kessler W, Laub G, Daniel WG, Moshage W (2000) Noninvasive detection of coronary artery stenosis using contrast-enhanced three-dimensional breath-hold magnetic resonance coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:44–50
Oshinski JN, Mukundan S, Dixon WT, Parks DJ, Pettigrew RI (1996) Two-dimensional coronary MR angiography without breath holding. Radiology 201:737–743
Post JC, van Rossum AC, Hofman MB, de Cock CO, Valk J, Visser CA (1997) Clinical utility of two-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography in detecting coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 18:426–433
Sardanelli F, Molinari G, Zandrino F, Balbi M (2000) Three-dimensional, navigator-echo MR coronary angiography in detecting stenoses of the major epicardial vessels, with conventional coronary angiography as the standard of reference. Radiology 214:649–650
Botnar RM, Stuber M, Danias PG, Kissinger KV, Manning WJ (1999) Improved coronary artery definition with T2-weighted, free-breathing, three-dimensional coronary MRA. Circulation 99:3139–3148
Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M et al (2001) Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 345:1863–1869
Libby P (2001) The vascular biology of atherosclerosis. In: Braunwald, Zipes, Libby (eds) Heart Disease, pp. 995–1009
Furberg CD, Byington RP, Riley W (1995) B-mode ultrasound: a noninvasive method for assessing atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular Medicine. In: Willerson JT, Cohn JN (eds). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 1182–1187
Ward MR, Pasterkamp G, Yeung AC, Borst C (2000) Arterial remodeling: mechanisms and clinical implications. Circulation 102:1186–1191
Langfield M, Gray-Weale AC, Lusby RJ et al (1989) The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg 9:548–557
Falk E (1992) Why do plaque rupture? Circulation 86(Suppl III): III-30–III-42
McCarthy MJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM et al (1999) Angiogenesis and the atherosclerotic carotid plaque: an association between symptomatology and plaque morphology. J Vasc Surg 30:261–268
Cai JM, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS, Small R, Polissar NL, Yuan C (2002) Classification of human carotid atherosclerosis lesions with in vivo multicontrast magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 106:1368–1373
Pohost GM, Fuisz AR (1998) From the microscope to the clinic: MR assessment of atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 98:1477–1478
Choundhury RP, Fuster V, Badimon JJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA (2002) MRI and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque: emerging applications and molecular imaging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:1065–1074
Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Fallon JT, Jayasundera T, Worthley SG, Helft G, Aguinaldo G, Badimon JJ, Harma SK (2000) Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102:506–510
Shinnar M, Fallon JT, Wehrli S, Levin M, Dalmacy D, Fayad ZA, Badimon JJ, Harrington M, Harrington E, Fuster V (1997) The diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo MRI for human atherosclerotic plaque characterization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:542–546
Toussaint JF, LaMuraglia GM, Southern JF, Fuster V, Kantor HL (1996) Magnetic resonance images lipid, fibrous, calcified, hemorrhagic, and thrombotic components of human atherosclerosis in vivo. Circulation 94:932–938
Hatsukami TS, Ross R, Polissar NL et al (2000) Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque in vivo with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102:959–964
Yuan C, Mitsumori LM, Ferguson MS, Polissar NL, Echelard D, Ortiz G, Small R, Davies JW, WS Kerwin, Hatsukami TS (2001) In vivo accuracy of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging for identifying lipid-rich necrotic cores and intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced human carotid plaques. Circulation 104:2051–2056
Corti R, Osende JI, Fayad ZA, Fallon JT, MD, Fuster V, Mizsei G, Dickstein E, Drayer B, Badimon JJ (2002) In vivo noninvasive detection and age definition of arterial thrombus by MRI. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1366–1373
Yuan C, Kerwin WS, Ferguson MS, Polissar N, Zhang S, Cai J, Hatsukami TS (2002) Contrast-enhanced high resolution MRI for atherosclerotic carotid artery tissue characterization. J Magn Reson Imaging 15:62–67
Botnar RM, Stuber M, Kissinger KV, Kim WY, Spuentrup E, Manning WJ (2000) Noninvasive coronary vessel wall and plaque imaging with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102:2582–2587
Gould KL, Lipscomb L (1974) Effects of coronary stenoses on coronary flow reserve and resistence. Am J Cardiol 34:50
Ferrari M, Schnell B, Werner GS, Figulla HR (1999) Safety of deferring angioplasty in patients with normal coronary flow velocity reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:82–87
Kern MJ, de Bruyne B, Pijls NH (1997) From research to clinical practice: current role of intracoronary physiologically based decision making in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:613–620
Hundley WG, Lange RA, Clarke GD (1996) Assessment of coronary arterial flow and flow reserve with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 93:896–902
Hundley WG, Hillis D, Hamilton CA, Applegate RJ, Herrington DM, Clarke GD, Braden GA, Thomas MS, Lange RA, Peshock RM, Link KM (2000) Assessment of coronary arterial restenosis with phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging measurements of coronary flow reserve. Circulation 101:2375–2381
Galjee MA, van Rossum AC, Doesburg T, van Eenige MJ, Visser CA (1996) Value of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing patency and function of coronary artery bypass grafts: an angiographically controlled study. Circulation 93:660–666
Bedaux WLF, Hofman MBM, Vyt SLA, Bronwaer JGF, Visser CA, van Rossum AC (2002). Assessment of coronary artery bypass graft disease using cardiovascular magnetic resonance determination of flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1848–1855
Langerak SE, Vliegen HW, Jukema W, Kunz P, Zwinderman AH, Lamb HJ, van der Wall EE, de Roos A (2003) Value of magnetic resonance imaging for the noninvasive detection of stenosis in coronary artery bypass grafts and recipient coronary arteries. Circulation 107:1502–1508
Nagel E, Thout T, Klein C, Schalla S, Bornstedt A, Schnackenburg B, Hug J, Wellnhofer E, Fleck E (2003) Noninvasive determination of coronary blood flow velocity with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients after stent deployment. Circulation 107:1738–1743
Gerber TC, Fasseas P, Lennon RJ, Valeti VU, Wood CP, Breen JF, Berger PB (2003) Clinical safety of magnetic resonance imaging early after coronary artery stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:1295–1298
Paetsch I, Huber ME, Bornstedt A et al (2003) Reliable detection of coronary stenoses with contrast enhanced, 3D free breathing coronary MR angiography using a gadolinium based intravascular contrast agent. Circulation 108, IV, 488
References
Burke A, Virmani R (1996) Tumors of the heart and great vessels. Atlas of tumor pathology. 3rd series, fasc 16. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Grebenc ML, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Green CE, Burke AP, Galvin JR (2002) Cardiac myxoma: imaging features in 83 patients. Radiographics 22(3):673–689
Burke AP, Virmani R (1993) Cardiac myxoma: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Clin Pathol 100:671–680
Seelos KC, Caputo GR, Carrol CL, Hricak H, Higgins CB (1992) Cine gradient refocused echo (GRE) imaging of intravascular masses: differentiation between tumor and nontumor thrombus. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:169–175
Masui T, Takahashi M, Miura K, Naito M, Tawarahara K (1995) Cardiac myxoma: identification of intratumoral hemorrhage and calcification on MR images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164:850–852
Matsuoka H, Hamada M, Honda T e al (1996) Morphologic and histologic characterization of cardiac myxomas by magnetic resonance imaging. Angiology 47:693–698
Gomes AS, Lois JF, Child JS, Brown K, Batra P (1987) Cardiac tumors and thrombus: evaluation with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149:895–899
Funari M, Fujuta N, Peck WW, Higgins CB (1991) Cardiac tumors: assessment with Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:953–958
Araoz PA, Eklund HE, Welch TJ, Breen JF (1999) CT and MR imaging of primary cardiac malignancies. RadioGraphics 19:1421–1434
Edwards FH, Hale D, Cohen A et al (1991) Primary cardiac valve tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 52:1127–1131
Puvaneswary M, Edwards JRM, Bastian BC, Khatri SK (2000) Pericardial lipoma: US, CT and MRI findings. Australas Radiology 44:321–324
Kiaffas MG, Powell AJ, Geva T (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cardiac tumor characteristics in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 89(10):1229–1233
McCallister HA, Jr (1979) Primary tumors of the heart and pericardium. Curr Probl Cardiol 4:1–51
Ceresoli FL, Ferrei AJM, Bucci E e al (1997) Primary cardiac lymphoma in immunocompetent patients: diagnostic and therapeutic management. Cancer 80:1497–1506
Chiles C, Woodard PK, Gutierriez R, Link KM (2001) Metastatic involvement of the heart and pericardium: CT and MR imaging. Radiographics 21:439–449
References
Haliloglu M, Hoffer FA, Gronemeyer SA (1999) Application of three dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MRI angiography in children Proc. Int Soc Magn Reson Med 7:1222
Vick GW (2000) Three and four-dimensional visualization of magnetic resonance imaging data sets in pediatric cardiology. Pediatr Cardiol 21:27–36
Jauhiainen T, Järvinen VM, Hekali PE (2002) Evaluation of methods for MR imaging of human right ventricular heart volumes and mass. Acta Radiol 43:587–592
Fujimoto S, Mizuno R, Nakagawa et al (1998) Estimation of the right ventricular volume and ejection fraction by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography. A validation study using magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Card Imaging 14:385–390
Fogel MA, Gupta KB, Weinberg PM et al (1995) Regional wall motion and strain analysis across stages of Fontan reconstruction by magnetic resonance tagging. Am J 269(3 Pt 2):H113.
Powell AJ, Geva T (2000) Blood flow measurement by magnetic resonance imaging in congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 21:47–58
Powell AJ, Tsai-Goodman B, Prakash A et al (2003) Comparison between phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging and invasive oximetry for quantification of atrial shunts. Am J Cardiol 91:1523–525, A9
Chernoff DM, Derugin N, Rajasinghe HA e al (1997) Measurement of collateral blood flow in a porcine model of aortic coarctation by velocity-encoded cine MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 7:557–563
Oshinski JN, Parks WJ, Markou CP et al (1996) Improved measurement of pressure gradients in aortic coarctation by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:1818–2186
Freedom cong. Heart Disease 1997: textbook of Angiocardiography. Armonk NY
Van Praagh S, Carrera ME, Sanders SP et al (1994) Mayer JE, Van Praagh R. Sinus venosus defects: unroofing of the right pulmonary veins-anatomic and echocardiographic findings and surgical treatment. Am Heart J 128:365–379
Cardiac Surgery (Kirkling/Barratt-Boyes) (1993) Churchill-Levingston
Zhu W, Cao QL, Rhodes J et al (2000) Measurement of atrial septal defect size: a comparative study between three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and the standard balloon sizing methods. Pediatr Cardiol 21:465–469
Beerbaum P, Korperich H, Esdorn H et al (2003) Atrial septal defects in pediatric patients: noninvasive sizing with cardiovascular MR imaging. Radiology 228:361–369
Arai AE, Epstein FH, Bove KE et al Visualization of aortic valve leaflet using black blood MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:771–777
Chatzimavroudis GP, Oshinski JN, Franch RH et al (1998) Quantification of the aortic regurgitant volume with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping: a clinical investigation of the importance of imaging slice location. J Heart Valve Dis 7:94–101
Nora JJ, Nora AH, Toews WH (1974) Letter: Lithium, Ebstein’s anomaly, and other congenital heart defects. Lancet 2:594–595
Choi YH, Park YK, Choe YH (1994) MR imaging of Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Am J Roentgenol 163:539–543
Geva T, Greil GF, Marshall AC et al (2002) Gadolinium-enhanced 3-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of pulmonary blood supply in patients with complex pulmonary stenosis or atresia: comparison with x-ray angiography. Circulation 106:473–478
Helbing WA, de Roos (2000) A clinical applications of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 21:70–79
Davlouros PA, Kilner PJ et al (2002) Right ventricular function in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot assessed with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: detrimental role of right ventricular outflow aneurysms or akinesia and adverse right-to-left ventricular interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:2044–2052
Christofer A Loffredo (2000) Epidemiology of cardiovascular malformation. American Journal of Medical Genetica (Semin Med Genet) 97:319–325
Liebman J, Cullum L, Belloc NB (1969) Natural history of transposition of the great arteries. Anatomy and birth and death characteristics. Circulation 40:237–262
Lorenz CH, Walker ES, Graham TP et al (1995) Right ventricular performance and mass by use of cine MRI late after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 92(9 Suppl):II233–9
Fogel MA, Hubbard A, Weinberg PM (2001) A simplified approach for assessment of intracardiac baffles and extracardiac conduits in congenital heart surgery with two-and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 142:1028–1036
Geva T, Vick GW 3rd, Wendt RE et al (1994) Role of spin echo and cine magnetic resonance imaging in presurgical planning of heterotaxy syndrome. Comparison with echocardiography and catheterization. Circulation 90:348–356
Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Fellows KE et al (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging of constant total heart volume and center of mass in patients with functional single ventricle before and after staged Fontan procedure. Am J Cardiol 72:1435–1443
Tulevski II, van der Wall EE, Groenink M et al (2002) Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging dobutamine stress in asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients with decreased cardiac reserve from congenital heart disease (complete and corrected transposition of the great arteries and subpulmonic obstruction). Am J Cardiol 89:1077–1081
Rebergen SA, Ottenkamp J, Doornbos J et al (1993) Postoperative pulmonary flow dynamics after Fontan surgery: assessment with nuclear magnetic resonance velocity mapping. Am Coll Cardiol Jan 21:123–131
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lombardi, M. et al. (2005). Heart. In: MRI of the Heart and Vessels. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0359-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0359-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0306-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0359-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)