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Human Gastrointestinal Organoid Models for Studying Microbial Disease and Cancer

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology book series (CT MICROBIOLOGY, volume 430)

Abstract

One of the major discoveries in stem cell research in the past decade embraces the development of “organs in a dish,” also known as “organoids.” Organoids are three-dimensional cellular structures derived from primary stem cells of different organ-specific cell types which are capable of self-renewal and maintenance of the parental lineages. Researchers have developed in vitro organoid models to mimic in vivo host–microbial interactions and disease. In this review, we focus on the use of gastrointestinal organoids as models of microbial disease and cancer.

Abbreviation

3D

Three dimensional

iPSC

Induced pluripotent stem cell

ESC

Embryonic stem cell

GI

Gastrointestinal

Lgr5

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5

HuNoV

Human norovirus

ZIKV

Zika virus

SPEM

Spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia

PBMCs

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

DCs

Dendritic cells

TCL

Tumor cell lysate

CD

Cluster of differentiation

MHC

Major histocompatibility complex

IEL

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

CTLA4

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4

PD-1

Program death 1

PD-L1

Program death ligand 1

RCC

Renal cell carcinoma

ATB

Ampicillin, colistin, and streptomycin

TME

Tumor microenvironment

CagA

Cytotoxin-associated gene A

TFF2

Trefoil factor 2

PMN-MDSCs

Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Slfn

Schlafen

VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor

TNFα

Tumor necrosis factor α

IL-1β

Interleukin 1β

Treg

Regulatory T cell

IL-2

Interleukin 2

ALI

Air–liquid interface

Th1/2

T helper cell ½

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Notes

Acknowledgements

We are sincerely grateful for the collaboration and support by Dr. James Wells (Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center) and Dr. Michael Helmrath (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center). This work was supported by NIH (NIAID) 5U19AI11649105 (PIs: Weiss and Wells, Project Leader 1: Zavros) and NIH R01DK083402-10 (PI: Zavros).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine-TucsonTucsonUSA
  2. 2.Department of Pharmacology and Systems PhysiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUSA
  3. 3.Merck PharmaceuticalsSan FranciscoUSA

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