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Physiology of Actinorhizal Nodules

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Prokaryotic Symbionts in Plants

Part of the book series: Microbiology Monographs ((MICROMONO,volume 8))

Abstract

Some plants live in symbiosis with N2-fixing bacteria. Frankia, a genus of soil actinomycetes, can infect roots and induce root nodules on so-called actinorhizal plants. These are about 200 species of essentially woody angiosperms belonging to eight families. The root nodule is a unique organ where the plant anatomy and metabolism has adapted to facilitate the hosting of Frankia. In exchange for carbon compounds Frankia provides plant-available nitrogen rendering the host independent of soil nitrogen. When free-living, Frankia is capable of fixing N2 for its own growth, and an important characteristic are specialized cells, so-called vesicles, where dinitrogenase can function in an aerobic environment. Among actinorhizal genera there is a broad range of anatomical and biochemical adaptations in Frankia and the host plant to enable both N2 fixation and aerobic metabolism in the root nodules. Plant and bacterial metabolism form a complex intertwined network with bacterial and plant metabolites shuttled across membranes. N2 fixation is energy costly and nodules represent strong carbon sinks. The plant provides the nodules with photosynthates mostly in the form of sucrose. Dicarboxylates are imported to Frankia to support bacterial development and N2 fixation. Ammonium is assumed to be exported from Frankia to the cytoplasm of the infected cells and converted to appropriate amino acids and amides for transport to the nitrogen sinks of the plant. The N2 fixation activity in Frankia is controlled by external factors such as the plant's photosynthetic activity, which affects the carbon supply to the nodule, and nitrogen availability in the plant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

    Tomas Persson

  2. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden

    Kerstin Huss-Danell

Authors
  1. Tomas Persson
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  2. Kerstin Huss-Danell
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Correspondence to Tomas Persson .

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Katharina Pawlowski

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Persson, T., Huss-Danell, K. (2008). Physiology of Actinorhizal Nodules. In: Pawlowski, K. (eds) Prokaryotic Symbionts in Plants. Microbiology Monographs, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7171_2008_122

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