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Antibiotic Resistance and Sanitation in India: Current Situation and Future Perspectives

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Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 91))

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat as the existing health care may become ineffective. Antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) considered as emerging contaminants are the three major components of AMR. India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics with defined daily dose (DDD) of 4,950 per 1,000 population in 2015. By 2030, therapeutic and nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in veterinary animals is projected to increase by 18%. Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in the solid and liquid waste generated enter the environment via different pathways. The major sources of antibiotics, ARB, and ARG include domestic, hospital, and pharmaceutical industry wastewater apart from the solid/liquid waste generated from veterinary and food animals. Existing conventional wastewater treatment technologies like activated sludge process (ASP) do not ensure complete removal of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs from wastewater. Similarly, the sludge generated find its way to agriculture land and eventually spread resistance in the environment. Once introduced in the environment, elimination of these contaminants is difficult. India’s action plan on AMR in 2017 regulates antibiotic use for human and animal and addresses environment AMR spread from all possible sources and containment. In 2020, the Government of India introduced discharge standard for 121 antibiotics in the effluents of bulk drug manufacturing industries, formulation industries, and common effluent treatment plant (CETP) receiving pharmaceutical wastewater.

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  1. Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India

    R. Sasikaladevi, V. Kiruthika Eswari & Indumathi M. Nambi

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  1. R. Sasikaladevi
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  2. V. Kiruthika Eswari
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  3. Indumathi M. Nambi
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Correspondence to Indumathi M. Nambi .

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  1. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal

    Célia M. Manaia

  2. University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia

    Erica Donner

  3. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal

    Ivone Vaz-Moreira

  4. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

    Peiying Hong

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Sasikaladevi, R., Kiruthika Eswari, V., Nambi, I.M. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance and Sanitation in India: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. In: Manaia, C., Donner, E., Vaz-Moreira, I., Hong, P. (eds) Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 91. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_608

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