Abstract
Many efforts have been devoted in developing technologies to remove emerging organic pollutants from freshwater systems. This chapter examined the applications of the environmental friendly technology based on fungal-mediated treatment for the degradation of ingredients in personal care products (PCPs), which are frequently detected at relevant concentrations in the aquatic environment. PCPs are daily-use products used in large quantity that includes several groups of substances (UV filters, preservatives, fragrances, etc.). Removal efficiencies reported varied significantly among different experimental set-up, organic substance, and type of fungi. The mechanisms and factors governing the degradation of PCPs by fungi, mainly white-rot fungi and their specific lignin-modifying enzymes, are reviewed and discussed. Beyond, the identification of the intermediate products and metabolites produced as well as the degradation pathways available for some PCPs are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- 1-HBT:
-
1-Hydroxybenzotriazole
- 4DHB:
-
4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
- 4-MBC:
-
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor
- ABTS:
-
2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- AOPs:
-
Advanced oxidation processes
- BP1:
-
Benzophenone 1
- BP3:
-
Benzophenone 3
- CAS:
-
Conventional activated sludge
- CLEAs:
-
Cross-linking of enzyme aggregates
- dw:
-
Dry weight
- DEET:
-
N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide
- DMP:
-
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol
- EDC:
-
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
- FBR:
-
Fluidized bed reactor
- GOD:
-
Glucose oxidase
- K m :
-
Michaelis–Menten constant
- K ow :
-
Octanol–water partition coefficient
- l.w.:
-
Lipid weight
- LIPs:
-
Lignin peroxidases
- LMEs:
-
Lignin-modifying enzymes
- MBR:
-
Membrane bioreactor
- MnPs:
-
Manganese-dependent peroxidases
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- MS/MS:
-
Tandem mass spectrometry
- NCPA:
-
N-(4-Cyanophenyl)acetohydroxamic acid
- NHA:
-
N-Hydroxyacetanilide
- OC:
-
Octocrylene
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PBR:
-
Packed bed reactor
- PCBs:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- PCPs:
-
Personal care products
- PEG:
-
Poly-(ethylene glycol)
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- TCS:
-
Triclosan
- TNT:
-
Trinitrotoluene
- TrOC:
-
Trace organic contaminant
- UV-F:
-
UV filters
- VP:
-
Versatile peroxidases
- WRF:
-
White-rot fungi
References
Jobling S, Casey D, Rodgers-Gray T, Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Pawlowski S, Baunbeck T, Turner AP, Tyler CR (2003) Comparative responses of molluscs and fish to environmental estrogens and an estrogenic effluent. Aquat Toxicol 65:205–220
Ishibashi H, Matsumura N, Hirano M, Matsuoka M, Shiratsuchi H, Ishibashi Y, Takao Y, Arizono K (2004) Effects of triclosan on the early life stages and reproduction of medaka Oryzias latipes and induction of hepatic vitellogenin. Aquat Toxicol 67:167–179
Klaschka U, Carsten von der Ohe P, Bschorer A, Krezmer S, Sengl M, Letzel M (2013) Occurrences and potential risks of 16 fragrances in five German sewage plants and their receiving waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:2456–2471
Cabeza Y, Candela L, Ronen D, Teijon G (2012) Monitoring the occurrence of emerging contaminants in treated wastewater and groundwater between 2008 and 2010. The Baix Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). J Hazard Mater 239–240:32–39
Alexander JT, Hai FI, Al-aboud T (2012) Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: current state and future potential. J Environ Manage 111:195–207
Wright JM, Schwartz J, Dockery DW (2004) The effect of disinfection by-products and mutagenic activity on birth weight and gestational duration. Environ Health Perspect 112(8):920–925
Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2009) Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological effects of organic UV-absorbing compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Trends Anal Chem 28:708–717
García-Galán MJ, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2011) Occurrence of sulfonamide residues along the Ebro river basin. Removal in wastewater treatment plants and environmental risk assessment. Environ Int 37:462–473
Gago-Ferrero P, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2011) Occurrence of multiclass UV filters in treated sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere 84:795–806
Ternes TA, Herrmann N, McDowell D, Ried A, Kampmann M, Teiser B (2003) Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Res 37:1976–1982
Gago-Ferrero P, Demeestere K, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2013) Ozonation and peroxone oxidation process of BP3 in water: kinetics, parametric study and identification of intermediate products. Sci Total Environ 443:209–217
Clara M, Strenn B, Gans O, Martınez E, Kreuzinger N, Kroiss H (2005) Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 39:4797–4807
Ikehata K, Naghashkar N, El-Din MG (2006) Degradation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by ozonation and advanced oxidation processes: a review. Ozone Sci Eng 28:353–414
Esplugas S, Bila DM, Krause LGT, Dezotti M (2007) Ozonation and advanced oxidation technologies to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water effluents. J Hazard Mater 149:631–642
Reif R, Suarez S, Omil F, Lema JM (2008) Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage. Desalination 221:511–517
García-Galán MJ, Frömel T, Müller J, González S, López R, Peschka M, Knepper T, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2012) Biodegradation studies of N4acetylsulfapyridine and N4-acetylsulfamethazine in environmental water applying mass spectrometry techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 402:2885–2896
Gao D, Du L, Yang J, Wu WM, Liang H (2010) A critical review of the application of white rot fungi to environmental pollution control. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30:70–77
Ding J, Cong J, Zhou J, Gao S (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation and extracellular enzyme secretion in agitated and stationary cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Environ Sci 20:88–93
Quintero JC, Lu-Chau TA, Moreira MT, Feijoo G, Lema JM (2007) Bioremediation of HCH present in soil by the white rot fungi Bjerkandera adusta in a slurry batch reactor. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 60:319–326
Valentın L, Lu-Chau TA, Lopez C, Feijoo G, Moreira MT, Lema JM (2007) Biodegradation of dibenzothiophene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene in a soil slurry reactor by the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. BOS55. Process Biochem 42:641–648
Cabana H, Jones JP, Agathos SN (2007) Preparation and characterization of cross-linked laccase aggregates and their application to the elimination of endocrine disrupting chemicals. J Biotechnol 132:23–31
Soares A, Jonasson K, Terrazas E, Guieysse B, Mattiasson B (2005) The ability of white-rot fungi to degrade the endocrine-disrupting compound nonylphenol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 66:719–725
Tanaka T, Yamada K, Tonosaki T, Konishi T, Goto H, Taniguchi M (2000) Enzymatic degradation of alkylphenols, bisphenol A, synthetic estrogen and phthalic ester. Water Sci Technol 42:89–95
Auriol M, Filali-Meknassi Y, Adams CD, Tyagi RD, Noguerol TN, Piña B (2008) Removal of estrogenic activity of natural and synthetic hormones from a municipal wastewater: efficiency of horseradish peroxidase and laccase from Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 70:445–452
Auriol M, Filali-Meknassi Y, Tyagi RD, Adams CD (2007) Laccase-catalyzed conversion of natural and synthetic hormones from a municipal wastewater. Water Res 41:3281–3288
Blánquez P, Guieysse B (2008) Continuous biodegradation of 17b-estradiol and17a-ethynylestradiol by Trametes versicolor. J Hazard Mater 150:459–462
Tanaka T, Tonosaki T, Nose M, Tomidokoro N, Kadomura N, Fujii T, Taniguchi M (2001) Treatment of model soils contaminated with phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals with laccase from Trametes sp. in a rotating reactor. J Biosci Bioeng 92:312–316
Eibes G, Debernardi G, Feijoo G, Moreira MT, Lema JM (2011) Oxidation of pharmaceutically active compounds by a ligninolytic fungal peroxidase. Biodegradation 22:539–550
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujillo M, Blánquez P, Vicent T, Caminal G (2010) Biodegradation of the analgesic naproxen by Trametes versicolor and identification of intermediates using HPLC-DAD-MS and NMR. Bioresour Technol 101:2159–2166
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujillo M, Cruz-Morató C, Caminal G, Vicent T (2010) Degradation of the drug sodium diclofenac by Trametes versicolor pellets and identification of some intermediates by NMR. J Hazard Mater 176:836–842
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujillo M, Cruz-Morató C, Caminal G, Vicent T (2010) White-rot fungus-mediated degradation of the analgesic ketoprofen and identification of intermediates by HPLC-DAD-MS and NMR. Chemosphere 78:474–481
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujillo M, Vicent T, Caminal G (2009) Ability of white rot fungi to remove selected pharmaceuticals and identification of degradation products of ibuprofen by Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 74:765–772
Tran NH, Urase Kusakabe O (2010) Biodegradation characteristics of pharmaceutical substances by whole fungal culture Trametes versicolor and its laccase. J Water Environ Technol 8:125–140
Accinelli C, Saccà ML, Batisson I, Fick J, Mencarelli M, Grabic R (2010) Removal of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and other selected pharmaceuticals from wastewater using a granular bioplastic formulation entrapping propagules of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Chemosphere 81:436–443
Rodarte-Morales AI, Feijoo G, Moreira MT, Lema JM (2011) Degradation of selected pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) by white-rot fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:1839–1846
Schwarz J, Aust MO, Thiele-Bruhn S (2010) Metabolites from fungal laccase-catalysed transformation of sulfonamides. Chemosphere 81:1469–1476
Hata T, Shintate H, Kawai S, Okamura H, Nishida T (2010) Elimination of carbamazepine by repeated treatment with laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. J Hazard Mater 181:1175–1178
Jelić A, Cruz-Morató C, Marco-Urrea E, Sarrà M, Pérez S, Vicent T, Petrović M, Barceló D (2012) Degradation of carbamazepine by Trametes versicolor in an air pulsed fluidized bed bioreactor and identification of intermediates. Water Res 46:955–964
Marco-Urrea E, Radjenović J, Caminal G, Petrović M, Vicent T, Barceló D (2010) Oxidation of atenolol, propranolol, carbamazepine and clofibric acid by a biological Fenton-like system mediated by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Water Res 44:521–532
Nyanhongo GS, Gübitz G, Sukyai P, Leitner C, Haltrich D, Ludwig R (2007) Oxidoreductases from Trametes spp. in biotechnology: a wealth of catalytic activity. Food Technol Biotechnol 45:250–268
Pointing SB (2001) Feasibility of bioremediation by white-rot fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:20–33
Lundell TK, Mäkelä MR, Hildén K (2010) Lignin-modifying enzymes in filamentous basidiomycetes: ecological, functional and phylogenetic review. J Basic Microbiol 50:1–16
Guillén F, Gómez-Toribio V, Martínez MJ, Martínez AT (2000) Production of hydroxyl radical by the synergistic action of fungal laccase and aryl alcohol oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 383:142–147
Bending GD, Friloux M, Walke A (2002) Degradation of contrasting pesticides by white rot fungi and its relationship with ligninolytic potential. FEMS Microbiol Lett 212:59–63
Cajthaml T, Kresinová Z, Svobodová K, Möder M (2009) Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting compounds and suppression of estrogenic activity by ligninolytic fungi. Chemosphere 75:745–750
Yang S, Hai FI, Nyghiem DL, Roddick F, Price WE (2013) Removal of trace organic contaminants by nitrifying activated sludge and whole-cell and crude enzyme extract of Trametes versicolor. Water Sci Technol 67:1216–1223
Hatakka A (1994) Lignin-modifying enzymes from selected white-rot fungi – production and role in lignin degradation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 13:125–135
Hofrichter M, Ullrich R, Pecyna MJ, Liers C, Lundell T (2010) New and classic families of secreted fungal heme peroxidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:871–897
Cullen D (1997) Recent advances on the molecular genetics of ligninolytic fungi. J Biotechnol 53:273–289
Joshi DK, Gold MH (1993) Degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:1779–1785
Michels J, Gottschalk G (1994) Inhibition of the lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene, a nearly intermediate in the degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:187–194
Wesenberg D, Kyriakides I, Agathos SN (2003) White-rot fungi and their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dye effluents. Biotechnol Adv 22:161–187
Wariishi H, Valli K, Gold MH (1992) Manganese (I1) oxidation by manganese peroxidase from the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium. Kinetic mechanism and role of chelators. J Biol Chem 267:23688–23695
Camarero S, Sarkar S, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez MJ, Martínez AT (1999) Description of a versatile peroxidase involved in natural degradation of lignin that has both Mn-peroxidase and lignin-peroxidase substrate binding sites. J Biol Chem 274:10324–10330
Mester T, Field JA (1998) Characterization of a novel manganese peroxidase-lignin peroxidase hybrid isozyme produced by Bjerkandera spp. strain BOS55 in the absence of manganese. J Biol Chem 273:15412–15417
Heinfling A, Martinez MJ, Martinez AT, Bergbauer M, Szewzyk U (1998) Purification and characterization of peroxidases from the dye-decolorizing fungus Bjerkandera adusta. FEMS Microbiol Lett 165:43–50
Thurston C (1994) The structure and function of fungal laccases. Microbiology 140:19–26
Otto B, Schlosser D (2014) First laccase in green algae: purification and characterization of an extracellular phenol oxidase from Tetracystis Aeria. Planta 240(6):1225–1236. doi:10.1007/s00425-014-2144-9
Sharma KK, Kuhad RC (2008) Laccase: enzyme revisited and function redefined. Indian J Microbiol 48(3):309–316
Reddy CA (1995) The potential for white-rot fungi in the treatment of pollutants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 6:320–328
Fakoussa RM, Hofrichter M (1999) Biotechnology and microbiology of coal degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:25–40
Rodríguez-Couto S, Toca-Herrera JL (2006) Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review. Biotechnol Adv 24:500–513
Asgher M, Bhati HN, Ashraf M, Legge RL (2008) Recent developments in biodegradation of industrial pollutants by white rot fungi and their enzyme system. Biodegradation 19:771–783
Bourbonnais R, Paice MG (1990) Oxidation of non-phenolic substrates. An expanded role for laccase in lignin biodegradation. FEBS Lett 267:99–102
Call HP, Mücke I (1997) History, overview and applications of mediated lignolytic systems, especially laccase-mediator-systems. J Biotechnol 53:163–202
Cañas AI, Camarero S (2010) Laccases and their natural mediators: biotechnological tools for sustainable eco-friendly processes. Biotechnol Adv 28(6):694–705
Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Cerniglia CE (1997) Enzymatic mechanism involved in Phenanthrene degradation by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2495–2501
Marco-Urrea E, Gabarrell X, Sarrà M, Caminal G, Vicent T, Adinarayana-Reddy C (2006) Novel aerobic perchloroethylene degradation by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Environ Sci Technol 40:7796–7802
Marco-Urrea E, Parella T, Gabarrell X, Caminal G, Vicent T, Adinarayana Reddy C (2008) Mechanistics of trichloroethylene mineralization by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 70:404–410
Bernhardt R (2006) Cytochromes P450 as versatile biocatalysts. J Biotechnol 24:128–145
Cabana H, Jones JP, Agathos SN (2007) Elimination of endocrine disrupting chemicals using white rot fungi and their lignin modifying enzymes: a review. Eng Life Sci 7:429–456
Cerniglia CE (1997) Fungal metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: past, present and future applications in bioremediation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19(5–6):324–333
Harms H, Schlosser D, Wick LY (2011) Untapped potential: exploiting fungi in bioremediation of hazardous chemicals. Nat Rev Microbiol 9(3):177–192
Pinedo-Rivilla C, Aleu J, Collado I (2009) Pollutants biodegradation by fungi. Curr Org Chem 13(12):1194–1214
Nguyen LN, Hai FI, Yang S, Kang J, Leusch FDL, Roddick F, Price WE, Nghiem LD (2014) Removal of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, UV filters, industrial chemicals and pesticides by Trametes versicolor: role of biosorption and biodegradation. Int Biodet Biodegr 88:169–175
Badia-Fabregat M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Gago-Ferrero P, Olivares A, Piña B, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D, Caminal G, Vicent T (2012) Degradation of several UV filters in a solid-state fermentation of WWTP sludge and 4-MBC in liquid medium by the ligninolytic fungus Trametes versicolor. J Environ Manage 104:114–120
Gago-Ferrero P, Badia-Fabregat M, Olivares A, Blanquez P, Piña B, Caminal G, Vicent T, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2012) Evaluation of fungal- and photo-degradation as potential treatments for the removal of sunscreens BP3 and BP1. Sci Total Environ 427–728:355–363
Mizuno H, Hirai H, Kawai S, Nishida T (2009) Removal of estrogenic activity of iso-butylparaben and N-butylparaben by laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Biodegradation 20(4):533–539
Nguyen LN, Hai FI, Yang S, Kang J, Leusch FDL, Roddick F, Price WE, Nghiem LD (2013) Removal of trace organic contaminants by an MBR comprising a mixed culture of bacteria and white-rot fungi. Bioresour Technol 143:234–241
Yang S (2012) Removal of micropollutants by a fungus-augmented membrane bioreactor. Master of Engineering - Research thesis, University of Wollongong. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3690
Blánquez P, Caminal G, Sarrà M, Vicent T (2007) The effect of HRT on the decolourisation of the grey lanaset G textile dye by Trametes versicolor. Chem Eng J 126(2–3):163–169
Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Barón E, Gago-Ferrero P, Jelić A, Llorca M, Farré M, Díaz-Cruz MS et al (2012) Removal of pharmaceuticals, polybrominated flame retardants and UV-filters from sludge by the fungus Trametes versicolor in bioslurry reactor. J Hazard Mater 233–234:235–243
Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Lucas D, Barón E, Gago-Ferrero P, Molins-Delgado D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Eljarrat E, Díaz-Cruz MS et al (2014) Re-inoculation strategies enhance the degradation of emerging pollutants in fungal bioaugmentation of sewage sludge. Bioresour Technol 168:180–189
Songulashvili G, Jiménez-Tobón GA, Jaspers C, Penninckx MJ (2012) Immobilized laccase of Cerrena unicolor for elimination of endocrine disruptor micropollutants. Fungal Biol 116:883–889
Cabana H, Alexandre C, Agathos SN, Jones JP (2009) Immobilization of laccase from the white rot fungus Coriolopsis polyzona and use of the immobilized biocatalyst for the continuous elimination of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Bioresour Technol 100:3447–3458
Taboada-Puig R, Junghanns C, Demarche P, Moreira MT, Feijoo G, Lema JM, Agathos SN (2011) Combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates from versatile peroxidase and glucose oxidase: production, partial characterization and application for the elimination of endocrine disruptors. Bioresour Technol 102:6593–6599
Kim YJ, Nicell JA (2006) Laccase catalysed oxidation of aqueous triclosan. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1344–1352
Garcia HA, Hoffman CM, Kinney KA, Lawler DF (2011) Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of oxybenzone in municipal wastewater primary effluent. Water Res 45(5):1921–1932
Tran NH, Hu J, Urase T (2013) Removal of the insect repellent N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by laccase-mediated systems. Bioresour Technol 147:667–671
Cabana H, Jiwan JLH, Rozenberg R, Elisashvili V, Penninckx M, Agathos SN, Jones JP (2007) Elimination of endocrine disrupting chemicals nonylphenol and bisphenol A and personal care product ingredient triclosan using enzyme preparation from the white rot fungus Coriolopsis polyzona. Chemosphere 67:770–778
Eibes G, López C, Moreira MT, Feijoo G, Lema JM (2007) Strategies for the design and operation of enzymatic reactors for the degradation of highly and poorly soluble recalcitrant compounds. Biocatal Biotrans 25:260–268
Bornscheuer UT (2003) Immobilizing enzymes: how to create more suitable biocatalysts? Angew Chem Int Ed 42:3336–3337
Coniglio A, Galli C, Gentili P, Vadalà R (2008) Oxidation of amides by laccase generated aminoxyl radicals. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 50:40–49
Yang S, Hai FI, Nghiem LD, Price WE, Roddick F, Moreira MT, Magram SF (2013) Understanding the factors controlling the removal of trace organic contaminants by white-rot fungi and their lignin-modifying enzymes: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 141:97–108
d’Acunzo F, Galli C, Gentili P, Sergi F (2006) Mechanistic and steric issues in the oxidation of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds by laccase or laccase mediator systems. The case of bifunctional substrates. New J Chem 30:583–591
Baldrian P (2003) Interactions of heavy metals with white-rot fungi. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:78–91
Hundt K, Martin D, Hammer E, Jonas U, Kindermann MK, Schauer F (2000) Transformation of triclosan by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4157–4160
Rüdel H, Böhmer W, Müller M, Fliedner A, Ricking M, Teubner D, Schröter-Kermani C (2013) Retrospective study of triclosan and methyl-triclosan residues in fish and suspended particulate matter: results from the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Chemosphere 91:1517–1524
Buser HR, Müller MD, Balmer ME, Poiger T, Buerge IJ (2005) Stereoisomer composition of the chiral UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor in environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol 39:3013–3019
Acknowledgements
This work has been financially supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Group “2014 SGR 418 – Water and Soil Quality Unit”).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Díaz-Cruz, M.S., Gago-Ferrero, P., Badia-Fabregat, M., Caminal, G., Vicent, T., Barceló, D. (2014). Fungal-Mediated Biodegradation of Ingredients in Personal Care Products. In: Díaz‐Cruz, M., Barceló, D. (eds) Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 36. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_329
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_329
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18808-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18809-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)