Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tissue Metabolism of Glucocorticoids: New Controls of Cognitive Function and the Stress Response

  • Chapter
PTSD

  • 2751 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agarwal AK et al. (1989) Cloning and expression of rat cDNA encoding corticosteroid 11 dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 264:18939–18943

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajilore OA, Sapolsky RM (1999) In vivo characterization of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat hippocampus using glucocorticoid neuroendangerment as an endpoint. Neuroendocrinology 69:138–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberts P et al. (2002) Selective inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 decreases blood glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemic mice. Diabetologia 45:1528–1532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albiston AL et al. (1994) Cloning and tissue distribution of the human 11 β-hydroxys-teroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme. Mol Cell Endo 105:R11–R17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amelung D et al. (1953) Conversion of cortisone to compound F. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews RC, Rooyackers O, Walker BR (2003) Effects of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogrenase inhibitor carbenoxolone on insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:285–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai Y, Gorski RA (1968) Critical exposure time for androgenization of the developing hypothalamus in the female rat. Endocrinology 82:1010–1014

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barf T et al. (2002) Arylsulfonamidothiazoles as a new class of potential antidiabetic drugs. Discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Med Chem 45:3813–3815

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker DJP (1994) Mothers, babies and disease in later life. BMJ Publishing Group, London, p 180

    Google Scholar 

  • Beitens IZ et al. (1973) The metabolic clearance rate, blood production, interconversion and transplacental passage of cortisol and cortisone in pregnancy near term. Pediatr Res 7:509–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Benediktsson R et al. (1993) Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: a new model for adult hypertension. Lancet 341:339–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benediktsson R et al. (1995) Fetal osteocalcin levels are related to placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Clin Endocrinol 42:551–555

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benediktsson R et al. (1997) Placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 is the placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids: ex vivo studies. Clin Endocrinol 46:161–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertram C et al. (2001) The maternal diet during pregnancy programs altered expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: potential molecular mechanisms underlying the programming of hypertension in utero. Endocrinology 142:2841–2853

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohn MC, Lauder JM (1978) The effects of neonatal hydrocortisone on rat cerebellar development: an autoradiographic and light microscopic study. Dev Neurosci 1:250–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohn MC, Lauder JM (1980) Cerebellar granule cell genesis in hydrocortisone-treated rat. Dev Neurosci 3:81–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RW et al. (1993) Human placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: partial purification of and evidence for a distinct NAD-dependent isoform. Endocrinology 132:2614–2621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RW et al. (1996a) The ontogeny of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression reveal intricate control of glucocorticoid action in development. Endocrinology 137:794–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RW et al. (1996b) Isolation and cloning of human placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 cDNA. Biochem J 313:1007–1017

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bujalska I, Kumar S, Stewart PM (1997) Central obesity: “Cushing’s disease of the omentum”. Lancet 349:1210–1213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalani A et al. (1993) Progeny of mothers drinking corticosterone during lactation has lower stress-induced corticosterone secretion and better cognitive performance. Brain Res 624:209–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark PM et al. (1996) Size at birth and adrenocortical function in childhood. Clin Endocrinol 45:721–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleasby ME et al. (2003) Programming of rat muscle and fat metabolism by in utero overexposure to glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 144:999–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole TJ et al. (1995) Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell-development and severely retards lung maturation. Genes Dev 9:1608–1621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cratty MS et al. (1995) Prenatal stress increases corticotropin-releasing factor (Crf) content and release in rat amygdala minces. Brain Res 675:297–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dave-Sharma S et al. (1998) Extensive personal experience — examination of genotype and phenotype relationships in 14 patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2244–2254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean F, Matthews S (1999) Maternal dexamethasone treatment in late gestation alters glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in the fetal guinea pig brain. Brain Res 846:253–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz R et al. (1995) Prenatal corticosterone increases spontaneous and d-amphetamine induced locomotor activity and brain dopamine metabolism in prepubertal male and female rats. Neuroscience 66:467–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz R, Brown RW, Seckl JR (1996) Corticosteroid receptors and 11β-hydroxyster-oid dehydrogenases; crucial regulators of glucocorticoid action during fetal brain development. In Grauer E, Ben-Nathan D, Levy A (Eds) Proceedings 40th Oholo Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz R, Fuxe K, Ogren SO (1997) Prenatal corticosterone treatment induces long-term changes in spontaneous and apomorphine-mediated motor activity in male and female rats. Neuroscience 81:129–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz R, Brown RW, Seckl JR (1998) Ontogeny of mRNAs encoding glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in prenatal rat brain development reveal complex control of glucocorticoid action. J Neurosci 18:2570–2580

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodic M et al. (2002) No evidence for HPA reset in adult sheep with high blood pressure due to short prenatal exposure to dexamethasone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282:R343–R350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle LW et al. (2000) Antenatal corticosteroid therapy and blood pressure at 14 years of age in preterm children. Clin Sci 98:137–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draper N et al. (2003) Mutations in the genes encoding 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase interact to cause cortisone reductase deficiency. Nat Genet 34:434–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duperrex H et al. (1993) Rat liver 11β-hydoxysteroid dehydrogenase cDNA encodes oxoreductase activity in a mineralocorticoid-responsive toad bladder cell line. Endocrinology 132:612–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards CRW et al. (1993) Dysfunction of the placental glucocorticoid barrier: a link between the foetal environment and adult hypertension? Lancet 341:355–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Encio IJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD (1991) The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 266:7182–7188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman S, Weidenfeld J (1998) The excitatory effects of the amygdala on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses are mediated by hypothalamic norepinephrine, serotonin, and CRF-41. Brain Res Bull 45:389–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French NP et al. (1998) Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: behaviour outcomes in a regional population of very preterm infants. Pediatr Res 43:214A (Abstract no. 1252)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French NP et al. (1999) Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:114–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frye CA et al. (2004) Progesterone enhances motor, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-depressive behavior of wild-type mice, but not those deficient in type 1 5 alpha-reductase. Brain Res 1004:116–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fumagalli F et al. (1996) Expression of mRNA coding for the serotonin transporter in aged vs. young rat brain: differential effects of glucocorticoids. Brain Res 719:225–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe K et al. (1985) Mapping of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactive neurons in the rat tel-and diencephalon using a monoclonal antibody against rat liver glucocorticoid receptor. Endocrinology 117:1803–1812

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Sanchez EP (1986) Intracerebroventricular infusion of aldosterone induces hypertension in rats. Endocrinology 118:819–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE (1992) Central hypertensinogenic effects of glycyrrhizic acid and carbenoxolone. Am J Physiol 263:E1125–E1130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Sanchez EP, Fort CM, Thwaites D (1990) Icv infusion of corticosterone antagonises icv-aldosterone hypertension. Am J Physiol XX:E649–E653

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosser BI (1966) 11β-hydroxysteroid metabolism by mouse brain and glioma 261. J Neurochem 13:475–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grosser BI, Axelrod LR (1968) Conversion of cortisol to cortisol acetate, cortisone acetate and cortisone by the developing primate brain. Steroids 11:827–836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris HJ et al. (2001) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 null mice have altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: a novel control of glucocorticoid feedback. Endocrinology 142:114–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins P et al. (2000) Cardiovascular and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis development in late gestation fetal sheep and young lambs following modest maternal nutrient restriction in early gestation. Reprod Fertil Dev 12:443–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes MC, Welberg LA, Seckl JR (2002) Early life programming of the brain by glucocorticoids. 5th International Congress of Neuroendocrinology, Bristol, UK. September 2002, p S57

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang WL et al. (1999) Effect of corticosteroids on brain growth in fetal sheep. Obstet Gynecol 94:213–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang WL et al. (2001a) Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astrocyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci 19:487–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang WL et al. (2001b) Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays myelination of the corpus callosum in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci 19:415–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hundertmark S et al. (1995) Correlation of surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the fetal lung. Endocrinology 136:2573–2578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson A et al. (1999) Apparent cortisone reductase deficiency: a functional defect in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3570–3574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson PM et al. (1995) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is an exclusive 11β-reductase in primary cultured rat hepatocytes: effect of physicochemical and hormonal manipulations. Endocrinology 136:4754–4761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson PM, Fuchs E, Seckl J (1997) Chronic psycho-social stress attenuates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the hippocampus and liver in the tree-shrew. Stress 2:123–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson PM, Chapman KE, Seckl JR (1999) Tissue-and temporal-specific regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by glucocorticoids in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 68:245–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson PM et al. (2000) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a predominant 11β-reductase in the intact perfused rat liver. J Endocrinol 165:685–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins BD, Pullen CB, Darimont BD (2001) Novel glucocorticoid receptor coactivator effector mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab 12:122–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone HA et al. (2000) Attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress responses in late pregnancy: changes in feedforward and feedback mechanisms. J Neuroendocrinol 12:811–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitraki E, Kittas C, Stylianopoulou F (1997) Glucocorticoid receptor gene expression during rat embryogenesis. An in situ hybridization study. Differentiation 62:21–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemcke HG (1995) Placental metabolism of cortisol at mid-and late gestation in swine. Biol Reprod 53:1293–1301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER (1991) Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostatic control. Front Neuroendocrinol 12:95–164

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER (2004) Hormones and the stressed brain. Stress: Current Neuroendocrine and Genetic Approaches XX: 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER, Wallach G, McEwen BS (1975) Differences in corticosterone and dexamethasone binding to rat brain and pituitary. Endocrinology 96:598–609

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig JI, Kirkpatrick B, Lee P (2002) Glucocorticoid hormones and early brain development in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:309–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korte SM (2001) Corticosteroids in relation to fear, anxiety and psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25:117–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotelevtsev Y et al. (1997) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice show attenuated glucocorticoid inducible responses and resist hyperglycaemia on obesity or stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14924–14929

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotelevtsev Y et al. (1999) Hypertension in mice lacking 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Clin Invest 103:683–689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmi V, Monder C (1988) Purification and characterisation of the corticosteroid 11β-dehydrogenase component of the rat liver 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase complex. Endocrinology 123:2390–2398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmi V et al. (1991) Regional distribution of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain. Endocrinology 128:1741–1748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landfield PW, Waymire J, Lynch G (1978) Hippocampal aging and adrenocorticoids: a quantitative correlation. Science 202:1098–1102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley-Evans SC (1997) Hypertension induced by foetal exposure to a maternal low-protein diet, in the rat, is prevented by pharmacological blockade of maternal glucocorticoid synthesis. J Hypertens 15:537–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley-Evans SC, Gardner DS, Jackson AA (1996a) Maternal protein restriction influences the programming of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Nutr 126:1578–1585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley-Evans SC et al. (1996b) Maternal dietary protein restriction, placental glucocorticoid metabolism and the programming of hypertension. Placenta 17:169–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine S (1957) Infantile experience and resistance to physiological stress. Science 126:405–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine S (1962) Plasma-free corticosteroid response to electric shock in rats stimulated in infancy. Science 135:795–796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt NS et al. (1996) Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 64:412–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt NS et al. (2000) Impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood pressure in low birth weight, non-obese young South African adults: early programming of the cortisol axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4611–4618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay RS et al. (1996a) Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in pregnant rats and the programming of blood pressure in the offspring. Hypertension 27:1200–1204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay RS et al. (1996b) Programming of glucose tolerance in the rat: role of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Diabetologia 39:1299–1305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D et al. (1997) Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 277:1659–1662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Low SC et al. (1994a) Liver-type 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase cDNA encodes reductase not dehydrogenase activity in intact mammalian COS-7 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 13:167–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Low SC et al. (1994b) Glucocorticoids and chronic stress up-regulate 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and gene expression in the hippocampus. J Neuroendocrinol 6:285–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur BA et al. (1982) School progress and cognitive development of 6-year-old children whose mothers were treated antenatally with betamethasone. Pediatrics 70:99–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maccari S et al. (1995) Adoption reverses the long-term impairment in glucocorticoid feedback induced by prenatal stress. J Neurosci 15:110–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick J et al. (2000) 5′-heterogeneity of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA is tissue-specific; differential regulation of variant promoters by early life events. Mol Endocrinol 14:506–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (1999) Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:105–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2003) Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biol Psychiatry 54:200–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS et al. (1986) Aldosterone effects on salt appetite in adrenalectomised rats. Neuroendocrinology 43:38–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes KJ et al. (2004) 5 alpha-reduced glucocorticoids, novel endogenous activators of the glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 279:22908–22912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMullen S et al. (2004) Alterations in placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD) activities and fetal cortisol: cortisone ratios induced by nutritional restriction prior to conception and at defined stages of gestation in ewes. Reproduction 127:717–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McTernan CL et al. (2001) Reduced placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 mRNA levels in human pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction: an analysis of possible mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4979–4983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahendroo M et al. (1997) Fetal death in mice lacking 5alpha-reductase type 1 caused by estrogen excess. Mol Endocrinol 11:917–927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuzaki H et al. (2001) A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 294:2166–2170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuzaki H et al. (2003) Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice. J Clin Invest 112:83–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews SG (1998) Dynamic changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in the developing guinea pig brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 107:123–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews SG (2002) Early programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 130:373–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattsson C et al. (2003) Reduced mineralocorticoid receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in hippocampus of Zucker fat rats; mechanisms for altered feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obesity. Endocrinology (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ et al. (1988) Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science 239:766–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ et al. (1989) Neonatal handling alters adrenocortical negative feedback sensitivity and hippocampal type II glucocorticoid receptor binding in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 50:597–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ et al. (1992) Basal ACTH, corticosterone and corticosterone-binding globulin levels over the diurnal cycle, and hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in young and aged, handled and non-handled rats. Neuroendocrinology 55:204–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ et al. (1995) Individual differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in later life and hippocampal aging. Exp Gerontol 30:229–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ et al. (1996) Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical responses to stress. Dev Neurosci 18:49–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ et al. (2000) Postnatal handling increases the expression of cAMP-inducible transcription factors in the rat hippocampus: the effects of thyroid hormones and serotonin. J Neurosci 20:3926–3935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JS (1983) Early adrenalectomy stimulates subsequent growth and development of the rat brain. Exp Neurol 82:432–446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JB et al. (1990) Serotonin regulates type II corticosteroid receptor binding in hippocampal cell cultures. J Neurosci 10:1745–1752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyabo S, Kishida S, Hisada T (1973) Metabolism and conjugation of cortisol by various dog tissues in vitro. J Steroid Biochem 4:567–576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moisan M-P et al. (1990) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger ribonuceic acid expression, bioactivity and immunoreactivity in rat cerebellum. J Neuroendocrinol 2:853–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moisan M-P, Seckl JR, Edwards CRW (1990) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase bioactivity and messenger RNA expression in rat forebrain: localization in hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex. Endocrinology 127:1450–1455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton NM et al. (2001) Improved lipid and lipoprotein profile, hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 null mice. J Biol Chem 276:41293–41300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mune T et al. (1995) Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nat Genet 10:394–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy VE et al. (2002) Reduced 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity is associated with decreased birth weight centile in pregnancies complicated by asthma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1660–1668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano A et al. (1998) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipocytes: expression is differentiation-dependent and hormonally-regulated. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 64:251–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitabach MN, Schulkin J, Epstein A (1989) The medial amygdala is part of a mineralocorticoid-sensitive circuit controlling NaCl ingestion in the rat. Behav Brain Res 35:159–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyirenda MJ et al. (1998) Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation permanently programmes rat hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucocorticoid receptor expression and causes glucose intolerance in adult offspring. J Clin Invest 101:2174–2181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozols J (1995) Lumenal orientation and post-translational modification of the liver microsomal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 270:2305–2312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson J et al. (2004) Metabolic syndrome without obesity: hepatic over-expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:7088–7093

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson NA, Chaikoff IL, Jones C (1965) The in vitro conversion of cortisol to cortisone by subcellular brain fractions of young and adult rats. J Neurochem 12:273–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillipou G, Palermo M, Shackleton C (1996) Apparent cortisone reductase deficiency; a unique form of hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3855–3860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips DIW et al. (1998) Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations: an explanation for the relationship between low birthweight and adult cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:757–760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips DIW et al. (2000) Low birth weight predicts elevated plasma cortisol concentrations in adults from 3 populations. Hypertension 35:1301–1306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJF et al. (2004) Glucocorticoid-related genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Mol Genet 13:47–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan V, Edwards CRW, Seckl JR (1996) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in cultured hippocampal cells reactivates inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone, potentiating neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 16:65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds RM et al. (2001) Altered control of cortisol secretion in adult men with low birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:245–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reznikov AG, Nosenko ND, Tarasenko LV (2004) Early postnatal effects of prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids on testosterone metabolism and biogenic monoamines in discrete neuroendocrine regions of the rat brain. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 138:169–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robson AC et al. (1998) Expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the postnatal and adult rat brain. Mol Brain Res 61:1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson FM, Kayes K, White PC (1996) No correlation in human placenta between activity or mRNA for the K (type 2) isozyme of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and fetal or placental weight. Tenth International Congress of Endocrinology Abstracts Pl-231:193

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson FM, Kayes KM, White PC (1997) Variation in placental type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is not related to birth weight or placental weight. Mol Cell Endocrinol 128:103–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roland BL, Li KXZ, Funder JW (1995) Hybridization histochemical localization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in rat brain. Endocrinology 136:4697–4700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai RR et al. (1990) Colocalization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat brain. Soc Neurosci Abstr XX:7773

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai RR et al. (1992) Immunocytochemical localisation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in hippocampus and other brain regions of the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 4:101–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep T et al. (2004) Effects of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition on cognitive function in healthy elderly men and patients with type 2 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6734–6739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR (1997) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the brain: a novel regulator of glucocorticoid action? Front Neuroendocrinol 18:49–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR (2004a) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: changing glucocorticoid action. Curr Opin Pharmacol 4:597–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR (2004b) Prenatal glucocorticoids and long-term programming. Eur J Endocrinol 151:U49–U62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR, Walker BR (2001) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action. Endocrinology 142:1371–1376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR, Walker BR (2004) 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as a modulator of glucocorticoid action: from metabolism to memory. Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:418–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR, Kelly PAT, Sharkey J (1991) Glycyrrhetinic acid, an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, alters local cerebral glucose utilization in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 39:777–779

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR et al. (1993) The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid affects corticosteroid feedback regulation of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing peptides. J Endocrinol 136:471–477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seckl JR et al. (2004) Glucocorticoids and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in adipose tissue. Recent Prog Horm Res XX:359–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shams M et al. (1998) 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human pregnancy and reduced expression in intrauterine growth retardation. Hum Reprod 13:799–804

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sholiton LJ, Werk EE Jr, MacGee J (1965) Metabolism of cortisol-4-14C and cortisone-4-14C by rat brain homogenates. Metab Clin Exp 14:1122–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloboda DM et al. (2002) The effect of prenatal betamethasone administration on postnatal ovine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. J Endocrinol 172:71–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slotkin TA et al. (1996) Programming of brainstem serotonin transporter development by prenatal glucocorticoids. Dev Brain Res 93:155–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloviter RS et al. (1989) Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy. Science 243:535–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smythe JW, Rowe WB, Meaney MJ (1994) Neonatal handling alters serotonin (5-HT) turnover and 5-HT2 receptor binding in selected brain regions: relationship to the handling effect on glucocorticoid receptor expression. Dev Brain Res 80:183–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart PM, Krozowski ZS (1999) 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitam Horm 57:249–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart PM et al. (1987) Mineralocorticoid activity of liquorice: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency comes of age. Lancet ii:821–824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart PM et al. (1990) Mineralocorticoid activity of carbenoxolone: contrasting effects of carbenoxolone and liquorice on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in man. Clin Sci 78:49–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart PM, Murry BA, Mason JI (1994) Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human fetal tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1529–1532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart PM, Rogerson FM, Mason JI (1995) Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger RNA and activity in human placenta and fetal membranes: its relationship to birth weight and putative role in fetal steroidogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:885–890

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thigpen AE et al. (1993) Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5-alpha-reduc-tase isozyme expression. J Clin Invest 92:903–910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomassin H et al. (2001) Glucocorticoid-induced DNA demethylation and gene memory during development. EMBO J 20:1974–1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres JM, Ortega E (2003) Differential regulation of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes expression by androgens in the adult rat brain. FASEB J 17:1428–1433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trautman PD et al. (1995) Effects of early prenatal dexamethasone on the cognitive and behavioral development of young children: results of a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20:439–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tronche F et al. (1999) Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety. Nat Genet 23:99–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulick S et al. (1979) A syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess associated with defects in the peripheral metabolism of cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:757–764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venihaki MA et al. (2000) Circadian rise in maternal glucocorticoid prevents pulmonary dysplasia in fetal mice with adrenal insufficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7336–7341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vreugdenhil E, de Kloet ER (1998) Corticosteroid hormones and neuronal vulnerability: towards identification of candidate vulnerability genes. Prog Brain Res 117:9–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker BR et al. (1992) Mineralocorticoid excess and inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 37:483–492

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker BR et al. (1995) Carbenoxolone increases hepatic insulin sensitivity in man: a novel role for 11-oxosteroid reductase in enhancing glucocorticoid receptor activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3155–3159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver I et al. (2004) Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 7:847–854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock M (2001) Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Prog Neurobiol 65:427–451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welberg LAM, Seckl JR (2001) Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids and the programming of the brain. J Neuroendocrinol 13:113–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welberg LAM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2000) Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the feto-placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids, permanently programs amygdala glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression and anxiety-like behavior in the offspring. Eur J Neurosci 12:1047–1054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welberg LAM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2001) Prenatal glucocorticoid programming of brain corticosteroid receptors and corticotrophin-releasing hormone: possible implications for behaviour. Neuroscience 104:71–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yau JLW, Noble J, Seckl JR (1997a) Site-specific regulation of corticosteroid and serotonin receptor subtype gene expression in the rat hippocampus following methylenedioxymethamphetamine: role of corticosterone and serotonin. Neuroscience 78:111–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yau JLW et al. (1997b) Impact of adrenalectomy on 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus. Mol Brain Res 45:182–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yau JLW et al. (2001) Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4716–4721

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh T et al. (2004) Outcomes at school age after postnatal dexamethasone therapy for lung disease of prematurity. N Engl J Med 350:1304–1313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yongue BG, Roy EJ (1987) Endogenous aldosterone and corticosterone in brain cell nuclei of adrenal-intact rats: regional distribution and effects of physiological variations in serum steroids. Brain Res 436:49–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrinology Unit, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH 16 4TJ, UK

    Jonathan R. Seckl

Authors
  1. Jonathan R. Seckl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan

    Nobumasa Kato M.D.

  2. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan

    Mitsuhiro Kawata M.D.

  3. Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Room 2616, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA

    Roger K. Pitman M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Tokyo

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seckl, J.R. (2006). Tissue Metabolism of Glucocorticoids: New Controls of Cognitive Function and the Stress Response. In: Kato, N., Kawata, M., Pitman, R.K. (eds) PTSD. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-29567-4_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation