Abstract
This chapter aims to give radiologists guidelines for the evaluation of patients with oral cavity neoplasms. We propose a structured approach for assessing and reporting imaging studies, and provide background information, tips, and tricks that facilitate the approach. In addition, we elaborate on possible diagnoses alternative to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that may be suggested based on imaging findings. The final part is dedicated to anatomical landmarks that are useful for the evaluation of imaging studies. The chapter tries to facilitate clinical work based on relevant and up-to-date background information and current state-of-the-art medicine for both specialized and non-specialized radiologists reporting head and neck studies. We emphasize that we did not try to be comprehensive with respect to anatomy, pathology, and other background information. General epidemiological data on head and neck cancer, including oral cavity, are discussed in the introduction chapter of this book.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd El-Hafez YG, Chen CC, Ng SH, Lin CY, Wang HM, Chan SC, Chen IH, Huan SF, Kang CJ, Lee LY, Lin CH, Liao CT, Yen TC (2011) Comparison of PET/CT and MRI for the detection of bone marrow invasion in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Oral Oncol 47(4):288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.02.010
Abdel Razek AAK, Mukherji SK (2018) Imaging of minor salivary glands. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 28(2):295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2018.01.008
Alhilali L, Reynolds AR, Fakhran S (2014) Osteoradionecrosis after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: differentiation from recurrent disease with CT and PET/CT imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(7):1405–1411. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3879
Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, Washington MK, Gershenwald JE, Compton CC, Hess KR, Sullivan DC, Jessup JM, Brierley JD, Gaspar LE, Schilsky RL, Balch CM, Winchester DP, Asare EA, Madera M, Gress DM, Meyer LR (2017) AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer
Andreasen S, Bjorndal K, Agander TK, Wessel I, Homoe P (2016) Tumors of the sublingual gland: a national clinicopathologic study of 29 cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 273(11):3847–3856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-4000-y
Dankbaar JW, Pameijer FA, Hendrikse J, Schmalfuss IM (2018) Easily detected signs of perineural tumour spread in head and neck cancer. Insights Imaging 9(6):1089–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-018-0672-8
de Bree R, van der Putten L, Brouwer J, Castelijns JA, Hoekstra OS, Leemans CR (2009) Detection of locoregional recurrent head and neck cancer after (chemo)radiotherapy using modern imaging. Oral Oncol 45(4–5):386–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.10.015
Denaro N, Russi EG, Merlano MC (2018) Pros and cons of the new edition of TNM classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology 95(4):202–210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490415
Dirven R, Ebrahimi A, Moeckelmann N, Palme CE, Gupta R, Clark J (2017) Tumor thickness versus depth of invasion – analysis of the 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging for oral cancer. Oral Oncol 74:30–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.09.007
Driessen JP, van Kempen PM, van der Heijden GJ, Philippens ME, Pameijer FA, Stegeman I, Terhaard CH, Janssen LM, Grolman W (2015) Diffusion-weighted imaging in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: a systematic review. Head Neck 37(3):440–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23575
Garcia MR, Passos UL, Ezzedine TA, Zuppani HB, Gomes RL, Gebrim EM (2015) Postsurgical imaging of the oral cavity and oropharynx: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 35(3):804–818. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2015140077
Gou L, Yang W, Qiao X, Ye L, Yan K, Li L, Li C (2018) Marginal or segmental mandibulectomy: treatment modality selection for oral cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.07.019
Gouw ZAR, Jasperse B, Sonke JJ, Heemsbergen WD, Navran A, Hamming-Vrieze O, Paul de Boer J, van den Brekel MWM, Al-Mamgani A (2017) A predictive model for residual disease after (chemo) radiotherapy in oropharyngeal carcinoma: combined radiological and clinical evaluation of tumor response. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 6:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctro.2017.07.002
Gu DH, Yoon DY, Park CH, Chang SK, Lim KJ, Seo YL, Yun EJ, Choi CS, Bae SH (2010) CT, MR, (18)F-FDG PET/CT, and their combined use for the assessment of mandibular invasion by squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Acta Radiol 51(10):1111–1119. https://doi.org/10.3109/02841851.2010.520027
Hegde P, Roy S, Shetty T, Prasad BR, Shetty U (2017) Tumor infiltration depth as a prognostic parameter for nodal metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 7(4):252–257. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_66_17
Hermans R (2003) Imaging of mandibular osteoradionecrosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 13(3):597–604
Ho AS, Tsao GJ, Chen FW, Shen T, Kaplan MJ, Colevas AD, Fischbein NJ, Quon A, Le QT, Pinto HA, Fee WE Jr, Sunwoo JB, Sirjani D, Hara W, Yao M (2013) Impact of positron emission tomography/computed tomography surveillance at 12 and 24 months for detecting head and neck cancer recurrence. Cancer 119(7):1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27892
Huang SH, Chien CY, Lin WC, Fang FM, Wang PW, Lui CC, Huang YC, Hung BT, Tu MC, Chang CC (2011) A comparative study of fused FDG PET/MRI, PET/CT, MRI, and CT imaging for assessing surrounding tissue invasion of advanced buccal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 36(7):518–525. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e318217566f
Jin N, Deng J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Lu G, Omary RA, Larson AC (2011) Targeted single-shot methods for diffusion-weighted imaging in the kidneys. J Magn Reson Imaging 33(6):1517–1525. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22556
Keberle M, Kenn W, Tschammler A, Wittenberg G, Hilgarth M, Hoppe F, Hahn D (1999) Current value of double-contrast pharyngography and of computed tomography for the detection and for staging of hypopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and supraglottic tumors. Eur Radiol 9(9):1843–1850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003300050933
Larson DB, Towbin AJ, Pryor RM, Donnelly LF (2013) Improving consistency in radiology reporting through the use of department-wide standardized structured reporting. Radiology 267(1):240–250. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12121502
Law CP, Chandra RV, Hoang JK, Phal PM (2011) Imaging the oral cavity: key concepts for the radiologist. Br J Radiol 84(1006):944–957. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/70520972
Lenz M, Hermans R (1996) Imaging of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Part II: Pathology. Eur Radiol 6(4):536–549
Lodder WL, Teertstra HJ, Tan IB, Pameijer FA, Smeele LE, van Velthuysen ML, van den Brekel MW (2011) Tumour thickness in oral cancer using an intra-oral ultrasound probe. Eur Radiol 21(1):98–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-010-1891-7
Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, O’Sullivan B, Brandwein MS, Ridge JA, Migliacci JC, Loomis AM, Shah JP (2017) Head and neck cancers—major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin 67(2):122–137. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21389
Mukherji SK, Pillsbury HR, Castillo M (1997) Imaging squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract: what clinicians need to know. Radiology 205(3):629–646. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.205.3.9393513
Noij DP, Jagesar VA, de Graaf P, de Jong MC, Hoekstra OS, de Bree R, Castelijns JA (2017) Detection of residual head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after (chemo)radiotherapy: a pilot study assessing the value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to PET-CT using (18)F-FDG. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 124(3):296–305. e292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2017.04.011
Ojiri H, Mendenhall WM, Mancuso AA (2002) CT findings at the primary site of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma within 6-8 weeks after definitive radiotherapy as predictors of primary site control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52(3):748–754
Ong CK, Chong VF (2006) Imaging of tongue carcinoma. Cancer Imaging 6:186–193. https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2006.0029
Ryan WR, Fee WE Jr, Le QT, Pinto HA (2005) Positron-emission tomography for surveillance of head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 115(4):645–650. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000161345.23128.d4
Saito N, Nadgir RN, Nakahira M, Takahashi M, Uchino A, Kimura F, Truong MT, Sakai O (2012) Posttreatment CT and MR imaging in head and neck cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics 32(5):1261–1282; discussion 1282–1284. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.325115160
Schakel T, Hoogduin JM, Terhaard CHJ, Philippens MEP (2017) Technical Note: Diffusion-weighted MRI with minimal distortion in head-and-neck radiotherapy using a turbo spin echo acquisition method. Med Phys 44(8):4188–4193. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12363
Schakel T, Peltenburg B, Dankbaar J-W, Cardenas CE, Aristophanous M, Terhaard CHJ, Hoogduin JM, Philippens MEP (2018) Evaluation of diffusion weighted imaging for tumor delineation in head-and-neck radiotherapy by comparison with automatically segmented 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Phys Imag Radiat Oncol 5:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phro.2017.12.004
Shim SJ, Cha J, Koom WS, Kim GE, Lee CG, Choi EC, Keum KC (2010) Clinical outcomes for T1-2N0-1 oral tongue cancer patients underwent surgery with and without postoperative radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 5:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-717X-5-43
Stambuk HE, Karimi S, Lee N, Patel SG (2007) Oral cavity and oropharynx tumors. Radiol Clin North Am 45(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2006.10.010
Trotta BM, Pease CS, Rasamny JJ, Raghavan P, Mukherjee S (2011) Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: key imaging findings for staging and treatment planning. Radiographics 31(2):339–354. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.312105107
Uribe S, Rojas LA, Rosas CF (2013) Accuracy of imaging methods for detection of bone tissue invasion in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 42(6):20120346. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20120346
Vaidya AD, Pantvaidya GH, Metgudmath R, Kane SV, D’Cruz AK (2012) Minor salivary gland tumors of the oral cavity: a case series with review of literature. J Cancer Res Ther 8(Suppl 1):S111–S115. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.92224
Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F, Dirix P, Lambrecht M, Nuyts S, Hermans R (2010) Applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Neuroradiology 52(9):773–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0743-0
Zanoni DK, Patel SG, Shah JP (2019) Changes in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging of head and neck cancer: rationale and implications. Curr Oncol Rep 21(6):52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-019-0799-x
Zdanowski R, Dias FL, Barbosa MM, Lima RA, Faria PA, Loyola AM, Nascimento Souza KC (2011) Sublingual gland tumors: clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic analysis of 13 patients treated in a single institution. Head Neck 33(4):476–481. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.21469
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van der Gijp, A., Pameijer, F. (2020). Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity. In: Hermans, R. (eds) Head and Neck Cancer Imaging. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2020_226
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2020_226
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64734-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64735-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)