Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnostic Imaging of Oral Cavity Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diagnostic Imaging in Head and Neck Cancer

  • 821 Accesses

Abstract

Oral cancer is one of the universally prevalent cancer type, and squamous cell carcinomas account for more than 90%. Fundamental knowledge such as the epidemiology and etiology of the oral cancer, imaging anatomy of oral cavity, and AJCC/UICC (American Joint Committee of Cancer/International Union Against Cancer) TNM classification is needed for image interpretation. The new concept of depth of invasion in T classification and extra-nodal extension in N classification is added from AJCC/UICC 8th edition. These items will be described earlier in this chapter.

The oral cavity is divided into eight subsites (mucosal lips, oral tongue, upper alveolar ridge, lower alveolar ridge, retromolar trigone, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, and hard palate). The invasion pattern of oral cavity cancer differs depending on the primary site of involvement. The invasion pattern of oral cancer according to the primary involvement of each subsite is discussed later in this chapter. We also discuss lymph node metastasis, post-treatment imaging results, treatment complications, and recurrence in oral cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer lncidence and monality worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11. Lyon: IARC, World Health Organ; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sloan P, Gale N, Hunter K, Lingen M, Nylander K, Reibel J, et al. Tumour of the oral cavity and mobile tongue. In: Swerdlow SH, editor. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (World Health Organ Classification of Tumours). 4th ed. Lyon: lnternational Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017. p. 105–31.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kumar M, Nanavati R, Modi T, Dobariya C. Oral cancer: etiology and risk factors: a review. J Cancer Res Ther. 2016;12(2):458.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Amin MB, Edge SB. In: Amin MB, editor. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Ebrahimi A, Gil Z, Amit M, Yen T-C, Liao C-T, Chaturvedi P, et al. Primary tumor staging for oral cancer and a proposed modification incorporating depth of invasion: an international multicenter retrospective study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(12):1138–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Huang SH, Hwang D, Lockwood G, Goldstein DP, O’Sullivan B. Predictive value of tumor thickness for cervical lymph-node involvement in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a meta-analysis of reported studies. Cancer. 2009;115(7):1489–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. De Crop A, Casselman J, Van Hoof T, Dierens M, Vereecke E, Bossu N, et al. Analysis of metal artifact reduction tools for dental hardware in CT scans of the oral cavity: kVp, iterative reconstruction, dual-energy CT, metal artifact reduction software: does it make a difference? Neuroradiology. 2015;57(8):841–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hakim A, Slotboom J, Lieger O, Schlittler F, Giger R, Michel C, et al. Clinical evaluation of the iterative metal artefact reduction algorithm for post-operative CT examination after maxillofacial surgery. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2017;46(4):20160355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hirata K, Utsunomiya D, Oda S, Kidoh M, Funama Y, Yuki H, et al. Added value of a single-energy projection-based metal-artifact reduction algorithm for the computed tomography evaluation of oral cavity cancers. Jpn J Radiol. 2015;33(10):650–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fagelman D, Huang AB. Prospective evaluation of lesions of the mandible and maxilla: findings on multiplanar and three-dimensional CT. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163(3):693–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Suzuki N, Kuribayashi A, Sakamoto K, Sakamoto J, Nakamura S, Watanabe H, et al. Diagnostic abilities of 3T MRI for assessing mandibular invasion of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity: comparison with 64-row multidetector CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2019;48(4):20180311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zitsch RP, Park CW, Renner GJ, Rea JL. Outcome analysis for lip carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113(5):589–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Coppit GL, Lin DT, Burkey BB. Current concepts in lip reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12(4):281–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Murakami R, Shiraishi S, Yoshida R, Sakata J, Yamana K, Hirosue A, et al. Reliability of MRI-derived depth of invasion of oral tongue cancer. Acad Radiol. 2019;26(7):e180–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Park J-O, Jung S-L, Joo Y-H, Jung C-K, Cho K-J, Kim M-S. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of tumor invasion depth in oral/oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2011;47(5):381–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mukherji SK, Weeks SM, Castillo M, Yankaskas BC, Krishnan LA, Schiro S. Squamous cell carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity and tongue base: can CT help predict perineural or vascular invasion? Radiology. 1996;198(1):157–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Suzuki K, Shingaki S, Nomura T, Nakajima T. Oral carcinomas detected after extraction of teeth: a clinical and radiographic analysis of 32 cases with special reference to metastasis and survival. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;27(4):290–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tsue TT, McCulloch TM, Girod DA, Couper DJ, Weymuller EAJ, Glenn MG. Predictors of carcinomatous invasion of the mandible. Head Neck. 1994;16(2):116–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ebrahimi A, Murali R, Gao K, Elliott MS, Clark JR. The prognostic and staging implications of bone invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2011;117(19):4460–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Li C, Yang W, Men Y, Wu F, Pan J, Li L. Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of mandibular involvement from head and neck cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kimura Y. Oral cavity. In: Sakai O, Ojiri H, editors. CT MRI head neck. 3rd ed. Tokyo: Medical Science International; 2019. p. 465–510.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Monteiro M. Face and scalp. In: Standring S, editor. Gray’s anatomy. 40th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2008. p. 467–98.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Arya S, Rane P, Sable N, Juvekar S, Bal M, Chaukar D. Retromolar trigone squamous cell cancers: a reappraisal of 16 section MDCT for assessing mandibular invasion. Clin Radiol. 2013;68(12):e680–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. La’porte SJ, Juttla JK, Lingam RK. Imaging the floor of the mouth and the sublingual space. Radiographics. 2011;31(5):1215–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hicks WLJ, Loree TR, Garcia RI, Maamoun S, Marshall D, Orner JB, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth: a 20-year review. Head Neck. 1997;19(5):400–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ojiri H. Oral cavity. In: Ojiri H, editor. Head neck imaging. 3rd ed. Tokyo: Nankodo; 2016. p. 189–242.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Urist MM, O’Brien CJ, Soong SJ, Visscher DW, Maddox WA. Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa: analysis of prognostic factors. Am J Surg. 1987;154(4):411–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bobdey S, Sathwara J, Jain A, Saoba S, Balasubramaniam G. Squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa: an analysis of prognostic factors. South Asian J Cancer. 2018;7(1):49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Aydil U, Kızıl Y, Bakkal FK, Köybaşıoğlu A, Uslu S. Neoplasms of the hard palate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(3):619–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Noguti J, De Moura CFG, De Jesus GPP, Da Silva VHP, Hossaka TA, Oshima CTF, et al. Metastasis from oral cancer: an overview. Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2012;9(5):329–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Patel S, Sakthivel P, Singh I, Gulati A, Gupta D. Frequency of skip metastases in oral cancer: an overview. Int J Head Neck Surg. 2016;6:80–5.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lell M, Baum U, Greess H, Nomayr A, Nkenke E, Koester M, et al. Head and neck tumors: imaging recurrent tumor and post-therapeutic changes with CT and MRI. Eur J Radiol. 2000;33(3):239–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hermans R. Posttreatment imaging in head and neck cancer. Eur J Radiol. 2008;66(3):501–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Som PM, Urken ML, Biller H, Lidov M. Imaging the postoperative neck. Radiology. 1993;187(3):593–603.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hiyama T, Sekiya K, Kuno H, Oda S, Kusumoto M, Minami M, et al. Imaging of extracranial head and neck lesions in cancer patients: a symptom-based approach. Jpn J Radiol. 2019;37(5):354–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hwang I, Choi SH, Kim Y-J, Kim KG, Lee AL, Yun TJ, et al. Differentiation of recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: application of high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(12):2343–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

    Takashi Hiyama

Authors
  1. Takashi Hiyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takashi Hiyama .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Hiroya Ojiri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hiyama, T. (2020). Diagnostic Imaging of Oral Cavity Cancer. In: Ojiri, H. (eds) Diagnostic Imaging in Head and Neck Cancer. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3188-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3188-0_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3187-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3188-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation