Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Referemces
Adams, D. G. (1992). The effect of Dl-7 azatryptophan on heterocyst development in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. J. Gen. Microbiol., 138, 355–362.
Adams, D. G., and Carr, N. G. (1981). Heterocyst differentiation and cell division in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica: effect of high light intensity. J. Cell Sci., 49, 341–352.
Adams, D. G., and Carr, N. G. (1989). Control of heterocyst development in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. J. Gen. Microbiol., 135, 839–850.
Adams, D. G. and Duggan, P. S. (1999). Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria. New Phytol., 144, 3–33.
Allen, R. M., Madden, M. S., Ludden, P. W., and Shah, V. K. (1994). Biosynthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. Crit. Rev. Biotech., 14, 225–249.
Angeloni, S., and Potts, M. (1994). Analysis of the sequences within and flanking the cyanoglobin-encoding gene, glbN, of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Gene, 146, 133–134.
Arcondeguy, T., Jack, R., and Merrick, M. (2001). PII signal transduction proteins: pivotal players in microbial nitrogen control. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 65, 80–105.
Arnold, W., Rump, A., Klipp, W., Priefer, U. B., and Pühler, A. (1988). Nucleotide sequence of a 24,206-base-pair DNA fragment carrying the entire nitrogen fixation gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Mol. Biol., 203, 715–738.
Axelsson, R., and Lindblad, P. (2002). Transcriptional regulation of Nostoc hydrogenases: Effects of oxygen, hydrogen, and nickel. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 444–447.
Axelsson, R., Oxelfelt, F., and Lindblad, P. (1999). Transcriptional regulation of Nostoc uptake hydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 170, 77–81.
Baier, K., Nicklisch, S., Grundner, C., Reinecke, J., and Lockau, W. (2001). Expression of two nblA-homologous genes is required for phycobilisome degradation in nitrogen-starved Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 195, 35–39.
Bauer, C. C., Ramaswamy, K. S., Endley, S., Scappino, L. A., Golden, J. W., and Haselkorn, R. (1997). Suppression of heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena PCC 7120 by a cosmid carrying wild-type genes encoding enzymes for fatty acid synthesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 151, 23–30.
Bishop, P. E., and Joerger, R. D. (1990). Genetics and molecular biology of alternative nitrogen fixation systems. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 41, 109–125.
Bishop, P. E., and Premakumar, R. (1992). Alternative nitrogen fixation systems. In G. Stacey, R. H. Burris and H. J. Evans (Eds.), Biological nitrogen fixation (pp. 736–762). New York: Chapman and Hall.
Black, K., Buikema, W., and Haselkorn, R. (1995). The hglK gene is required for localization of heterocyst-specific glycolipids in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 177, 6440–6448.
Black, T. A., Cai, Y., and Wolk, C. P. (1993). Spatial expression and autoregulation of hetR, a gene involved in the control of heterocyst development in Anabaena. Mol. Microbiol., 9, 77–84.
Black, T. A., and Wolk, C. P. (1994). Analysis of a Het-mutation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 implicates a secondary metabolite in the regulation of heterocyst spacing. J. Bacteriol., 176, 2282–2292.
Boison, G., Bothe, H., and Schmitz, O. (2000). Transcriptional analysis of hydrogenase genes in the cyanobacteria Anacystis nidulans and Anabaena variabilis monitored by RT-PCR. Curr. Microbiol., 40, 315–21.
Brahamsha, B., and Haselkorn, R. (1991). Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the principal sigma factor of the vegetative cell RNA polymerase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 173, 2442–2450.
Brahamsha, B., and Haselkorn, R. (1992). Identification of multiple RNA polymerase sigma factor homologs in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120: cloning, expression, and inactivation of the sigB and sigC genes. J. Bacteriol., 174, 7273–7282.
Brusca, J. S., Hale, M. A., Carrasco, C. D., and Golden, J. W. (1989). Excision of an 11-kilobase-pair DNA element from within the nifD gene in Anabaena variabilis heterocysts. J. Bacteriol., 171, 4138–4145.
Bryce, T., Welti, D., Walsby, A., and Nichols, B. (1972). Monohexoside derivatives of long-chain polyhydroxy alcohols; a novel class of glycolipids specific to heterocystous algae. Phytochem., 11, 295–302.
Buikema, W. J., and Haselkorn, R. (1991). Characterization of a gene controlling heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120. Genes Develop., 5, 321–330.
Buikema, W. J., and Haselkorn, R. (1993). Molecular genetics of cyanobacterial development. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 44, 33–52.
Buikema, W. J., and Haselkorn, R. (2001). Expression of the Anabaena hetR gene from a copperregulated promoter leads to heterocyst differentiation under repressing conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 2729–2734.
Cai, Y., and Wolk, C. P. (1997). Nitrogen deprivation of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 elicits rapid activation of a gene cluster that is essential for uptake and utilization of nitrate. J. Bacteriol., 179, 258–266.
Callahan, S. M., and Buikema, W. J. (2001). The role of HetN in maintenance of the heterocyst pattern in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Mol. Microbiol., 40, 941–950.
Campbell, E. L., Cohen, M. F., and Meeks, J. C. (1997). A polyketide-synthase-like gene is involved in the synthesis of heterocyst glycolipids in Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133. Arch. Microbiol., 167, 251–258.
Campbell, E. L., Hagen, K. D., Cohen, M. F., Summers, M. L., and Meeks, J. C. (1996). The devR gene product is characteristic of receivers of two-component regulatory systems and is essential for heterocyst development in the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain ATCC 29133. J. Bacteriol., 178, 2037–2043.
Cardemil, L., and Wolk, C. P. (1976). The polysaccharides from heterocyst and spore envelopes of a blue green alga. Methylation analysis and structure of the backbones. J. Biol. Chem., 251, 2967–2975.
Cardemil, L., and Wolk, C. P. (1979). The polysaccharides from heterocyst and spore envelopes of a blue-green alga. Structure of the basic repeating unit. J. Biol. Chem., 254, 736–741.
Cardemil, L., and Wolk, C. P. (1981a). Isolated heterocysts of Anabaena variabilis synthesize envelope polysaccharide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 674, 265–276.
Cardemil, L., and Wolk, C. P. (1981b). Polysaccharides from the envelopes of heterocysts and spores of the blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis and Cylindrospermum licheniforme. J. Phycol., 17, 234–240.
Carrasco, C. D., Buettner, J. A., and Golden, J. W. (1995). Programmed DNA rearrangement of a cyano-bacterial hupL gene in heterocysts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 791–795.
Chapman, J. S., and Meeks, J. C. (1983). Glutamine and glutamate transport by Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol., 156, 122–129.
Collier, J. L., and Grossman, A. R. (1994). A small polypeptide triggers complete degradation of light-harvesting phycobiliproteins in nutrient-deprived cyanobacteria. EMBO J., 13, 1039–1047.
Cossar, J. D., Rowell, P., and Stewart, W. D. P. (1984). Thioredoxin as a modulator of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in a N2-fixing cyanobacterium. J. Gen. Microbiol., 130, 991–998.
Cumino, A., Curatti, L., Giarrocco, L., and Salerno, G. L. (2002). Sucrose metabolism: Anabaena sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase define minimal functional domains shuffled during evolution. FEBS Lett., 517, 19–23.
Cumino, A., Ekeroth, C., and Salerno, G. L. (2001). Sucrose-phosphate phosphatase from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120: isolation of the protein and gene revealed significant structural differences from the higher-plant enzyme. Planta (Berlin), 214, 250–256.
Curatti, L., Flores, E., and Salerno, G. (2002). Sucrose is involved in the diazotrophic metabolism of the heterocysts-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. FEBS Lett., 513, 175–178.
Curatti, L., Folco, E., Desplats, P., Abratti, G., Limones, V., Herrera-Estrella, L., et al. (1998). Sucrose-phosphate synthase from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: identification of the spsA gene and characterization of the enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 180, 6776–6779.
Curatti, L., Porchia, A. C., Herrera-Estrella, L., and Salerno, G. L. (2000). A prokaryotic sucrose synthase gene (susA) isolated from a filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium encodes a protein similar to those of plants. Planta (Berlin), 211, 729–735.
Dean, D. R., and Jacobson, M. R. (1992). Biochemical genetics of nitrogenase. In G. Stacey, R. H. Burris and H. J. Evans (Eds.), Biological nitrogen fixation (pp. 763–834). New York: Chapman and Hall.
Deom, C. M., Schubert, K. R., Wolf, S., Holt, C. A., Lucas, W. J., and Beachy, R. N. (1990). Molecular characterization and biological function of the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 3284–3288.
Dong, Y., Huang, X., Wu, X.-Y., and Zhao, J. (2000). Identification of the active site of HetR protease and its requirement for heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 182, 1575–1579.
Drews, G., and Weckesser, J. (1982). Function, structure and composition of cell walls and external layers. In N. G. Carr and B. A. Whitton (Eds.), The biology of cyanobacteria (pp. 333–357). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom.
Elhai, J., and Wolk, C. P. (1990). Developmental regulation and spatial pattern of expression of the structural genes for nitrogenase in the cyanobacterium Anabaena. EMBO J., 9, 3379–3388.
Ernst, A., Black, T. A., Cai, Y. P., Panoff, J. M., Tiwari, D. N., and Wolk, C. P. (1992). Synthesis of nitrogenase in mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 affected in heterocyst development or metabolism. J. Bacteriol., 174, 6025–6032.
Fadi Aldehni, M., Sauer, J., Spielhaupter, C., Schmid, R., and Forchhammer, K. (2003). Signal transduction protein P(II) is required for NtcA-regulated gene expression during nitrogen deprivation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol., 185, 2582–2591.
Fay, P. (1992). Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. Microbiol. Rev., 56, 340–373.
Fay, P., and Walsby, A. E. (1966). Metabolic activities of isolated heterocysts of the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. Nature, 209, 94–95.
Fernández-Piňas, F., Leganés, F., and Wolk, C. P. (1994). A third genetic locus required for the formation of heterocysts in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 176, 5277–5283.
Fiedler, G., Arnold, M., Hannus, S., and Maldener, I. (1998a). The DevBCA exporter is essential for envelope formation in heterocysts of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Mol. Microbiol., 27, 1193–1202.
Fiedler, G., Arnold, M., and Maldener, I. (1998b). Sequence and mutational analysis of the devBCA gene cluster encoding a putative ABC transporter in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1375, 140–143.
Fiedler, G., Muro-Pastor, A. M., Flores, E., and Maldener, I. (2001). NtcA-dependent expression of the devBCA operon, encoding a heterocyst-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter in Anabaena spp. J. Bacteriol., 183, 3795–3799.
Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (1994). Assimilatory nitrogen metabolism and its regulation. In D. Bryant (Ed.), The molecular biology of cyanobacteria (pp. 487–517). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Forchhammer, K., and Hedler, A. (1997). Phosphoprotein PII from cyanobacteria: analysis of functional conservation with the PII signal-transduction protein from Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem., 244, 869–875.
Forchhammer, K., and Tandeau de Marsac, N. (1995a). Functional analysis of the phosphoprotein PII (glnB gene product) in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol., 177, 2033–2040.
Forchhammer, K., and Tandeau de Marsac, N. (1995b). Phosphorylation of the PII protein (glnB gene product) in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942: analysis of in vitro kinase activity. J. Bacteriol., 177, 5812–5817.
Foulds, I. J., and Carr, N. G. (1977). A proteolytic enzyme degrading phycocyanin in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2, 117–119.
Frýas, J. E., Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (1994). Requirement of the regulatory protein NtcA for the expression of nitrogen assimilation and heterocyst development genes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Mol. Microbiol., 14, 823–832.
Frýas, J. E., Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (1997). Nitrate assimilation gene cluster from the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 179, 477–486.
Frýas, J. E., Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (2000). Activation of the Anabaena nir operon promoter requires both NtcA (CAP family) and NtcB (LysR family) transcription factors. Mol. Microbiol., 38, 613–625.
Frýas, J. E., Merida, A., Herrero, A., Martin-Nieto, J., and Flores, E. (1993). General distribution of the nitrogen control gene ntcA in cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol., 175, 5710–5713.
Gambacorta, A., Soriente, A., Trincone, A., and Sodano, G. (1995). Biosynthesis of the heterocyst glycolipids in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. Phytochem., 39, 771–774.
Giddings, T. H., Jr., and Staehelin, L. A. (1978). Plasma membrane architecture of Anabaena cylindrica: occurrence of microplasmodesmata and changes associated with heterocyst development and the cell cycle. Cytobiol., 16, 235–249.
Golden, J. W. (2002). PatS peptide inhibits heterocyst development and influences pattern formation in Anabaena. Biol. Environ.-Proc. Royal Irish Acad., 102B, 57–59.
Golden, J. W., Carrasco, C. D., Mulligan, M. E., Schneider, G. J., and Haselkorn, R. (1988). Deletion of a 55-kilobase-pair DNA element from the chromosome during heterocyst differentiation of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 170, 5034–5041.
Golden, J. W., Robinson, S. J., and Haselkorn, R. (1985). Rearrangement of nitrogen fixation genes during heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena. Nature, 314, 419–423.
Golden, J. W., and Wiest, D. R. (1988). Genome rearrangement and nitrogen fixation in Anabaena blocked by inactivation of xisA gene. Science, 242, 1421–1423.
Golden, J. W., and Yoon, H.-S. (1998). Heterocyst formation in Anabaena. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 1, 623–629.
Hagen, K. D., and Meeks, J. C. (1999). Biochemical and genetic evidence for participation of DevR in a phosphorelay signal transduction pathway essential for heterocyst maturation in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. J. Bacteriol., 181, 4430–4434.
Hanson, T. E., Forchhammer, K., Tandeau de Marsac, N., and Meeks, J. C. (1998). Characterization of the glnB gene product of Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133: glnB or the PII protein may be essential. Microbiol., 144, 1537–1547.
Happe, T., Schütz, K., and Böhme, H. (2000). Transcriptional and mutational analysis of the uptake hydrogenase of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. J. Bacteriol., 182, 1624–1631.
Haselkorn, R. (1998). How cyanobacteria count to 10. Science, 283, 891–892.
Hebbar, P. B., and Curtis, S. E. (2000). Characterization of devH, a gene encoding a putative DNA binding protein required for heterocyst function in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 182, 3572–3581.
Heinlein, M., Wood, M. R., Thiel, T., and Beachy, R. N. (1998). Targeting and modification of prokaryotic cell-cell junctions by tobacco mosaic virus cell-to-cell movement protein. Plant J., 14, 345–351.
Herrero, A., Muro-Pastor, A. M., and Flores, E. (2001). Nitrogen control in cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol., 183, 411–425.
Hill, D. R., Belbin, T. J., Thorsteinsson, M. V., Bassam, D., Brass, S., Ernst, A., et al. (1996). GlbN (cyanoglobin) is a peripheral membrane protein that is restricted to certain Nostoc spp. J. Bacteriol., 178, 6587–6598.
Hisbergues, M., Jeanjean, R., Joset, F., Tandeau de Marsac, N., and Bedu, S. (1999). Protein PII regulates both inorganic carbon and nitrate uptake and is modified by a redox signal in Synechocystis PCC 6803. FEBS Lett., 463, 216–220.
Holland, D., and Wolk, C. P. (1990). Identification and characterization of hetA, a gene that acts early in the process of morphological differentiation of heterocysts. J. Bacteriol., 172, 3131–3137.
Huang, T.-C., Lin, R.-F., Chu, M.-K., and Chen, H.-M. (1999). Organization and expression of nitrogen-fixation genes in the aerobic nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain RF-1. Microbiol., 145, 743–753.
Irmler, A., and Forchhammer, K. (2001). A PP2C-type phosphatase dephosphorylates the PII signaling protein in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 12978–12983.
Irmler, A., Sanner, S., Dierks, H., and Forchhammer, K. (1997). Dephosphorylation of the phospho-protein PII in Synechococcus PCC 7942: identification of an ATP and 2-oxoglutarate-regulated phosphatase activity. Mol. Microbiol., 26, 81–90.
Jiang, F., Mannervik, B., and Bergman, B. (1997). Evidence for redox regulation of the transcription factor NtcA, acting both as an activator and a repressor, in the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120. Biochem. J., 327, 513–517.
Jiang, F., Wisen, S., Widersten, M., Bergman, B., and Mannervik, B. (2000). Examination of the transcription factor NtcA-binding motif by in vitro selection of DNA sequences from a random library. J. Mol. Biol., 301, 783–793.
Johnson, T. R., Haynes, J. I., Wealand, J. L., Yarbrough, L. R., and Hirschberg, R. (1988). Structure and regulation of genes encoding phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. J. Bacteriol., 170, 1858–1865.
Jones, K. M., and Haselkorn, R. (2002). Newly identified cytochrome c oxidase operon in the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 specifically induced in heterocysts. J. Bacteriol., 184, 2491–2499.
Kaneko, T., Nakamura, Y., Wolk, C. P., Kuritz, T., Sasamoto, S., Watanabe, A., et al. (2001). Complete genomic sequence of the filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. DNA Res., 8, 205–213; 227–253.
Khudyakov, I. Y., and Golden, J. W. (2001). Identification and inactivation of three group 2 sigma factor genes in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 183, 6667–6675.
Khudyakov, I. Y., and Wolk, C. P. (1996). Evidence that the hanA gene coding for HU protein is essential for heterocyst differentiation in, and cyanophage A-4(L) sensitivity of, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 178, 3572–3577.
Khudyakov, I. Y., and Wolk, C. P. (1997). hetC, a gene coding for a protein similar to bacterial ABC protein exporters, is involved in early regulation of heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 179, 6971–6978.
Kikuchi, H., Aichi, M., Suzuki, I., and Omata, T. (1996). Positive regulation by nitrite of the nitrate assimilation operon in the cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 and Plectonema boryanum. J. Bacteriol., 178, 5822–5825.
Koksharova, O. A., and Wolk, C. P. (2002). Novel DNA-binding proteins in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 184, 3931–3940.
Lambein, F., and Wolk, C. P. (1973). Structural studies on the glycolipids from the envelope of the heterocyst of Anabaena cylindrica. Biochemistry, 12, 791–798.
Lázaro, S., Fernández-Piáas, F., Fernández-Valiente, E., Blanco-Rivero, A., and Leganés, F. (2001). pbpB, a gene coding for a putative penicillin-binding protein, is required for aerobic nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 183, 628–636.
Lee, H. M., Flores, E., Forchhammer, K., Herrero, A., and Tandeau de Marsac, N. (2000). Phosphorylation of the signal transducer PII protein and an additional effector are required for the PII-mediated regulation of nitrate and nitrite uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 591–600.
Lee, H. M., Flores, E., Herrero, A., Houmard, J., and Tandeau de Marsac, N. (1998). A role for the signal transduction protein PII in the control of nitrate/nitrite uptake in a cyanobacterium. FEBS Lett., 427, 291–295.
Lee, H. M., Vázquez-Bermúdez, M. F., and Tandeau de Marsac, N. (1999). The global nitrogen regulator NtcA regulates transcription of the signal transducer PII (GlnB) and influences its phosphorylation level in response to nitrogen and carbon supplies in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol. 181, 2697–2702.
Leganés, F. (1994). Genetic evidence that hepA gene is involved in the normal deposition of the envelope of both heterocysts and akinetes in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 123, 63–67.
Li, B., Huang, X., and Zhao, J. (2002). Expression of hetN during heterocyst differentiation and its inhibition of hetR up-regulation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. FEBS Lett., 517, 87–91.
Liang, J. H., Scappino, L., and Haselkorn, R. (1992). The patA gene product, which contains a region similar to cheY of Escherichia coli, controls heterocyst pattern formation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 5655–5659.
Liu, D., and Golden, J. W. (2002). hetL overexpression stimulates heterocyst formation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 184, 6873–6881.
Lockau, W., Massalsky, B., and Dirmeier, A. (1988). Purification and partial characterization of a calcium-stimulated protease from the cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis. Eur J. Biochem., 172, 433–438.
Lyons, E. M. and Thiel, T. (1995). Characterization of nifB, nifS, and nifU genes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis: NifB is required for the vanadium-dependent nitrogenase. J. Bacteriol., 177, 1570–1575.
Maldener, I., Fiedler, G., Ernst, A., Fernandez-Pinas, F., and Wolk, C. P. (1994). Characterization of devA, a gene required for the maturation of proheterocysts in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 176, 7543–7549.
Maldener, I., Lockau, W., Cai, Y. P., and Wolk, C. P. (1991). Calcium-dependent protease of the cyanobacterium Anabaena: molecular cloning and expression of the gene in Escherichia coli, sequencing and site-directed mutagenesis. Mol. Gen. Genet., 225, 113–120.
Masepohl, B., Schölisch, K., Görlitz, K., Kutzki, C., and Böhme, H. (1997). The heterocyst-specific fdxH gene product of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is important but not essential for nitrogen fixation. Mol. Gen. Genet., 253, 770–776.
Masukawa, H., Mochimaru, M., and Sakurai, H. (2002). Disruption of the uptake hydrogenase gene, but not of the bidirectional hydrogenase gene, leads to enhanced photobiological hydrogen production by the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech., 58, 618–624.
Meeks, J. C, and Elhai, J. (2002). Regulation of cellular differentiation in filamentous cyanobacteria in free-living and plant-associated symbiotic growth states. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 66, 94–121.
Meeks, J. C., Elhai, J., Thiel, T., Potts, M., Larimer, F., Lamerdin, J., et al. (2001). An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium. Photosyn. Res., 70, 85–106.
Meeks, J. C., Joseph, C. M., and Haselkorn, R. (1988). Organization of the nif genes in cyanobacteria in symbiotic association with Azolla and Anthoceros. Arch. Microbiol., 150, 61–71.
Meeks, J. C., Wolk, C. P., Lockau, W., Schilling, N., Shaffer, P. W., and Chien, W.-S. (1978). Pathways of assimilation of 13NH4+ by cyanobacteria with and without heterocysts. J. Bacteriol., 134, 125–130.
Meeks, J. C., Wolk, C. P., Thomas, J., Lockau, W., Shaffer, P. W., Austin, S. M., et al. (1977). The pathways of assimilation of 13NH4+ by the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. J. Biol. Chem., 252, 7894–7900.
Meeks, J. C., Wycoff, K. L., Chapman, J. S., and Enderlin, C. S. (1983). Regulation of expression of nitrate and dinitrogen assimilation by Anabaena species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45, 1351–1359.
Montesinos, M. L., Muro-Pastor, A. M., Herrero, A. and Flores, E. (1998). Ammonium/methyl-ammonium permeases of a cyanobacterium. Identification and analysis of three nitrogen-regulated amt genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 31463–31470.
Muro-Pastor, A. M., and Florencio, F. J. (1994). NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120: purification and characterization of the enzyme and cloning, sequencing, and disruption of the icd gene. J. Bacteriol., 176, 2718–2726.
Muro-Pastor, A. M., Reyes, J. C., and Florencio, F. J. (1996). The NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (icd) is nitrogen regulated in cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol., 178, 4070–4076.
Muro-Pastor, A. M., Reyes, J. C., and Florencio, F. J. (2001). Cyanobacteria perceive nitrogen status by sensing intracellular 2-oxoglutarate levels. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 38320–38328.
Muro-Pastor, A. M., Valladares, A., Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (1999). The hetC gene is a direct target of the NtcA transcriptional regulator in cyanobacterial heterocyst development. J. Bacteriol., 181, 6664–6669.
Muro-Pastor, A. M., Valladares, A., Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (2002). Mutual dependence of the expression of the cell differentiation regulatory protein HetR and the global nitrogen regulator NtcA during heterocyst development. Mol. Microbiol., 44, 1377–1385.
Murry, M. A., Olafsen, A. G., and Benemann, J. R. (1981). Oxidation of diaminobenzidine in the heterocysts of Anabaena cylindrica. Curr Microbiol., 6, 201–206.
Murry, M. A., and Wolk, C. P. (1989). Evidence that the barrier to the penetration of oxygen into heterocysts depends upon two layers of the cell envelope. Arch. Microbiol., 151, 469–474.
Oxelfelt, F., Tamagnini, P., and Lindblad, P. (1998). Hydrogen uptake in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 73102. Cloning and characterization of hupSL homologue. Arch. Microbiol., 169, 267–274.
Potts, M., Angeloni, S. V., Ebel, R. E., and Bassam, D. (1992). Myoglobin in a cyanobacterium. Science, 256, 1690–1692.
Ramasubramanian, T. S., Wei, T.-F., and Golden, J. W. (1994). Two Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 DNA-binding factors interact with vegetative cell-and heterocyst-specific genes. J. Bacteriol., 176, 1214–1223.
Ramasubramanian, T. S., Wei, T.-F., Oldham, A. K., and Golden, J. W. (1996). Transcription of the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 ntcA gene: multiple transcripts and NtcA binding. J. Bacteriol., 178, 922–926.
Ramaswamy, K. S., Carrasco, C. D., Fatma, T., and Golden, J. W. (1997). Cell-type specificity of the Anabaena fdxN-element rearrangement requires xisH and xisI. Mol. Microbiol., 23, 1241–9.
Reyes, J. C., and Florencio, F. J. (1994). A new type of glutamine synthetase in cyanobacteria — the protein encoded by the glnN gene supports nitrogen assimilation in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol., 176, 1260–1267.
Richaud, C., Zabulon, G., Joder, A., and Thomas, J.-C. (2001). Nitrogen or sulfur starvation differentially affects phycobilisome degradation and expression of the nblA gene in Synechocystis strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol., 183, 2989–2994.
Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J. B., Herdman, M., and Stanier, R. Y. (1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol., 111, 1–61.
Rippka, R., and Stanier, R. Y. (1978). The effects of anaerobiosis on nitrogenase synthesis and heterocyst development by Nostocacean cyanobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol., 105, 83–94.
Ruppert, U., Irmler, A., Kloft, N., and Forchhammer, K. (2002). The novel protein phosphatase PphA from Synechocystis PCC 6803 controls dephosphorylation of the signalling protein PII. Mol. Microbiol., 44, 855–864.
Sakamoto T., Inoue-Sakamoto, K., and Bryant D. A. (1999). A novel nitrate/nitrite permease in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. J. Bacteriol., 181, 7363–7372.
Sato, N. (1994). A cold-regulated cyanobacterial gene cluster encodes RNA-binding protein and ribosomal protein S21. Plant Mol. Biol., 24, 819–823.
Schmetterer, G. (1994). Cyanobacterial respiration. In D. Bryant (Ed.), The molecular biology of cyanobacteria (pp. 409–435). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Schmetterer, G., Valladares, A., Pils, D., Steinbach, S., Pacher, M., Muro-Pastor, A. M., et al. (2001). The coxBAC operon encodes a cytochrome c oxidase required for heterotrophic growth in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis strain ATCC 29413. J. Bacteriol., 183, 6429–6434.
Schmitz, O., Boison, G., Salzmann, H., Bothe, H., Schuetz, K., Wang, S.-H., et al. (2002). HoxE: a subunit specific for the pentameric bidirectional hydrogenase complex (HoxEFUYH) of cyanobacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1554, 66–74.
Schmitz, O., and Bothe, H. (1996). The diaphorase subunit HoxU of the bidirectional hydrogenase as electron transferring protein in cyanobacterial respiration? Naturwiss., 83, 525–527.
Sherman, D. M., Tucker, D., and Sherman, L. A. (2000). Heterocyst development and localization of cyanophycin in N2-fixing cultures of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol., 36, 932–941.
Simon, R. (1971). Cyanophycin granules from the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica: a reserve material consisting of copolymers of aspartic acid and arginine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 68, 265–267.
Soriente, A., Bisogno, T., Gambacorta, A., Romano, I., Sili, C., Trincone, A., et al. (1995). Reinvestigation of heterocyst glycolipids from the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. Phytochem., 38, 641–645.
Soriente, A., Gambacorta, A., Trincone, A., Sili, C., Vincenzini, M., and Sodano, G. (1993). Heterocyst glycolipids of the cyanobacterium Cyanospira rippkae. Phytochem., 393–396.
Spiller, H., Latorre, C., Hassan, M. E., and Shanmugam, K. T. (1986). Isolation and characterization of nitrogenase-derepressed mutant strains of cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol., 165, 412–419.
Stricker, O, Masepohl, B., Klipp, W., and Böhme, H. (1997). Identification and characterization of the nifV-nifZ-nifT gene region from the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 179, 2930–2937.
Summers, M. L., Wallis, J. G., Campbell, E. L., and Meeks, J. C. (1995). Genetic evidence of a major role for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in nitrogen fixation and dark growth of the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain ATCC 29133. J. Bacteriol., 177, 6184–6194.
Tamagnini, P., Costa, J.-L., Almeida, L., Oliveira, M.-J., Salema, R., and Lindblad, P. (2000). Diversity of cyanobacterial hydrogenases, a molecular approach. Curr Microbiol., 40, 356–361.
Tandeau de Marsac, N., and Houmard, J. (1993). Adaptation of cyanobacteria to environmental stimuli-new steps towards molecular mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 104, 119–189.
Tandeau de Marsac, N., Lee, H. M., Hisbergues, M., Castets, A. M., and Bedu, S. (2001). Control of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol., 13, 287–292.
Tanigawa, R., Shirokane, M., Maeda, S.-I., Omata, T., Tanaka, K., and Takahashi, H. (2002). Transcriptional activation of NtcA-dependent promoters of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 by 2-oxoglutarate in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 4251–4255.
Thiel, T. (1990). Protein turnover and heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Phycol., 26, 50–54.
Thiel, T. (1993). Characterization of genes for an alternative nitrogenase in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol., 175, 6276–6286.
Thiel, T. (1996). Isolation and characterization of the vnfEN genes of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol., 178, 4493–4499.
Thiel, T., and Leone, M. (1986) Effect of glutamine on growth and heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol., 168, 769–774.
Thiel, T., Lyons, E. M., and Erker, J. E. (1997). Characterization of genes for a second Mo-dependent nitrogenase in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol., 179, 5222–5225.
Thiel, T., Lyons, E. M., Erker, J. E., and Ernst, A. (1995). A second nitrogenase in vegetative cells of a heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 9358–9362.
Thiel, T., Lyons, E. M., and Thielemier, J. (1998). Organization and regulation of two clusters of nif genes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. In L. W. Peschek, G. Schmetterer (Ed.), Phototrophic prokaryotes (pp. 517–521). New York: Plenum Press.
Thiel, T., and Pratte, B. (2001). Effect on heterocyst differentiation of nitrogen fixation in vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. J. Bacteriol., 183, 280–286.
Thiel, T., Pratte, B., and Zahalak, M. (2002). Transport of molybdate in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Arch. Microbiol., 179, 50–56.
Thomas, J., Meeks, J. C., Wolk, C. P., Shaffer, P. W., and Austin, S. M. (1977). Formation of glutamine from [13N]ammonia, [13N]dinitrogen, and [14C]glutamate by heterocysts isolated from Anabaena cylindrica. J. Bacteriol., 129, 1545–1555.
Tumer, N. E., Robinson, S. J., and Haselkorn, R. (1983). Different promoters for the Anabaena glutamine synthetase gene during growth using molecular or fixed nitrogen. Nature, 306, 337–342.
Udvardy, J., Borbëly, G., Juhäsz, A., and Farkas, G. L. (1984). Thioredoxins and the redox modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 vegetative cells and heterocysts. J. Bacteriol., 157, 681–683.
Valladares, A., Montesinos, M. L., Herrero, A., and Flores, E. (2002). An ABC-type, high-affinity urea permease identified in cyanobacteria. Mol. Microbiol., 43, 703–715.
Valladares, A., Muro-Pastor, A., Fillat, M., Herrero, A., and Flores, E. (1999). Constitutive and nitrogen-regulated promoters of the petH gene encoding ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase in the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. FEBS Lett., 449, 159–164.
Vazquez-Bermudez, M. F., Herrero, A., and Flores, E. (2002a). 2-Oxoglutarate increases the binding affinity of the NtcA (nitrogen control) transcription factor for the Synechococcus glnA promoter. FEBS Lett., 512, 71–74.
Vazquez-Bermudez, M. F., Paz-Yepes, J., Herrero, A., and Flores, E. (2002b). The NtcA-activated amt1 gene encodes a permease required for uptake of low concentrations of ammonium in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Microbiol., 148, 861–869.
Vega-Palas, M. A., Flores, E., and Herrero, A. (1992). NtcA, a global nitrogen regulator from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus that belongs to the Crp family of bacterial regulators. Mol. Microbiol., 6, 1853–1859.
Walsby, A. (1985). The permeability of heterocysts to the gases nitrogen and oxygen. Proc. Royal Soc. (London) B, 226, 345–366.
Wang, Q., Li, H., and Post, A. F. (2000). Nitrate assimilation genes of the marine diazotrophic, filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. strain WH9601. J. Bacteriol., 182, 1764–1767.
Wealand, J. L., Myers, J. A., and Hirschberg, R. (1989). Changes in gene expression during nitrogen starvation in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. J. Bacteriol., 171, 1309–1313.
Weckesser, J., and Jürgens U. J. (1988). Cell walls and external layers. Meth. Enzymol., 167, 173–188.
Wei, T.-F., Ramasubramanian, T. S., and Golden, J. W. (1994). Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 ntcA gene required for growth on nitrate and heterocyst development. J. Bacteriol., 176, 4473–4482.
Wei, T.-F., Ramasubramanian, T. S., Pu, F., and Golden, J. W. (1993). Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 bifA gene encoding a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein cloned by in vivo transcriptional interference selection. J. Bacteriol., 175, 4025–4035.
Wilcox, M., Mitchison, G. J., and Smith, R. J. (1973a). Pattern formation in the blue-green alga, Anabaena: I. Basic mechanism. J. Cell Sci., 12, 707–725.
Wilcox, M., Mitchison, G. J., and Smith, R. J. (1973b). Pattern formation in the blue-green alga, Anabaena: II. Controlled proheterocyst regression. J. Cell Sci., 13, 637–649.
Winkenbach, F., Wolk, C. P., and Jost, M. (1972). Lipids of membranes and of the cell envelope in heterocysts of a blue-green alga. Planta, 107, 69–80.
Wolfinger, E. D., and Bishop, P. E. (1991). Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the vnfENX region of Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Bacteriol., 173, 7565–7572.
Wolk, C. P. (1973). Physiology and cytological chemistry blue-green algae. Bacteriol. Rev., 37, 32–101.
Wolk, C. P. (1982). Heterocysts. In N. G. Carr and B. A. Whitton (Eds.), The biology of cyanobacteria (pp. 359–386). London: Blackwell Scientific Publishers.
Wolk, C. P. (2000). Heterocyst formation in Anabaena, In Y. Brun, and L. Shimkets (Eds.), Prokaryotic development (pp. 83–104). Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Wolk, C. P., Ernst, A., and Elhai, J. (1994). Heterocyst metabolism and development. In D. Bryant (Ed.), The molecular biology of cyanobacteria (pp. 769–823). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Wolk, C. P., and Quine, M. P. (1975). Formation of one-dimensional patterns by stochastic processes and by filamentous blue-green algae. Dev. Biol., 46, 370–382.
Wolk, C. P., Thomas, J., Shaffer, P. W., Austin, S. M., and Galonsky, A. (1976). Pathway of nitrogen metabolism after fixation of 13N-labeled nitrogen gas by the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. J. Biol. Chem., 251, 5027–5034.
Wolk, C. P., Zhu, J., and Kong, R. (1999). Genetic analysis of heterocyst formation. In G. A. Peschek, W. Löffelhardt, and G. Schmetterer (Eds.), The phototrophic prokaryotes. (pp. 509–515). Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, N.Y.
Wong, F. C. Y., and Meeks, J. C. (2001). The hetF gene product is essential to heterocyst differentiation and affects HetR function in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. J. Bacteriol., 183, 2654–2661.
Wood, N. B., and Haselkorn, R. (1978). Proteinase activity during heterocyst differentiation in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. In H. Holzer and G. Cohen (Eds.), Limited proteolysis in microorganisms: Biological function, use in protein structural and functional studies. (pp. 159–166). Bethesda, MD: Fogarty Intl. Center Publ.
Wood, N. B., and Haselkorn, R. (1980). Control of phycobiliprotein proteolysis and heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena. J. Bacteriol., 141, 1375–1385.
Xu, X., and Wolk, C. P. (2001). Role for hetC in the transition to a nondividing state during heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. J. Bacteriol., 183, 393–396.
Xu, X., Khudyakov, I., and Wolk, C. P. (1997). Lipopolysaccharide dependence of cyanophage sensitivity and aerobic nitrogen fixation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 179, 2884–2891.
Yoon, H.-S., and Golden, J. W. (1998). Heterocyst pattern formation controlled by a diffusible peptide. Science, 283, 935–938.
Yoon, H.-S., and Golden, J. W. (2001). PatS and products of nitrogen fixation control heterocyst pattern. J. Bacteriol., 183, 2605–2613.
Zahalak, M., Beachy, R. N., and Thiel, T. (1995). Expression of the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact., 8, 192–199.
Zhou, R., Cao, Z., and Zhao, J. (1998a). Characterization of HetR protein turnover in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Arch. Microbiol., 169, 417–423.
Zhou, R., Wei, X., Jiang, N., Li, H., Dong, Y., Hsi, K., et al. (1998b). Evidence that HetR protein is an unusual serine-type protease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 4959–4963.
Zhou, R., and Wolk, C. P. (2003). A two-component system mediates developmental regulation of biosynthesis of a heterocyst polysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 19939–19946.
Zhu, J., Jäger, K., Black, T., Zarka, K., Koksharova, O., and Wolk, C. P. (2001). HcwA, an autolysin, is required for heterocyst maturation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol., 183, 6841–6851.
Zhu, J., Kong, R., and Wolk, C. P. (1998). Regulation of hepA of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 by elements 5’ from the gene and by hepK. J. Bacteriol., 180, 4233–4242.
Ziegler, K., Stephan, D. P., Pistorius, E. K., Ruppel, H. G., and Lockau, W. (2001). A mutant of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 lacking cyanophycin synthetase: growth properties and ultrastructural aspects. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 196, 13–18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thiel, T. (2004). Nitrogen Fixation in Heterocyst-Forming Cyanobacteria. In: Klipp, W., Masepohl, B., Gallon, J.R., Newton, W.E. (eds) Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria. Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2179-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2179-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-2178-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2179-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)