Abstract
An array of empirical evidence in the space era, and in the past, suggests that climate responds to solar activity. The response mechanisms are thought to be some combination of direct surface heating, indirect processes involving UV radiation and the stratosphere, and modulation of internal climate system oscillations. A quantitative physical description is, as yet, lacking to explain the empirical evidence in terms of the known magnitude of solar radiative output changes and of climate sensitivity to these changes. Reproducing solar-induced decadal climate change requires faster and larger responses than general circulation models allow. Nor is the indirect climatic impact of solar-induced stratospheric change adequately understood, in part because of uncertainties in the vertical coupling of the stratosphere and troposphere. Accounting for solar effects on pre-industrial surface temperatures requires larger irradiance variations than present in the contemporary database, but evidence for significant secular irradiance change is ambiguous. Essential for future progress are reliable, extended observations of the solar radiative output changes that produce climate forcing. Twenty-five years after the beginning of continuous monitoring of the Sun’s total radiative output, the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) commences a new generation of solar irradiance measurements with much expanded capabilities. Relative to historical solar observations SORCE monitors both total and spectral irradiance with significantly reduced uncertainty and increased repeatability, especially on long time scales. Spectral coverage expands beyond UV wavelengths to encompass the visible and near-IR regions that dominate the Sun’s radiative output. The space-based irradiance record, augmented now with the spectrum of the changes, facilitates improved characterization of magnetic sources of irradiance variability, and the detection of additional mechanisms. This understanding provides a scientific basis for estimating past and future irradiance variations, needed for detecting and predicting climate change.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, C. W.: 1981, Astrophysical Quantities, 3rd edn, The Athlone Press, University of London.
Baliunas, S. and Jastrow, R.: 1990, Nature 348, 520.
Baud, E., Raisbeck, G., Yiou, F., and Jouzel, J.: 2000, Tellus 52B, 985.
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M. N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti-Bond, R., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: 2001, Science 294, 2130.
Clilverd, M. A., Clarke, E., Rishbeth, H., Clark, T. D. G., and Ulich, T.: 2003, Astron. Geophys. 44, 2025.
Coughlin, K. and Tan, K. K.: 2004, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D21105.
Crowley, T.: 2000, Science 289, 270.
Dewitte, S., Crommelynck, D., Mekaoui, S., and Joukoff, A.: 2005, Solar Phys. 224, 209.
Donarummo, J., Jr., Ram, M., and Stolz, M. R.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 75.
Douglass, D. H. and Clader, B. D.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 33.
Fioletov, V. E., Bodeker, G. E., Miller, A. J., McPeters, R. D., and Stolarski, R.: 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, D22.
Fligge, M. and Solanki, S. K.: 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2157.
Fontenla, J., White, O. R., Fox, P. A., Avrett, E. H., and Kurucz, R. L.: 1999, Astrophys. J. 518, 480.
Fontenla, J. M., Harder, J., Rottman, G., Woods, T., Lawrence, G. M., and Davis, S.: 2004, Astrophys. J. 605, L85.
Foster, S. S.: 2004, Ph.D. thesis, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Southampton.
Foukal, P., North, G., and Wigley, T.: 2004, Science 306, 68.
Fröhlich, C. and Lean, J.: 2004, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 12, 273.
Geller, M. and Smyshlyaev, S.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 5.
Gleisner, H. and Thejll, P.: 2003, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 942.
Haigh, J. D.: 2001, Science 294, 2109.
Haigh, J. D.: 2003, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 361, 95.
Haigh, J. D., Austin, J., Butchart, N., Chanin, M.-L., Crooks, S., Gray, L. J., Halenka, T., Hampson, J., Hood, L. L., Isaksen, I. S. A., Keckhut, P., Labitzke, K., Langematz, U., Matthes, K., Palmer, M., Rognerud, B., Tourpali, K., and Zerefos, C.: 2004, SPARC Newslett. 23, 19.
Hall, J. C. and Lockwood, G. W.: 2004, Astrophys. J. 614, 942.
Hansen, J.: 2004, Sci. Amer. 290, 68.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Nazarenko, L., Ruedy, R., Lacis, A. et al.: 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4347.
Harder, J., Lawrence, G., Fontenla, J., Rottman, G., and Woods, T.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Hood, L.: 2003, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 10.
Hoyt, D. V. and Schatten, K. H.: 1993, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18895.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report: 2001.
Jackman, C., Flemming, E., Chandra, S., Considine, D., and Rosenfield, J.: 1996, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 753.
Jirikowic, J. L. and Damon, P. E.: 1994, Clim. Change 26, 309.
Jones, P. and Mann, M.: 2004, Rev. Geophys. 42, RG2002.
Kernthaler, S. C., Toumi, R., and Haigh, J. D.: 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 863.
Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: 1997, Bull. Amer. Meteorolog. Soc. 78, 197.
Kodera, K.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1218.
Kodera, K.: 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L24209.
Kopp, G., Lawrence, G., and Rottman, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Kristjánsson, J. E., Staple, A., Kristiansen, J., and Kaas, E.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 22.
Krivova, N. A., Solanki, S. K., Fligge, M., and Unruh, Y. C.: 2003, Astron. Astrophys. 399, L1.
Kuhn, J. R., Lin, H., and Coulter, R.: 1999, Adv. Space Res. 24/2, 185.
Labitzke, K.: 2004, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys. 66, 1151.
Lacis, A. A., Wuebbles, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: 1990, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 9971.
Lean, J.: 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2425.
Lean, J.: 2001, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4119.
Lean, J., Beer, J., and Bradley, R.: 1995, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 3195.
Lean, J., Wang, Y.-M., and Sheeley, N. R., Jr.: 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 77.
Lean, J., Skumanich, A., and White, O.: 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1595.
Lean, J. L., Rottman, G. J., Kyle, H., Woods, T. N., Hickey, J. R., and Puga, L. C.: 1997, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29939.
Lean, J. L., Cook, J., Marquette, W., and Johannesson, A.: 1998, Astrophys. J. 492, 390.
Lee III, R. B., Gibson, M. A., Wilson, R. S., and Thomas, S.: 1995, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 1667.
Lockwood, M. and Stamper, R.: 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2461.
Mann, M. E., Cane, M. A., Zebiak, S. E., and Clement, A.: 2005, J. Climate 18, 447.
Matthes, K., Langematz, U., Gray, L. L., Kodera, K., and Labitzke, K.: 2004, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D66101.
McClintock, W. E., Rottman, G. J., and Woods, T. N.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
McCormack, J.: 2003, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 6.
McCormack, J. P., Hood, L. L., Nagatani, R., Miller, A. J., Planet, W. G., and McPeters, R. D.: 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2729.
Meehl, G. A., Washington, W. M., Wigley, T. M. L., Arblaster, J. M., and Dai, A.: 2003, J. Clim. 16, 426.
Neelin, J. D. and Latif, M.: 1998, Phys. Today, December.
Perry, C. A. and Hsu, K. J.: 2000, PNAS 97, 12433.
Pilewskie, P. and Rottman, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Preminger, D. G., Walton, S. R., and Chapman, G. A.: 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1354.
Rial, J. A.: 1999, Science 285, 564.
Rind, D.: 2002, Science 296, 673.
Rind, D. and Overpeck, J.: 1993, Quat. Sci. Rev. 12, 357.
Rind, D., Lonergan, P., Lean, J., Shindell, D., Perlwitz, J., Lerner, J., and McLinden, C.: 2004, J. Clim. 17, 906.
Rottman, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Rottman, G., Harder, J., Fontenla, J., Woods, T., White, O., and Lawrence, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Ruzmaikin, A.: 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2255.
Ruzmaikin, A. and Feynman, J.: 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, D14.
Salby, M. and Callaghan, P.: 2004, J. Clim. 17, 34.
Sato, M., Hansen, J. E., McCormick, M. P., and Pollack, J. B.: 1993, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 22987.
Schatten, K. H.: 2003, Adv. Space Res. 32, 451.
Schatten, K. H. and Orosz, J. A.: 1990, Solar Phys. 125, 179.
Shindell, D. T., Schmidt, G. A., Miller, R. L., and Mann, M. E.: 2003, J. Clim. 16, 4094.
Solanki, S. K. and Krivova, N. A.: 2004, Solar Phys. 224, 197.
Solanki, S. K. and Unruh, Y. C.: 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 329, 747.
Svalgaard, L., Cliver, E. W., and Le Sager, P.: 2004, Adv. Space Res. 34, 436.
Tett, S. F. B., Jones, G. S., Stott, P. A., Hill, D. C., Mitchell, J. F. B., Allen, M. R., Ingram, W. J., Johns, T. C., Johnson, C. E., Jones, A., Roberts, D. L., Sexton, D. M. H., and Woodage, M. J.: 2002, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4306.
Udelhofen, P. N. and Cess, R. D.: 2001, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 13.
Usoskin, I. G., Marsh, N., Kovaltsov, G. A., Mursula, K., and Gladysheva, O. G.: 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 16.
van Loon, H. and Shea, D. J.: 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2965.
van Loon, H., Meehl, G. A., and Arblaster, J. M.: 2004, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys. 66, 1767.
Viereck, R. A., Floyd, L. E., Crane, P. C., Woods, T. N., Knapp, B. G., Rottman, G., Weber, M., and Puga, L. C.: 2004, Space Weather 2, S10005.
Wallace, J. M. and Thompson, D. W. J.: 2002, Phys. Today, February.
Walton, S. R., Preminger, D. G., and Chapman, G. R.: 2003, Astrophys. J. 590, 1088.
Wang, Y.-M., Lean, J. L., and Sheeley, N. R., Jr.: 2005, Astrophys. J. 625, 522.
White, W. B., Dettinger, M. D., and Cayan, D. R.: 2003, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 3248.
Wigley, T. M. L. and Raper, S. C. B.: 1990, Geophys. Res. Lett 17, 2169.
Willson, R. C. and Mordvinov, A. V.: 2003, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 3.
Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S.: 1998, Weather 53, 315.
Woods, T. N. and Rottman, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Woods, T. N., Prinz, D. K., Rottman, G. J., London, J., Crane, P. C., Cebula, R. P., Hilsenrath, E., Brueckner, G. E., Andrews, M. D., White, O. R., VanHoosier, M. E., Floyd, L. E., Herring, L. C., Knapp, B. G., Pankratz, C. K., and Reiser, P. A.: 1996, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 9541.
Woods, T. N., Eparvier, F. G., Bailey, S. M., Chamberlin, P. C., Lean, J., Rottman, G. J., Solomon, S. C., Tobiska, W. K., and Woodraska, D. L.: 2005, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A01312.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lean, J., Rottman, G., Harder, J., Kopp, G. (2005). SORCE Contributions to New Understanding of Global Change and Solar Variability. In: Rottman, G., Woods, T., George, V. (eds) The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-37625-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-37625-9_3
Received:
Accepted:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-30242-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-37625-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)