Conclusions
Tissue engineering whole organs such as a functional heart is clearly ambitious, if not, as some would put it, ridiculous. But the problem of growing whole organs can be broken down into more manageable components and interim milestones. Furthermore, reaching an interim goal such as a cardiac patch or a strategy for vascularizing thick slabs of tissue has an intrinsic therapeutic value on its own. In fact, these spinoff benefits may be more valuable and may benefit more patients than the whole organ. Thus, the LIFE Initiative has been created to tissue engineer complex three-dimensional, mechanically robust and dynamic organs like the heart. But the underlying goal is to advance the science and art of tissue engineering, to create novel arrangements for collaborative research on a global scale, and to foster a new industry based on the capacity for treating human disease with replacement tissues and organs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AHA 2000. Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association, available at www.americanheart.org/statistics/index.
Akins R.E. 2000. Prospects for the use of cell implantation, gene therapy, and tissue engineering in the treatment of myocardial disease and congenital heart defects. In: Medizinische Regeneration und Tissue Engineering. K. Sames, ed. EcoMed: Landsberg, Germany.
Akins R., et al. 1997. Neonatal rat heart cells cultured in simulated microgravity. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. 33:337–343.
Akins R.E., et al. 1999. Cardiac organogenesis in vitro: reestablishment of three-dimensional tissue architecture by dissociated neonatal rat ventricular cells. Tissue Eng. 5:103–118.
Akins R., Sefton M.V. 2001. Tissue Engineering a Heart, New Surgery 1:26–32.
Babensee J.E., Anderson J.M., McIntire L.V., Mikos A.G. 1998. Host response to tissue engineered devices. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 33:111–139.
Burton A.C. 1972. Biophysical Basis of the Circulation. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago.
Bursac N., et al. 1999. Cardiac muscle tissue engineering: toward an in vitro model for electrophysiological studies. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (2 Pt 2): H433–H444.
Butler R. 1989. Evidence for a regenerative capacity in adult mammalian cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (3 Pt 2):797–800.
Dorland 1994. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 28th ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Fung Y.C. 1993. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, p433.
Gillum R.F. 1994. Epidemiology of congenital heart disease in the United States. Am. Heart J. 127:919–927.
Kaihara S., Borenstein J., Koka R., Lalan S., Ochoa E.R., Ravens M., Pien H., Cunningham B., Vacanti J.P., 2000. Silicon micromachining to tissue engineer branched vascular channels for liver fabrication. Tissue Eng. 6:105–117.
Kim S.S., Utsunomiya H., Koski J.A., Wu B.M., Cima M.J., Sohn J., Mukai K., Griffith L.G., Vacanti J.P. 1998. Survival and function of hepatocytes on a novel three-dimensional synthetic biodegradable polymer scaffold with an intrinsic network of channels. Ann Surg. 228:8–13.
Li R.K., et al. 2000. Construction of a bioengineered cardiac graft. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 119: 368–375.
McDevitt T.C., Angello J.C., Huschka S.D., Whiteney M.L., Reinecke H., Murry C.E., Kyriakides T.K., Bornstein P., Seatena M., Giachelli C.M., Stayton P.S. 2000. Micropatterning of extracellular matrix components to direct cellular and tissue response. Society For Biomaterials. Sixth World Biomaterials Congress Transactions, p. 1232.
McGovern P.G., et al. 1996. Recent trends in acute coronary heart disease—mortality, morbidity, medical care, and risk factors. N. Engl. J. Med., 334:884–890.
McLaren A. 2000a. Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future. Science 288:1775–1780.
McLaren, A. 2000b. Stem cells: golden opportunities with ethical baggage. Science 288:1778.
McMahon J.T., Ratliff N.B. 1990. Regeneration of adult human myocardium after acute heart transplant rejection. J. Heart Transplant. 9:554–567.
Michalopoulos G.K., Bowen W.C., Zajac V.F., Beer-Stolz D., Watkins S., Kostrubsky V., Strom S.C. 1999. Morphogenetic events in mixed cultures of rat hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells maintained in biological matrices in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Hepatology 29:90–100.
NIH 1999. Working Group on Tissue Genesis and Organogenesis for Heart, Lung and Blood Applications, National Institutes of Health, August 13, 1999. Available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/workshops/tissueg1.htm.
Perry D. 2000. Patients’ voices: the powerful sound in the stem cell debate. Science 287:1423.
Shinoka T., et al. 1995. Tissue engineering heart valves: valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 60(6 Suppl):513–516.
Sodian R., et al. 2000a. Fabrication of a trileaflet heart valve scaffold from a polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolyester for use in tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 6:183–188.
Sodian R., et al. 2000b. Tissue engineering of heart valves: in vitro experiences. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 70:140–144.
Stevenson L.W., et al. 1994. The impending crisis awaiting cardiac transplantation. Modeling a solution based on selection. Circulation 89:450–457.
Tam S.K., et al. 1995. Cardiac myocyte terminal differentiation. Potential for cardiac regeneration. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 752:72–79.
Van Luyn M.J.A., Plantinga J.A., Berling S., de Leig L.F.M.H., van Wachem P.B. 2000. Cardiac tissue engineering of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in two and three dimensional cultures. Society For Biomaterials. Sixth World Biomaterials Congress Transactions, p. 103.
Weber C.J., Hagler M.K., Chrussochoos J.T., et al 1997. CTLA4-lg prolongs survival of microencapsulated neonatal porcine islet xenografts in diabetic NOD mice. Cell Transplant. 6:505–508.
Wilcken D., Shorey C. Eilense 1970. Ultrastructural evidence for regeneration of heart-muscle cells after experimental infarction. Lancet 2(7662): 4:21–23.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sefton, M.V., Akins, R. (2003). Tissue Engineering a Heart: Critical Issues. In: Guilak, F., Butler, D.L., Goldstein, S.A., Mooney, D.J. (eds) Functional Tissue Engineering. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21547-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21547-6_11
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95553-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21547-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive