Skip to main content

Building Resilience in All Children

A Public Health Approach

  • Chapter
Handbook of Resilience in Children

Abstract

In this chapter, we present a conceptual framework for the promotion of resilience in children that integrates concepts from the study of resilience with a public health approach to improving mental health at the population level. The chapter begins with a review of resilience and public health concepts and describes how these perspectives can be integrated within a broad framework for the promotion of health and prevention of dysfunction. We then present examples of evidence-based preventive interventions and policies that have successfully implemented components of this framework. Given our focus on promoting resilience, we limit discussion and examples of interventions to those designed to create resources for children not diagnosed with mental health disorder, although the framework could readily be extended to interventions for children with clinical levels of dysfunction. Finally, we provide an overview of how the framework might be used by planners to create resources in their communities that will promote resilience, as well as examples of tools currently available to assist planners in this process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amato, P. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 355–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, M., Hawkins, J. D., Pollard, J. Catalano, R., & Baglioni, A. (2002). Measuring risk and protective factors for substance use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors: The communities that care youth survey. Evaluation Review, 26(6), 575–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backer, T. (2000). The failure of success: Challenges of disseminating effective substance abuse prevention programs. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 363–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battistich, V., Schaps, E., Watson, M., & Solomon, D. (1996). Prevention effects of the Child Development Project: Early findings from an ongoing multisite demonstration trial. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11, 12–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauserman, R. (2002). Child adjustment in joint-custody versus sole-custody arrangements: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(1), 91–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braver, S. L., Hipke, K. N., Ellman, I. M., & Sandler, I. N. (2003). Strengths-building public policy for children of divorce. In K. Maton, C. J. Schellenbach, B. J. Leadbeater, & A. L. Solarz (Eds.), Investing in children, youth, families and communities: Strengths-based research and policy (pp. 53–73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., Sheeber, L., Lewinsohn, P., & Seeley, J. (1995). Targeted prevention of unipolar depressive disorder in an at-risk sample of high school adolescents: A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(3), 312–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G., Hornbrook, M., Lynch, F., Polen, M., Gale, J., Beardslee, W. et al. (2001). A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1127–1134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG). (1999). Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: II. Classroom effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 648–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG). (2002). Evaluation of the first 3 years of the Fast Track prevention trial with children at high risk for adolescent conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(1), 19–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, W., Redner, R., Amdur, R., & Mitchell, C. (1990). Alternative treatments for troubled youth: The case of diversion from the justice system. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, W., Redner, R., Blakely, C., Mitchell, C., & Ernshoff, J. (1987). Diversion of juvenile offenders: An experimental comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 68–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson-McClure, S., Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., & Millsap, R. (2004). Risk as a moderator of the effects of prevention programs for children of divorce: A six-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(2), 175–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, L., Kellam, S., Brown, C., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Rebok, G., Mayer, L. et al. (1993). The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 317–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, G., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). Family poverty, welfare reform, and child development. Child Development, 71(1), 188–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C. et al. (1993). The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and families. American Psychologist, 48, 90–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Embry, D. (2002). The good behavior game: A best practice candidate as a universal behavioral vaccine. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(4), 273–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennett, S., Ringwalt, C., Thorne, J., Rohrbach, L., Vincus, A., Simons-Rudolph, A. et al. (2003). A comparison of current practice in school-based substance use prevention programs with meta-analysis findings. Prevention Science, 4(1), 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enright, S., & Carr, A. (2002). Prevention of post-traumatic adjustment problems in children and adolescents. In A. Carr (Ed.), Prevention: What works with children and adolescents? (pp. 314–335). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felitti, V., Anda, R., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D., Spitz, A., Edwards, V. et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felner, R. D., Brand, S., Adan, A. M., Mulhall, P. F., Flowers, N., Sartain, B., & DuBois, D. (1993). Restructuring the ecology of the school as an approach to prevention during school transitions: Longitudinal follow-ups and extensions of the School Transitional Environment Project (STEP). Prevention in Human Services, 10(2), 103–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felner, R., Favazza, A., Shim, M., Brand, S., Gu, K., & Noonan, N. (2001). Whole school improvement and restructuring as prevention and promotion: Lessons from STEP and the Project on High Performance Learning Communities. Journal of School Psychology, 39(2), 177–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, D., Vazsonyi, A., Liau, A., Guo, S., Powell, K., Atha, H. et al. (2003). Initial behavior outcomes for the Peace Builders universal school-based violence prevention program. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 292–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F., Cook, T., Eccles, J., Elder, G., & Sameroff, A. (1999). Managing to make it: Urban families and adolescent success. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. (1987). An operational classification of disease prevention. In J. Steinberg & M. Silverman (Eds.), Preventing mental disorders (pp. 20–26). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, K., Compas, B., Stuhlmacher, A., Thurm, A., McMahon, S., & Halpert, J. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 447–466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (2001). The prevention of mental disorders in school-aged children: Current state of the field. Prevention and Treatment, 4(1), 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M., Kusche, C., Cook, E., & Quamma, J. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and Psychopathology, 7(1), 117–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M., Weissberg, R., O’Brien, M., Zins, J., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H. et al. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58(6–7), 466–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnoe, M. L., & Braver, S. (2001). The effects of joint legal custody on mothers, fathers, and children controlling for factors that predispose a sole maternal versus joint legal award. Law and Human Behavior, 25(1), 25–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J., Catalano, R., & Arthur, M. (2002). Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 951–976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J., Catalano, R., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 226–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J., Guo, J., Hill, K., Battin-Pearson, S., & Abbott, R. (2001). Long-term effects of the Seattle social development intervention on school bonding trajectories. Applied Developmental Science, 5(4), 225–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, R., Rebchook, G., & Kegeles, S. (2003). The Mpowerment project: Community-building with young gay and bisexual men to prevent HIV. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(3–4), 301–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (IMO). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1997). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kam, C., Greenberg, M., & Walls, C. (2003). Examining the role of implementation quality in school-based prevention using the PATHS curriculum. Prevention Science, 4(1), 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kegeles, S. M., Rebchook, G. M., Hays, R. B., Terry, M. A., O’Donnell, L., Leonard, N. R. et al. (2000). From science to application: The development of an intervention package. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12, 62–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellam, S., Ling, X., Merisca, R., Brown, C. H., & Ialongo, N. (1998). The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 165–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellam, S., Rebok, G., Ialongo, N., & Mayer, L. (1994). The course and malleability of aggressive behavior from early first grade into middle school: Results of a developmental epidemiologically-based preventive trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 359–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R., Davis, C., & Kendler, K. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 27(5), 1101–1119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiselica, M., Baker, S., Thomas, R., & Reedy, S. (1994). Effects of stress inoculation training on anxiety, stress, and academic performance among adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 335–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, G., & Carr, A. (2002). Prevention of cognitive delay in socially disadvantaged children. In A. Carr (Ed.), Prevention: What works with children and adolescents? (pp. 41–63). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leffert, N., Benson, P., Scales, P., Sharma, A., Drake, D., & Blyth, D. (1998). Developmental assets: Measurement and prediction of risk behaviors among adolescents. Applied Developmental Science, 2(4), 209–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J., & van den Steenhoven, A. (2002). Family-based approaches to substance abuse prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 23(1), 49–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonczak, H., Abbott, R., Hawkins, J., Kosterman, R., & Catalano, R. (2002). Effects of the Seattle social development project on sexual behavior, pregnancy, birth, and STD outcomes by age 21. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 438–447.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lutzke, J., Ayers, T., Sandler, I., & Barr, A. (1997). Risks and interventions for the parentally bereaved child. In S. Wolchik & I. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of children’s coping: Linking theory and intervention issues in clinical child psychology (pp. 215–243). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, J., & Davidson, W. (2000). Dissemination of innovation as social change. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 421–443). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metropolitan Area Child Study Research Group. (2002). A cognitive-ecological approach to preventing aggression in urban settings: Initial outcomes for high-risk children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 179–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Offord, D. (2000). Selection of levels of prevention. Addictive Behaviors, 25(6), 833–842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D. (2002). Prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses: From randomized trials to community replication. Prevention Science, 3(3), 153–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying in schools: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, A., & Carr, A. (2002). Prevention of developmental delay in low birth weight infants. In A. Carr (Ed.), Prevention: What works with children and adolescents? (pp. 17–40). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedro-Carroll, J. (1997). The children of divorce intervention program: Fostering resilient outcomes for school-aged children. In G. Albee & T. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary prevention works. Issues in children’s and families’ lives, Vol. 6 (pp. 213–238). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedro-Carroll, J., & Cowen, E. (1985). The children of divorce intervention program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 603–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. (2002, May). A tale of three community collaborations: Winning new jobs in China, Finland, and California. Paper presented at tenth annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Seattle, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J., Eddy, J., Fetrow, R., & Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Description and immediate impacts of a preventive intervention for conduct problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 483–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, G. (1992). Strategies of prevention: The individual and the population. In M. Marmot & P. Elliott (Eds.), Coronary heart disease epidemiology: From aetiology to public health (pp. 311–324). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M., Turner, K., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2002). The development and dissemination of the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Prevention Science, 3(3), 173–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, I. (2001). Quality and ecology of adversity as common mechanisms of risk and resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(1), 19–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, I., Ayers, T., Suter, J., Schultz, A., & Twohey, J. (2003). Adversities, strengths and public policy. In K. Maton, C. Schellenbach, B. Leadbeater, & A. Solarz (Eds.), Investing in children, youth, families, and communities: Strengths-based research and policy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scales, P., & Leffert, N. (1999). Developmental assets: A synthesis of the scientific research on adolescent development. Minneapolis: Search Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellenbach, C., Leadbeater, B., & Moore, K. (2003). Enhancing the developmental outcomes of adolescent parents and their children. In K. Maton, C. Schellenbach, B. Leadbeater, & A. Solarz (Eds.), Investing in children, youth, families, and communities: Strengths-based research and policy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, E., Aber, J. L., & French, S. E. (2003). The organization of schooling and adolescent development. In K. Maton, C. J. Schellenbach, B. J. Leadbeater, & A. L. Solarz (Eds.), Investing in children, youth, families and communities: Strengths-based research and policy (pp. 233–251). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifer, R., & Dickstein, S. (2000). Parental mental illness and infant development. In C. Zeanah (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health, (2nd ed., pp. 145–160). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheeber, L., Biglan, A., Metzler, C., & Taylor, T. (2002). Promoting effective parenting practices. In L. Jason & D. Glenwick (Eds.), Innovative strategies for promoting health and mental health across the life span (pp. 63–84). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobell, L. (1996). Bridging the gap between scientists and practitioners: The challenge before us. Behavior Therapy, 27(3), 297–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., Guyll, M., & Day, S. (2002). Universal family-focused interventions in alcohol-use disorder prevention: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 219–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (1998). Direct and indirect latent-variable parenting outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: Extending a public health-oriented research base. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 385–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2001). Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: Adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 627–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, A., & Mahler, J. (1994). Enhancing treatment gains in a school-based intervention for children of divorce through skill training, parental involvement, and transfer procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 147–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stormshak, E., Kaminski, R., & Goodman, M. (2002). Enhancing the parenting skills of Head Start families during the transition to kindergarten. Prevention Science, 3(3), 223–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobler, N., Roona, M., Ochshorn, P., Marshall, D., Streke, A., & Stackpole, K. (2000). School-based adolescent drug prevention programs: 1998 meta-analysis. Journal of Primary Prevention, 20(4), 275–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, W., Drake, R., Dixon, L., Burns, B., Flynn, L., Rush, A. J. et al. (2001). Implementing evidence-based practices for persons with severe mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(1), 45–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. (2001). Preventive intervention: Assessing its effects on the trajectories of delinquency and testing for mediational processes. Applied Developmental Science, 5(4), 201–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wandersman, A., & Florin, P. (2003). Community interventions and effective prevention. American Psychologist, 58(6–7), 441–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wandersman, A., Imm, P., Chinman, M., & Kaftarian, S. (2000). Getting to outcomes: A results-based approach to accountability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23, 389–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C. (1994). Advancing videotape parent training: A comparison study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 583–593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C. (2001). The incredible years: Parents, teachers, and children training series. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 18(3), 31–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 93–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Taylor, T. (2001). Nipping early risk factors in the bud: Preventing substance abuse, delinquency, and violence in adolescence through interventions targeted at young children (0–8 years). Prevention Science, 2(3), 165–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weikart, D., & Schweinhart, L. (1997). High/Scope Perry preschool program. In G. Albee & T. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary prevention works. Issues in children’s and families’ lives, Vol. 6 (pp. 146–166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitlock, J., & Hamilton, S. (2003). The role of youth surveys in community youth development initiatives. Applied Developmental Science, 7(1), 39–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D., Gottfredson, D., & Najaka, S. (2001). School-based prevention of problem behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17(3), 247–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S., Sandler, I., & Millsap, R., Plummer, B., Greene, S., Anderson, E. et al. (2002). Six-year follow-up of preventive interventions for children of divorce: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(15), 1874–1881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S., West, S., Sandler, I., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L. et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843–856.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S., West, S., Westover, S., & Sandler, I. (1993). The children of divorce parenting intervention: Outcome evaluation of an empirically based program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 293–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman, P., Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., & Nelson, K. (2000). Resilience as cumulative competence promotion and stress protection: Theory and intervention. In D. Cicchetti, J. Rappaport, I. Sandler, & R. Weissberg (Eds.), The promotion of wellness in children and adolescents (pp. 133–184). Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winslow, E.B., Sandler, I.N., Wolchik, S.A. (2005). Building Resilience in All Children. In: Goldstein, S., Brooks, R.B. (eds) Handbook of Resilience in Children. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48572-9_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics