Abstract
Most of the early medicines relied on the prescription of specific plants and herbs for medications. This practice is still supported by the present-day research, because of the bioactive phytocomponents present in them. Acting as a defense barrier against several plant pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, phytochemicals are also associated with the diminution of lethal diseases in humans, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, etc., and can also effectively diminish the risks of developing certain cancers. Cancer is considered as a neoplastic disease, and despite advances in the modern medicine, it is still the fundamental cause of mortalities in developing as well as developed countries. Specifically, phytochemicals may act as antioxidants and/or nutrient protectors and inhibit the formation of carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) in the body. Furthermore, the potential benefits of phytochemicals as an anticancer agent also include improving the immune system, reducing inflammation, preventing DNA damage, and facilitating DNA repair, thereby slowing down cancer cell growth, regulating hormones, and preventing damaged cells from reproducing. The literature supports the fact that phytochemicals are advantageous, because of their safe, low-toxic, universal availability and their ability to synergize with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Different studies suggest that regular intake of dietary phytochemicals is allied to low cancer risks. Thus, in this chapter, a summary of the therapeutic perspective of natural phytochemicals and cancer chemoprevention has been presented. Further, different mechanisms of cancer prevention using phytochemicals are discussed.
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Abbreviations
- ACS:
-
American Cancer Society
- Akt:
-
Protein kinase B
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein-1
- Bax:
-
Bcl-2-associated X protein
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- bFGF:
-
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- BTK:
-
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase
- CDK:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinases
- c-myc:
-
c-Myelocytomatosis
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- CYP1A1:
-
Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1
- CYP1B1:
-
Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK2:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 2
- Fas/CD95:
-
Apoptosis antigen 1 (cluster of differentiation 95)
- GSTs:
-
Glutathione S-transferases
- HDACs:
-
Histone deacetylases
- HepG2:
-
Human liver cancer cell line
- HER2/neu:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HIF-1α:
-
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- HPV:
-
Human papilloma virus
- i.e.,:
-
That is
- ICD-O:
-
International Classification of Diseases for Oncology
- JAK2:
-
Janus kinase 2
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCF-7:
-
Breast cancer cell line
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- NCDB:
-
National Cancer Database
- NF- κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappa B
- PDGFR:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- pHDACs:
-
Pan-histone deacetylases
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKC:
-
Protein kinases C
- PPAR:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PTEN:
-
Phosphatase and tensin homolog
- pVHL:
-
Van Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor
- Raf:
-
Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma
- Ras:
-
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences
- Rb:
-
Retinoblastoma
- Skp2:
-
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2
- Src:
-
Sarcoma
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- Syk-ZAP-70:
-
Spleen tyrosine kinase-zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial factor
- VEGFR:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- YPEL3:
-
Yippee-like 3 gene
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Acknowledgments
Authors are very thankful to Dr. Neetin S. Desai, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, for providing necessary guidance and support. Authors also thank Dr. Laxmikant H. Kamble, School of Life Sciences, S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, for the editorial assistance.
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Wagh, N.S., Pai, S.R., Sonkamble, V.V. (2020). Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Cure of Cancers. In: Swamy, M. (eds) Plant-derived Bioactives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2361-8_16
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