Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses

Part of the book series: Livestock Diseases and Management ((LDM))

  • 672 Accesses

Abstract

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus belongs to genus Nairovirus, of family Bunyaviridae. It is a tick-borne virus, classified as a BSL4 agent. The genome is a tripartite, single-stranded RNA. The virus has been reported from 45 countries in the world. However, the viruses isolated from different regions of the world show considerable genetic diversity. The geographic distribution of CCHF concurs with Ixodid ticks mostly of genus Hyalomma. The ticks transmit the virus to mammals, causing transient viremia. However, ticks remain infected throughout their lifetime. The infection in livestock is asymptomatic but plays a crucial role in the transmission, amplification and perpetuation of the virus. It causes severe haemorrhagic fever in humans. High mortality has been observed in healthcare workers due to nosocomial infections arising as a result of contact with infected blood or body secretions from patients. Pathogenesis includes endothelial damage and immune response impairment, leading to multiple-organ failure and shock. Delayed type I interferon induction, inhibition of maturation of antigen-presenting cells and weak antibody response cause uncontrolled replication of the virus. The laboratory confirmation of the CCHFV is done by virus isolation, genome detection is done by RT-PCR and, RT-qPCR, virus detection is done by antigen capture ELISA while antibody detection is done by ELISA. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or approved therapeutics for CCHF. Continuous surveillance of animals, with regular control of tick infestation in livestock, in conjunction with prophylactic measures in high-risk human populations, is required for control of CCHF infection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adam I, Mahmoud MA, Aradaib IE (2013) A seroepidemiological survey of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among cattle in North Kordofan State, Sudan. Virol J 10:178

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Abri SS, Abaidani A, Fazlalipour M, Mostafavi E, Leblebicioglu H, Pshenichnayaf N, Memish ZA, Hewson R, Peterseni E, Mala P, Nguyenj TMN, Malik MR, Formenty P, Jeffries R (2017) Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions. Intl J Infect Dis 58:82–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albariño CG, Bird BH, Nichol ST (2007) A shared transcription termination signal on negative and ambisense RNA genome segments of Rift Valley fever, sandfly fever Sicilian, and Toscana viruses. J Virol 81:5246–5256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson I, Karlberg H, Mousavi-Jazi M, Martı’nez-Sobrido L et al (2008) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus delays activation of the innate immune response. J Med Virol 80(8):1397–1404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ascioglu S, Leblebicioglu H, Vahaboglu H, Chan KA (2011) Ribavirin for patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:1215–1222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson B, Chamberlain J, Logue CH, Cook N, Bruce C, Dowall SD, Hewson R (2012) Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:786–793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnwal B, Karlberg H, Mirazimi A, Tan YJ (2015) Non-structural protein of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 291:582–592

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bente DA, Alimonti JB, Shieh WJ, Camus G et al (2010) Pathogenesis and immune response of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in a STAT-1 knockout mouse model. J Virol 84:11089–11100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA, Bray M (2013) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antivir Res 100(1):59–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron E, Vincent MJ, Nichol ST (2007) Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein processing by the endoprotease SKI-1/S1P is critical for virus infectivity. J Virol 81(23):13271–13276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bodur H, Akinci E, Ascioglu S, Ongürü P, Uyar Y (2012) Subclinical infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 18:640–642

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bodur H, Akinci E, Ongürü P, Carhan A, Uyar Y, Tanrici A, Cataloluk O, Kubar A (2010a) Detection of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in saliva and urine. Int J Infect Dis 14:247–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodur H, Akinci E, Ongürü P et al (2010b) Evidence of vascular endothelial damage in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Infect Dis 14:e704–e707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronze MS, Huycke MM, Machado LJ, Voskuhl GW, Greenfield RA (2002) Viral agents as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism. Am J Med Sci 323(6):316–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burt FJ (2011) Laboratory diagnosis of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections. Future Virol 6:831–841. Review on laboratory diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt FJ, Leman PA, Smith JF, Swanepoel R (1998) The use of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viral nucleic acid in the diagnosis of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever. J Virol Methods 70:129–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, Shieh WJ, Smith JF et al (1997) Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:839–846

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buttigieg KR, Dowall SD, Findlay-Wilson S, Miloszewska A, Rayner E, Hewson R et al (2014) A novel vaccine against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever protects 100% of animals against lethal challenge in a mouse model. PLoS One 9:e91516

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camicas JL, Wilson ML, Cornet J, Digoutte J, Calvo M, Adam F, Gonzalez JP (1990) Ecology of ticks as potential vectors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Senegal: epidemiological implications. Arch Virol 1:303–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll SA, Bird BH, Rollin PE, Nichol ST (2010) Ancient common ancestry of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 55:1103–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casals J (1969) Antigenic similarity between the virus causing Crimean hemorrhagic fever and Congo virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 131(1):233–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) distribution map. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/crimean-congo/outbreaks/distribution-map.html. Accessed 16 Mar 2018

  • Cevik MA, Erbay A, Bodur H, Gülderen E et al (2008) Clinical and laboratory features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: predictors of fatality. Int J Infect Dis 12:374–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JP, Cosgriff TM (2000) Hemorrhagic fever virus-induced changes in hemostasis and vascular biology. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 11:461–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S (2013) Molecular evolution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus based on complete genomes. J Gen Virol 94:843–850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chinikar S, Ghiasi SM, Moradi M, Goya MM et al (2010) Phylogenetic analysis in a recent controlled outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the south of Iran, December 2008. Euro Surveill 15(47):19720

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christova I, Di Caro A, Papa A, Castilletti C, Andonova L, Kalvatchev N et al (2009) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, southwestern Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis 15:983–985

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly-Andersen AM (2010) Pathogenesis of an emerging pathogen Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Thesis, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly-Andersen AM, Moll G, Andersson C, Akerström S et al (2011) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus activates endothelial cells. J Virol 85:7766–7774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deyde VM, Khristova ML, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST (2006) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genomics and global diversity. J Virol 80:8834–8842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dowall SD, Buttigieg KR, Findlay-Wilson SJ, Rayner E, Pearson G, Miloszewska A et al (2016) A Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viral vaccine expressing nucleoprotein is immunogenic but fails to confer protection against lethal disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 12(2):519–517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drosten C, Göttig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, Günther S (2002) Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40:2323–2330. The first one-step real-time-RT-PCR for detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drosten C, Kummerer BM, Schmitz H, Gunther S (2003) Molecular diagnostics of viral haemorrhagic fevers. Antivir Res 57:61–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duh D, Saksida A, Petrovec M, Dedushaj I, Avsic-Zupanc T (2006) Novel one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and specific diagnosis of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever encountered in the Balkans. J Virol Methods 133:175–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escadafal C, Olschläger S, Avšič-Županc T, Papa A, Vanhomwegen J, Wolfel R, Mirazimi A, Teichmann A, Donoso-Mantke O, Niedrig M (2012) First international external quality assessment of molecular detection of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:1706–1714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Pena A, Zatansever Z, Gargili A, Aktas M, Uzun R, Ergonul O, Jongejan F (2007) Modeling the spatial distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7(4):667–678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filippone C, Marianneau P, Murri S, Mollard N, Avsic-Zupanc T, Chinikar S, Desprès P, Caro V, Gessain A, Berthet N, Tordo N (2013) Molecular diagnostic and genetic characterization of highly pathogenic viruses: application during Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus outbreaks in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:118–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison AR, Alakbarova S, Kulesh DA, Shezmukhamedova D, Khodjaev S, Endy TP, Paragas J (2007) Development of a TaqMan minor groove binding protein assay for the detection and quantification of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:514–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Gibb TR, Steele KE et al (2000) Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lab Investig 80:171–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiasi SM, Salmanian AH, Chinikar S, Zakeri S (2011) Mice orally immunized with a transgenic plant expressing the glycoprotein of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18(12):2031–2037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh SN, Sokhey J, Dandawate CN, Gupta NP, Obukhova VR, Gaidamovich SY (1978) Arthropod-borne virus activity in migratory birds, Ghana Bird Sanctuary, Rajasthan, state, 1973. Indian J Med Res 68:192–196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Gorp EC, Suharti C, ten Cate H, Dolmans WM et al (1999) Review: infectious diseases and coagulation disorders. J Infect Dis 180:176–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatipoglu CA, Bulut C, Yetkin MA, Ertem GT et al (2010) Evaluation of clinical and laboratory predictors of fatality in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey. Scand J Infect Dis 42:516–521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemachudha T, Griffin DE, Giffels JJ, Johnson RT, Moser AB, Phanuphak P (1987) Myelin basic protein as an encephalitogen in encephalomyelitis and polyneuritis following rabies vaccination. N Engl J Med 316:369–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewson R, Gmyl A, Gmyl L, Smirnova SE, Karganova G, Jamil B, Hasan R, Chamberlain J, Clegg C (2004) Evidence of segment reassortment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol 85:3059–3070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkula J, Devignot S, Akerstrom S, Karlberg H, Wattrang E, Bereczky S et al (2017) Immunization with DNA plasmids coding for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus capsid and envelope proteins and/or virus-like particles induces protection and survival in challenged mice. J Virol 91(10):e02076–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honig JE, Osborne JC, Nichol ST (2004) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome L RNA segment and encoded protein. Virology 321:29–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogstraal H (1979) The epidemiology of tick borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe and Africa. J Med Entomol 15:307–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim AM, Adam I, Osman BT, Aradaib IE (2015) Epidemiological survey of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in cattle in East Darfur State, Sudan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 6(4):439–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jabbari A, Besharat S, Abbasi A, Moradi A, Kalavi K (2006) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: case series from a medical center in Golestan province, Northeast of Iran (2004). Indian J Med Sci 60:327–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamboj A, Pateriya AK, Mishra A, Ranaware P, Kulkarni DD, Raut AA (2014) Novel molecular beacon probe-based real-time RT-PCR assay for diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever encountered in India. Biomed Res Int 2014:496219

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SS, McGavern DB (2010) Microbial induction of vascular pathology in the CNS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 5:370–386

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ke R, Zorzet A, Göransson J, Lindegren G, Sharifi-Mood B, Chinikar S, Mardani M, Mirazimi A, Nilsson M (2011) Colorimetric nucleic acid testing assay for RNA virus detection based on circle-to-circle amplification of padlock probes. J Clin Microbiol 49:4279–4285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kondiah K, Swanepoel R, Paweska JT, Burt FJ (2010) A simple-probe real-time PCR assay for genotyping reassorted and non-reassorted isolates of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in southern Africa. J Virol Methods 169:34–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kortekaas J, Vloet RP, McAuley AJ, Shen X, Bosch BJ, de Vries L et al (2015) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus subunit vaccines induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies but no protection in STAT1 knockout mice. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 15:759–754

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kubar A, Haciomeroglu M, Ozkul A, Bagriacik U, Akinci E, Sener K et al (2011) Prompt administration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus hyperimmunoglobulin in patients diagnosed with CCHF and viral load monitorization by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis 64:439–433

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukashev AN (2005) Evidence for recombination in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol 86:2333–2338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra AC, Mehta M, Mourya DT, Gandhi S (2011) Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in India. Lancet 378(9788):372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Shete A, Majumdar TD, Kanani A, Kapadia D, Chandra V, Kachhiapatel AJ, Joshi PT, Upadhyay KJ, Dave P, Raval D (2014) Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals, Gujarat, India, 2013. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 14(9):690–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Shete AM, Gurav YK, Raut CG, Jadi RS, Pawar SD, Nichol ST, Mishra AC (2012) Detection, isolation and confirmation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in human, ticks and animals in Ahmadabad, India, 2010–2011. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(5):e1653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Shete AM, Sathe PS, Sarkale P, Pattnaik B, Sharma G, Upadhyay KJ, Gosavi S, Patil DY, Chaubal GY, Majumdar TD, Katoch VM (2015) Cross-sectional serosurvey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus IgG in livestock, India, 2013–2014. Emerg Infect Dis 21(10):1837–1839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi-Jazi M, Karlberg H, Papa A, Christova I, Mirazimi A (2012) Healthy individuals’ immune response to the Bulgarian Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus vaccine. Vaccine 30:6225–6229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller MA, Devignot S, Lattwein E, Corman VM, Maganga GD, Gloza-Rausch F, Binger T, Vallo P, Emmerich P, Cottontail VM, Tschapka M, Oppong S, Drexler JF, Weber F, Leroy EM, Drosten C (2016) Evidence for widespread infection of African bats with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever-like viruses. Sci Rep 6:26637

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nabeth P, Cheikh DO, Lo B, Faye O, Vall IOM, Niang M, Wague B, Diop D, Diallo M, Diallo B, Diop OM, Simon F (2004) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Mauritania. Emerg Infect Dis 10(12):2143–2149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oestereich L, Rieger T, Neumann M, Bernreuther C, Lehmann M, Krasemann S et al (2014) Evaluation of antiviral efficacy of ribavirin, arbidol, and T-705 (favipiravir) in a mouse model for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(5):e2804

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk B, Kuscu F, Tutuncu E, Sencan I et al (2010) Evaluation of the association of serum levels of hyaluronic acid, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and VEGF-A with mortality and prognosis in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Clin Virol 47:115–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papa A, Mirazimi A, Köksal I, Estrada-Pena A, Feldmann H (2015 Mar) Recent advances in research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Clin Virol 64:137–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papa A, Papadimitriou E, Christova I (2011) The Bulgarian vaccine Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus strain. Scand J Infect Dis 43:225–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peyrefitte CN, Perret M, Garcia S, Rodrigues R et al (2010) Differential activation profiles of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Dugbe virus-infected antigen-presenting cells. J Gen Virol 91:189–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues FM, Padbidri VS, Ghalsasi GR, Gupta NP, Mandke VB, Pinto BD, Hoon RS, Bapat MB, Mohan Rao CV (1986) Prevalence of Crimean haemorrhagic-Congo virus in Jammu and Kashmir state. Indian J Med Res 84:134–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues R, Paranhos-Baccala G, Vernet G, Peyrefitte CN (2012) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-infected hepatocytes induce ER-stress and apoptosis crosstalk. PLoS One 7:e29712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sahib MM (2010) Rapid development of optimized recombinant adenoviral vaccines biosafety level 4 viruses. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg

    Google Scholar 

  • Saidi S, Casals J, Faghih MA, Faghih AA (1975) Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in domestic and small mammals, in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24:353–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saijo M, Tang Q, Shimayi B, Han L, Zhang Y, Asiguma M, Tianshu D, Maeda A, Kurane I, Morikawa S (2005) Antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever using a novel monoclonal antibody. J Med Virol 77:83–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saksida A, Duh D, Wraber B, Dedushaj I et al (2010) Interacting roles of immune mechanisms and viral load in the pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17:1086–1093

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaljohn CS, Nichol ST (2007) Bunyaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1741–1790

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnittler HJ, Feldmann H (2003) Viral hemorrhagic fever—a vascular disease? Thromb Haemost 89:967–972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugam J, Smirnova SE, Chumakov MP (1976) Presence of antibody to arboviruses of the Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever-Congo (CHF-Congo) group in human beings and domestic animals in India. Indian J Med Res 64:1403–1413

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Gill DE (1988) Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reversed passive hemagglutination for detection of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antigen. J Clin Microbiol 26:347–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Shepherd SP (1986) Comparison of methods for isolation and titration of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 24:654–656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Searle LA (1987) Antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild mammals from southern Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36(1):133–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidwell RW, Smee DF (2003) Viruses of the Bunya- and Togaviridae families: potential as bioterrorism agents and means of control. Antivir Res 57(1–2):101–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spengler JR, Bergeron É, Rollin PE (2016) Seroepidemiological studies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever virus in domestic and wild animals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(1):e0004210

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spik K, Shurtleff A, McElroy AK, Guttieri MC, Hooper JW, SchmalJohn C (2006) Immunogenicity of combination DNA vaccines for Rift Valley fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Hantaan virus, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 24(21):4657–4656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanepoel R, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Erasmus MJ, Searle LA, Gill DE (1987) Epidemiologic and clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southern Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36:120–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdelen Fisgin N, Fisgin T, Tanyel E, Doganci L et al (2008) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: five patients with hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Hematol 83:73–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tkachenko E, Khanun K, Berezin V (1969) Serological investigation of human and animal sera in agar gel diffusion and precipitation (AGDP) test for the presence of antibodies of Crimean hemorrhagic fever and Grand Arbaud viruses. Mater Nauch Sess Inst Polio Virus Entsef 2:265

    Google Scholar 

  • Vescio FM, Busani L, Mughini-Gras L, Khoury C, Avellis L, Taseva E, Rezza G, Christova I (2012) Environmental correlates of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever incidence in Bulgaria. BMC Public Health 12:1116

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vorou R, Pierroutsakos IN, Maltezou HC (2007) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20:495–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watts DM, Flick R, Peters CJ, Shope R (2005) Bunyaviral fevers: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF (eds) Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens, and practice. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA, pp 756–760

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse CA (2004) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antivir Res 64:145–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfel R, Paweska JT, Petersen N, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Hewson R, Courbot MCG, Papa A, Günther S, Drosten C (2007) Virus detection and monitoring of viral load in Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus patients. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1097–1100

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wölfel R, Paweska JT, Petersen N, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Hewson R, Georges-Courbot MC, Papa A, Heiser V, Panning M, Günther S, Drosten C (2009) Low density macroarray for rapid detection and identification of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 47:1025–1030

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2011) WHO Fact Sheet No. 208. WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs208/en/

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia (2014) A brief guide to emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses. WHO, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao X, Feng Y, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS (2011) Identification of a putative Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus entry factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 411(2):253–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav PD, Cherian SS, Zawar D, Kokate P, Gunjikar R, Jadhav S, Mishra AC, Mourya DT (2013) Genetic characterization and molecular clock analyses of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus from human and ticks in India, 2010–2011. Infect Genet Evol 14:223–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yapar M, Aydogan H, Pahsa A, Besirbellioglu BA, Bodur H, Basustaoglu AC, Guney C, Avci IY, Sener K, Setteh MH, Kubar A (2005) Rapid and quantitative detection of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis 58:358–362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Safran A, Uzun R, Cevik MA, Torunoglu MA (2009) The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002–2007. Int J Infect Dis 13(3):380–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zilinskas RA (1997) Iraq’s biological weapons. The past as future? JAMA 278(5):418–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zivcec M, Scholte FE, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR, Bergeron E (2016) Molecular insights into Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Viruses 8(4):106

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All the authors of the manuscript thank and acknowledge their respective universities and institutes.

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Ashwin Ashok Raut, Pradeep N. Gandhale, D. Senthil Kumar, Naveen Kumar, Atul Pateriya, Anamika Mishra & Diwakar D. Kulkarni

Authors
  1. Ashwin Ashok Raut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pradeep N. Gandhale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Senthil Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Naveen Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Atul Pateriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Anamika Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Diwakar D. Kulkarni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Yashpal Singh Malik

  2. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Raj Kumar Singh

  3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Mahendra Pal Yadav

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Raut, A.A. et al. (2020). Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus. In: Malik, Y., Singh, R., Yadav, M. (eds) Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses . Livestock Diseases and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation