Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is the method of choice for both qualitative and quantitative high-throughput proteome analysis. In the early years, mass spectrometry was used only for small molecule analysis. However, advances in ionization sources, mass analyzers, and mass detectors made MS the central force in proteomics technologies. Starting from its use in peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF), MS has evolved greatly over the last two decades and now finds use in shotgun proteomics where thousands of proteins can be quantified at once. Currently, MS finds use in targeted proteome analysis and is widely used for biomarker discovery in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases worldwide to diagnose the diseases at the early stage or to unravel the mechanism of pathogenesis. The applications of MS have not been limited to proteomics and have moved to metabolomics, lipidomics, tissue imaging, in understanding posttranslational modifications (PTMs), etc. This chapter provides details of mass spectrometry and its applications in biomarker discovery.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdulkareem IH (2013) Aetio-pathogenesis of breast cancer. Niger Med J 54:371–375. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.126284
Aebersold R, Mann M (2003) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature 422:198–207. doi:10.1038/nature01511
Ait-Belkacem R, Berenguer C, Villard C et al (2014) MALDI imaging and in-source decay for top-down characterization of glioblastoma. Proteomics 14:1290–1301. doi:10.1002/pmic.201300329
Arneth BM (2009) Clinical significance of measuring prostate specific antigen. Lab Med 40:487–491
Bantscheff M, Lemeer S, Savitski MM et al (2012) Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: critical review update from 2007 to the present. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:939–965. doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6203-4
Barnea E, Sorkin R, Ziv T et al (2005) Evaluation of prefractionation methods as a preparatory step for multidimensional based chromatography of serum proteins. Proteomics 5:3367–3375. doi:10.1002/pmic.200401221
Bence-Sones H (1847) Papers on chemical pathology: lecture III. Lancet ii:26F–72F
Boylan KL, Andersen JD, Andersen LB et al (2010) Quantitative proteomic analysis by iTRAQ(R) for the identification of candidate biomarkers in ovarian cancer serum. Proteome Sci 8:31. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-8-31
Busto ME, Montes-Bayon M, Anon E et al (2008) Simultaneous determination of glycated haemoglobin, a long term biomarker of diabetes mellitus, and total haemoglobin by isotope dilution and HPLC-ICP-MS. J Anal Atom Spectrom 23(5):758. doi:10.1039/B718008J
Campa MJ, Wang MZ, Howard B et al (2003) Protein expression profiling identifies macrophage migration inhibitory factor and cyclophilin a as potential molecular targets in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 63:1652–1656
Cannistra SA (2004) Cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med 351:2519–2529
Chan EC, Koh PK, Mal M et al (2009) Metabolic profiling of human colorectal cancer using high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). J Proteome Res 8:352–361. doi:10.1021/pr8006232
Choi S, Kim J, Cho K et al (2010) Sequential Fe3O4/TiO2 enrichment for phosphopeptide analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:1467–1474. doi:10.1002/rcm.4541
Chung L, Moore K, Phillips L et al (2014) Novel serum protein biomarker panel revealed by mass spectrometry and its prognostic value in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 16:R63. doi:10.1186/bcr3676
Colangelo CM, Chung L, Bruce C et al (2013) Review of software tools for design and analysis of large scale MRM proteomic datasets. Methods 61:287–298. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.05.004
Coley CM, Barry MJ, Fleming C et al (1997) Early detection of prostate cancer. Part I: prior probability and effectiveness of tests. The American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 126:394–406. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00010
Cornett DS, Reyzer ML, Chaurand P et al (2007) MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: molecular snapshots of biochemical systems. Nat Methods 4:828–833. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.06.015
DeSouza L, Diehl G, Rodrigues MJ et al (2005) Search for cancer markers from endometrial tissues using differentially labeled tags iTRAQ and cICAT with multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 4(2):377–386. doi:10.1021/pr049821j
Deutsch EW, Lam H, Aebersold R (2008) Data analysis and bioinformatics tools for tandem mass spectrometry in proteomics. Physiol Genomics 33:18–25. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00298.2007
Domon B, Aebersold R (2006) Mass spectrometry and protein analysis. Science 312:212–217. doi:10.1126/science.1124619
Ehmann M, Felix K, Hartmann D et al (2007) Identification of potential markers for the detection of pancreatic cancer through comparative serum protein expression profiling. Pancreas 34:205–214
Felitsyn N, Peschke M, Kebarle P (2002) Origin and number of charges observed on multiply-protonated native proteins produced by ESI. Int J Mass Spectrom 219:39–62. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(02)00588-2
Fenn JB, Mann M, Meng CK et al (1989) Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science 246:64–71. doi:10.1126/science.2675315
Findeisen P, Zapatka M, Peccerella T et al (2009) Serum amyloid A as a prognostic marker in melanoma identified by proteomic profiling. J Clin Oncol 27:2199–2208. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008
Fragnoud R, Yugueros-Marcos J, Pachot A et al (2012) Isotope coded protein labeling analysis of plasma specimens from acute severe dengue fever patients. Proteome Sci 10(1):60. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-10-60
Füzéry AK, Levin J, Chan MM et al (2013) Translation of proteomic biomarkers into FDA approved cancer diagnostics: issues and challenges. Clin Proteomics 10:13. doi:10.1186/1559-0275-10-13
Geiger T, Madden SF, Gallagher WM et al (2012) Proteomic portrait of human breast cancer progression identifies novel prognostic markers. Cancer Res 72:2428–2439. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3711
Goto T, Terada N, Inoue T et al (2014) The expression profile of phosphatidylinositol in high spatial resolution imaging mass spectrometry as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. PLoS One 9:e90242. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090242
Grant JE, Bradshaw AD, Schwacke JH et al (2009) Quantification of protein expression changes in the aging left ventricle of Rattus norvegicus. J Proteome Res 9:53–66. doi:10.1021/pr900297f
Grover PK, Resnick MI (1995) Analysis of prostatic fluid: evidence for the presence of a prospective marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 26:12–18. doi:10.1002/pros.2990260104
Gupta S, Chawla K (2013) Oncometabolomics in cancer research. Expert Rev Proteomics 10:325–336. doi:10.1586/14789450.2013.828947
Han X, Aslanian A, Yates JR 3rd (2008) Mass spectrometry for proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 12:483–490. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.024
Hay SI, Battle KE, Pigott DM et al (2013) Global mapping of infectious disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 368:20120250. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0250
He C, Li J, Wang R et al (2014) Metabolic profiles of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in rats after oral administration using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 28:595–604. doi:10.1002/rcm.6813
Henry NL, Hayes DF (2012) Cancer biomarkers. Mol Oncol 6:140–146
Heo SH, Lee SJ, Ryoo HM et al (2007) Identification of putative serum glycoprotein biomarkers for human lung adenocarcinoma by multilectin affinity chromatography and LC-MS/MS. Proteomics 7:4292–4302. doi:10.1002/pmic.200700433
Hillenkamp F, Karas M (1990) Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins by matrix-assisted UV laser desorption/ionization. Methods Enzymol 193:280–295. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)93420-P
Howard BA, Wang MZ, Campa MJ et al (2003) Identification and validation of a potential lung cancer serum biomarker detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight spectra analysis. Proteomics 3:1720–1724. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300514
Hsu WY, Chen WT, Lin WD et al (2009) Analysis of urinary nucleosides as potential tumor markers in human colorectal cancer by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 402:31–37. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.009
Hu S, Arellano M, Booentheung P et al (2008) Salivary proteomics for oral cancer biomarker discovery. Clin Cancer Res 14(19):6246–6252. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5037
Huang H, Mackeen MM, Cook M et al (2012) Proteomic identification of host and parasite biomarkers in saliva from patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 11(1):178. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-178
Hwang SI, Thumar J, Lundgren DH et al (2007) Direct cancer tissue proteomics: a method to identify candidate cancer biomarkers from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues. Oncogene 26:65–76. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209755
Hwang H, Bowen BP, Lefort N et al (2010) Proteomics analysis of human skeletal muscle reveals novel abnormalities in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 59:33–42. doi:10.2337/db09-0214
Iribarne JV, Thomson BA (1976) On the evaporation of small ions from charged droplets. J Chem Phys 64:2287–2294. doi:10.1063/1.432536
Jadaliha M, Lee HJ, Pakzad M et al (2012) Quantitative proteomic analysis of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by 8-plex iTRAQ labelling. PLoS One 7:e38532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038532
Jain S, Saxena S, Kumar A (2014) Epidemiology of prostate cancer in India. Meta Gene 2:596–605. doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2014.07.007
Kang SM, Sung HJ, Ahn JM et al (2011) The Haptoglobin β chain as a supportive biomarker for human lung cancers. Mol Biosyst 7:1167–1175. doi:10.1039/c0mb00242a
Kassa FA, Shio MT, Bellemare MJ et al (2011) New inflammation-related biomarkers during malaria infection. PLoS One 6:e26495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026495
Kaur P, Rizk NM, Ibrahim S et al (2012) iTRAQ-based quantitative protein expression profiling and MRM verification of markers in type 2 diabetes. J Proteome Res 11:5527–5539. doi:10.1021/pr300798z
Keshamouni VG, Michailidis G, Grasso CS et al (2006) Differential protein expression profiling by iTRAQ-2DLC-MS/MS of lung cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition reveals a migratory/invasive phenotype. J Proteome Res 5:1143–1154. doi:10.1021/pr050455t
Keshishian H, Addona T, Burgess M et al (2009) Quantification of cardiovascular biomarkers in patient plasma by targeted mass spectrometry and stable isotope dilution. Mol Cell Proteomics 8(10):2339–2349. doi:10.1074/mcp.M900140-MCP200
Kruh-Garcia NA, Wolfe LM, Chaisson LH et al (2014) Detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides in the exosomes of patients with active and latent M. tuberculosis infection using MRM-MS. PLoS One 9:e103811. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103811
Kulasingam V, Diamandis EP (2007) Proteomics analysis of conditioned media from three breast cancer cell lines: a mine for biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Proteomics 6:1997–2011. doi:10.1074/mcp.M600465-MCP200
Kumar C, Mann M (2009) Bioinformatics analysis of mass spectrometry-based proteomics data sets. FEBS Lett 583:1703–1712. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.035
Laiko VV, Baldwin MA, Burlingame AL (2000) Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:652–657. doi:10.1021/ac990998k
Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B et al (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409:860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062
Lecuit M, Eloit M (2014) The diagnosis of infectious diseases by whole genome next generation sequencing: a new era is opening. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:25. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00025
Leong S, Nunez AC, Lin MZ et al (2006) ITRAQ-based proteomic Pro Fi ling of breast cancer cell response to doxorubicin and TRAIL. J Proteome Res 11(7):3561–3572. doi:10.1021/pr2012335
Li RX, Zhou H, Li SJ et al (2005) Prefractionation of proteome by liquid isoelectric focusing prior to two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometric identification. J Proteome Res 4:1256–1264. doi:10.1021/pr049751g
Liu J, Jiang T, Wei L et al (2013a) The discovery and identification of a candidate proteomic biomarker of active tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 13:506. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-506
Liu J, Jiang T, Wei L et al (2013b) The discovery and identification of a candidate proteomic biomarker of active tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 13(1):1. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-506
Liu Y, Chen J, Sethi A et al (2014) Glycoproteomic analysis of prostate cancer tissues by SWATH mass spectrometry discovers N-acylethanolamine acid amidase and protein tyrosine kinase 7 as signatures for tumor aggressiveness. Mol Cell Proteomics 13:1753–1768. doi:10.1074/mcp.M114.038273
Lopez MF, Mikulskis A, Kuzdzal S et al (2007) A novel, high-throughput workflow for discovery and identification of serum carrier protein-bound peptide biomarker candidates in ovarian cancer samples. Clin Chem 53:1067–1074. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.080721
MacLean B, Tomazela DM, Shulman N et al (2010) Skyline: an open source document editor for creating and analyzing targeted proteomics experiments. Bioinformatics 26:966–968. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq054
Magiera S, Baranowska I, Kusa J et al (2013) A liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 919–920:20–29. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.015
McIntosh M, Fitzgibbon M (2009) Biomarker validation by targeted mass spectrometry. Nat Biotechnol 27:622–623
Mebazaa A, Vanpoucke G, Thomas G et al (2012) Unbiased plasma proteomics for novel diagnostic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: identification of quiescin Q6 as a candidate biomarker of acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J 33:2317–2324. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs162
Megger DA, Bracht T, Meyer HE et al (2013) Label-free quantification in clinical proteomics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1834:1581–1590. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.001
Menon U, Jacobs IJ (2000) Recent developments in ovarian cancer screening. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 12:39–42. doi:10.1074/mcp.R400006-MCP200
Mu AK, Bee PC, Lau YL et al (2014) Identification of protein markers in patients infected with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. Int J Mol Sci 15:19952–19961. doi:10.3390/ijms151119952
Neetu K, Ankit G, Ruchi T et al (2012) A review on mass spectrometry detectors. IRJP 3:33–42
Oldenhuis CN, Oosting SF, Gietema JA et al (2008) Prognostic versus predictive value of biomarkers in oncology. Eur J Cancer 44:946–953. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.03.006
Olsen JV, Mann M (2013) Status of large-scale analysis of post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 12:3444–3452. doi:10.1074/mcp.O113.034181
Papsidero LD, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA et al (1980) A prostate antigen in sera of prostatic cancer patients. Cancer Res 40:2428–2432
Percy AJ, Chambers AG, Yang J et al (2013) Multiplexed MRM-based quantitation of candidate cancer biomarker proteins in undepleted and non-enriched human plasma. Proteomics 13:2202–2215. doi:10.1002/pmic.201200316
Pernemalm M, Lewensohn R, Lehtiö J (2009) Affinity prefractionation for MS-based plasma proteomics. Proteomics 9:1420–1427. doi:10.1002/pmic.200800377
Pitt JJ (2009) Principles and applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical biochemistry. Clin Biochem Rev 30:19–34
Planque C, Kulasingam V, Smith CR (2009) Identification of five candidate lung cancer biomarkers by proteomics analysis of conditioned media of four lung cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Proteomics 8:2746–2758. doi:10.1074/mcp.M900134-MCP200
Polanski M, Anderson NL (2007) A list of candidate cancer biomarkers for targeted proteomics. Biomark Insights 1:01–48
Profumo A, Mangerini R, Rubagotti A et al (2013) Complement C3f serum levels may predict breast cancer risk in women with gross cystic disease of the breast. J Proteomics 85:44–52. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.029
Puttamallesh VN, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Singh PK et al (2013) Proteomic profiling of serum samples from chikungunya-infected patients provides insights into host response. Clin Proteomics 10(1):14. doi:10.1186/1559-0275-10-14
Raemdonck GAAV, Tjalma WAA, Coen VP et al (2014) Identification of protein biomarkers for cervical cancer using human cervicovaginal fluid. PLoS One 9(9):e106488. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106488
Raijmakers R, Kraiczek K, de Jong AP et al (2010) Exploring the human leukocyte phosphoproteome using a microfluidic reversed-phase-TiO2-reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography phosphochip coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 82:824–832. doi:10.1021/ac901764g
Ralhan R, Desouza LV, Matta A et al (2008) Discovery and verification of head-and-neck cancer biomarkers by differential protein expression analysis using iTRAQ labeling, multidimensional liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 7(6):1162–1173. doi:10.1074/mcp.M700500-MCP200
Rao PV, Reddy AP, Lu X, Dasari S et al (2009) Proteomic identification of salivary biomarkers of type-2 diabetes. J Proteome Res 8:239–245. doi:10.1021/pr8003776
Reddy C, Chilla D, Boltax J (2011) Lung cancer screening: a review of available data and current guidelines. Hosp Pract (1995) 39:107–112. doi:10.3810/hp.2011.10.929
Reddy PJ, Ray S, Sathe GJ et al (2015a) A comprehensive proteomic analysis of totarol induced alterations in Bacillus subtilis by multipronged quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 114:247–262. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.10.025
Reddy PJ, Ray S, Sathe GJ et al (2015b) Proteomics analyses of bacillus subtilis after treatment with plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone. OMICS 19:12–23. doi:10.1089/omi.2014.0099
Rehman I, Evans CA, Glen A et al (2012) ITRAQ identification of candidate serum biomarkers associated with metastatic progression of human prostate cancer. PLoS One 7(2):1–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030885
Rydosz A (2014) Micropreconcentrator in LTCC technology with mass spectrometry for the detection of acetone in healthy and type-1 diabetes mellitus patient breath. Metabolites 4:921–931. doi:10.3390/metabo4040921
Sawyers CL (2008) The cancer biomarker problem. Nature 452:548–552
Schiess R, Wollscheid B, Aebersold R (2009) Targeted proteomic strategy for clinical biomarker discovery. Mol Oncol 3:33–44. doi:10.1038/nbt0709-622
Schwamborn K (2012) Imaging mass spectrometry in biomarker discovery and validation. J Proteomics 75:4990–4998
Shah NP, Nicoll JM, Bleickardt E et al (2006) Potent transient inhibition of BCR-ABL by dasatinib Leads to complete cytogenetic remissions in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: implications for patient management and drug development. Blood 108: Abstract 2166.
Shi T, Gao Y, Quek SI et al (2014) A highly sensitive targeted mass spectrometric assay for quantification of AGR2 protein in human urine and serum. J Proteome Res 13:875–882. doi:10.1021/pr400912c
Suhre K, Meisinger C, Döring A et al (2010) Metabolic footprint of diabetes: a multiplatform metabolomics study in an epidemiological setting. PLoS One 5:e13953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013953
Takakura M, Yokomizo A, Tanaka Y et al (2012) Carbonic anhydrase I as a new plasma biomarker for prostate cancer. ISRN Oncol 2012:768190. doi:10.5402/2012/768190
Têtu B, Brisson J (1994) Prognostic significance of HER-2/neuoncoprotein expression in node-positive breast cancer. The influence of the pattern of immunostaining and adjuvant therapy. Cancer 73:2359–2365
Tonack S, Jenkinson C, Cox T et al (2013) iTRAQ reveals candidate pancreatic cancer serum biomarkers: influence of obstructive jaundice on their performance. Br J Cancer 108(9):1846–1853, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.150
Torok Z, Peto T, Csosz E et al (2013) Tear fluid proteomics multimarkers for diabetic retinopathy screening. BMC Ophthalmol 13(1):1. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-13-40
Tsuchida S, Satoh M, Kawashima Y et al (2013) Application of quantitative proteomic analysis using tandem mass tags for discovery and identification of novel biomarkers in periodontal disease. Proteomics 13:2339–2350. doi:10.1002/pmic.201200510
van den Broek I, Sparidans RW, Schellens JH et al (2010) Quantitative assay for six potential breast cancer biomarker peptides in human serum by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 878:590–602. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.011
Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW et al (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291:1304–1351. doi:10.1126/science.1058040
Villanueva J, Shaffer DR, Philip J et al (2006) Differential exoprotease activities confer tumor-specific serum peptidome patterns. J Clin Invest 116:271–284. doi:10.1172/JCI26022
Wang YF, Fu J (2014) Rapid laboratory diagnosis for respiratory infectious diseases by using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Thorac Dis 6:507–511. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439
Wang D, Lu YQ, Liu YF (2012) Identification of new markers for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by MALDI-TOF-MS. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 20:1365–1369
Wasinger VC, Zeng M, Yau Y (2013) Current status and advances in quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry. Int J Proteomics 2013:180605. doi:10.1155/2013/180605
Witze ES, Old WM, Resing KA et al (2007) Mapping protein post-translational modifications with mass spectrometry. Nat Methods 4:798–806. doi:10.1038/nmeth1100
Woo HM, Kim KM, Choi MH et al (2009) Mass spectrometry based metabolomic approaches in urinary biomarker study of women's cancers. Clin Chim Acta 400:63–69. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.014
Xiao JF, Varghese RS, Zhou B et al (2012) LC-MS based serum metabolomics for identification of hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers in Egyptian cohort. J Proteome Res 11:5914–5923. doi:10.1021/pr300673x
Yan LR, Wang DX, Liu H et al (2014) A pro-atherogenic HDL profile in coronary heart disease patients: an iTRAQ labelling-based proteomic approach. PLoS One 9:e98368. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098368
Yang MH, Tyan YC, Jong SB et al (2007) Identification of human hepatocellular carcinoma-related proteins by proteomic approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:637–643. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1263-6)
Yang J, Yang J, Gao Y et al (2014) Identification of potential serum proteomic biomarkers for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 9:e111364. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111364
Ye B, Cramer DW, Skates SJ et al (2003) Haptoglobin-alpha subunit as potential serum biomarker in ovarian cancer: identification and characterization using proteomic profiling and mass spectrometry. Clin Cancer Res 9:2904–2911
Zeng X, Hood BL, Sun M et al (2010) Lung cancer serum biomarker discovery using glycoprotein capture and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 9:6440–6449. doi:10.1021/pr100696n
Zeng X, Hood BL, Zhao T et al (2011) Lung cancer serum biomarker discovery using label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Thorac Oncol 6:725–734. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31820c312e
Zeng J, Yin P, Tan Y et al (2014) Metabolomics study of hepatocellular carcinoma: discovery and validation of serum potential biomarkers by using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 13:3420–3431. doi:10.1021/pr500390y
Zhang D, Holmes WF, Wu S et al (2000) Retinoids and ovarian cancer. J Cell Physiol 185:1–20. doi:10.1002/1097-4652(200010)185
Zhang Z, Bast RC Jr, Yu Y et al (2004) Three biomarkers identified from serum proteomic analysis for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 64:5882–5890. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0746
Zhang X, Xu L, Shen J et al (2013) Metabolic signatures of esophageal cancer: NMR-based metabolomics and UHPLC-based focused metabolomics of blood serum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1832:1207–1216. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.009
Zhang Y, Jiao J, Yang P et al (2014) Mass spectrometry-based N-glycoproteomics for cancer biomarker discovery. Clin Proteomics 11:18. doi:10.1186/1559-0275-11-18
Zheng H, Li R, Zhang J et al (2014) Salivary biomarkers indicate obstructive sleep apnea patients with cardiovascular diseases. Sci Rep 14(4):7046. doi:10.1038/srep07046
Zhou J (2015) Early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using serum biomarkers. Proteomics 15:6–7. doi:10.1002/pmic.201400532
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reddy, P.J. et al. (2016). Basics of Mass Spectrometry and Its Applications in Biomarker Discovery. In: Srivastava, S. (eds) Biomarker Discovery in the Developing World: Dissecting the Pipeline for Meeting the Challenges. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2837-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2837-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2835-6
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2837-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)