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Epigenetics and Ageing

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Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging

Abstract

Epigenetics is considered as a dynamic interface between the genome and the environment and encompasses different mechanisms that regulate chromatin dynamics and gene expression by DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, histone variants, non-coding RNAs, genome topology, among others. The molecular bases of ageing are multi factorial, and the change in the patterns of epigenetic marks is emerging as a hallmark of this physiological process in several tissues. Research in epigenetics has led to the identification of non-invasive biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in age-associated diseases. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications are reversible and might be preventable, making them attractive therapeutic targets to assure a healthy-ageing process. In the present chapter, we aim to provide an overview about the current research focused on the participation of epigenetic mechanisms in ageing health and disease.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

circRNA:

Circular RNA

CTCF:

CCCTC-binding factor

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

ES:

Estrogen receptor

EWAS:

Epigenome-wide association study

EZH2:

Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit

H2BK20:

Lysine 20 of histone 2B

H3K18Ac:

Histone 3 acetylated at lysine 18

H3K27me:

Histone 3 methylated at lysine 27

H3K4me:

Histone 3 methylated at lysine 4

H3K9Ac:

Histone 3 acetylated at lysine 9

H3K9me:

Histone 3 methylated at lysine 9

H4K12:

Lysine 12 of histone 4

H4K16:

Lysine 16 of histone 4

H4K20me:

Histone 4 methylated at lysine 20

HAT:

Histone acetyl transferases

HDAC:

Histone deacetylases

HGS:

Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome

HOTAIR:

HOX antisense intergenic RNA

HP1:

Heterochromatin protein 1

KMT1/Suv39:

Histone lysine methyltransferase family encoded by the EHM1 gene

LADs:

Lamina-associated domains

lncRNA:

Long non-coding RNA

miRNA:

MicroRNAs

ncRNA:

Non-coding RNA

NL:

Nuclear lamina

NOS2:

Nitric oxide synthase

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PRC2:

Polycomb repressive complex 2

PTGS2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

PTM:

Post-translational modification

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RBBP4:

RB Binding Protein 4

RISC:

RNA-induced silencing complex

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAHF:

Senescence-associated heterochromatic foci

SALNR:

Senescence-associated lncRNA

SMCs:

Smooth muscle cells

T2D:

Type 2 diabetes

TADs:

Topologically associated domains

TERF2:

Telomeric repeat binding factor 2

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

WHO:

World Health Organization

XIST:

X-inactive-specific transcript

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  1. Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo and Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico

    Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo

  2. Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

    Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez

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Correspondence to Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo or Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez .

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  1. Basic Sciencies Division, National Institute of Geriatrics, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Juan Carlos Gomez-Verjan

  2. Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Nadia Alejandra Rivero-Segura

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Monroy-Jaramillo, N., Vázquez-Martínez, E.R. (2020). Epigenetics and Ageing. In: Gomez-Verjan, J., Rivero-Segura, N. (eds) Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40955-5_8

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