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Microbial Stress: Spaceflight-Induced Alterations in Microbial Virulence and Infectious Disease Risks for the Crew

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Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space

Abstract

The response of microorganisms to the spaceflight environment has tremendous implications for the risk of infectious disease for astronauts. Seminal studies using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) demonstrated that the organism’s virulence was altered in response to culture in either spaceflight or spaceflight analog environments. Furthermore, evaluation of global changes in transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in S. Typhimurium in response to culture in these environments indicated that many of the alterations in gene expression were regulated by the conserved chaperone protein, Hfq. To determine similarities in spaceflight and/or spaceflight analog-induced responses in other pathogens, extensive studies were performed using the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As with S. Typhimurium, P. aeruginosa cultured in either spaceflight or spaceflight analog conditions demonstrated diverse molecular genetic response profiles, including those associated with pathogenesis-related responses and the Hfq regulon. Collectively, these discoveries are providing novel insight into both the conserved and varied molecular genetic and phenotypic responses found in a wide variety of pathogens cultured in both spaceflight and spaceflight analog conditions. Interestingly, the low fluid-shear culture conditions of both spaceflight and spaceflight analog environments are relevant to those encountered by pathogens in certain regions of the human body during the natural course of infection. Hence, novel virulence strategies unveiled during spaceflight and spaceflight analog culture hold promise to safeguard crew health, and may aid the quest for novel therapeutics and vaccines against pathogens for the general public on Earth.

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Abbreviations

C4-HSL:

N-Butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone

CF:

Cystic fibrosis

EPEC:

Enteropathogenic E. coli

ETEC:

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Fur:

Ferric uptake regulator

HARV:

High aspect ratio (or rotating) vessel

ISS:

International Space Station

LD:

Lethal dose

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LSMMG:

Low-shear modeled microgravity

MEED:

Microbial ecology evaluation device

MMG:

Modeled microgravity

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

OES:

Orbital Environmental Simulator

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

RWV:

Rotating wall vessel

SMG:

Simulated microgravity

STLV:

Slow turning lateral vessel

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    C. Mark Ott & Sarah L. Castro-Wallace

  2. Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Aurélie Crabbé

  3. Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA

    James W. Wilson

  4. Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Jennifer Barrila & Cheryl A. Nickerson

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  1. C. Mark Ott
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  2. Aurélie Crabbé
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  3. James W. Wilson
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  4. Jennifer Barrila
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  5. Sarah L. Castro-Wallace
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  6. Cheryl A. Nickerson
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Correspondence to C. Mark Ott .

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  1. Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany

    Alexander Choukèr

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Ott, C.M., Crabbé, A., Wilson, J.W., Barrila, J., Castro-Wallace, S.L., Nickerson, C.A. (2020). Microbial Stress: Spaceflight-Induced Alterations in Microbial Virulence and Infectious Disease Risks for the Crew. In: Choukèr, A. (eds) Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_18

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