Skip to main content

Analytical Tools for Assessing the Chemical Safety of Meat and Poultry

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Analytical Tools for Assessing the Chemical Safety of Meat and Poultry

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition ((BRIEFSFOOD,volume 9))

  • 1522 Accesses

Abstract

This book provides a summary of the state of the art of current chemical safety issues concerning meat and poultry and the tools available for their control. The main safety issues in the field of meat and poultry in recent years and current international legislation regarding analytical controls are reviewed. Furthermore, the book provides an overview of the pathways for residues of growth promoters, antibiotics and substances that might be either present in meat or poultry or generated as a consequence of their further processing, the health-related effects for consumers, and the available tools and analytical methods for the detection and control of these substances. The substances may be quite varied in nature, such as heterocyclic amines generated by heating, nitrosamines present in meats cured with nitrite if not properly processed, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that can be generated depending on the method of smoking used, and biogenic amines generated during fermentation. The book concludes with a view toward future trends in the field and some key references that may be useful for readers interested in learning more about the topic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahlborg UG, Becking GC, Birnbaum LS, Brouwer A, Derks HJGM, Feely M, Golor G, Hanberg A, Larsen JC, Liem AKD, Safe SH, Schlatter C, Waern F, Younes M, Yrjänheikki E (1994) Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Chemosphere 28:1049–1106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antignac JP, de Wasch K, Monteau F, De Brabander H, Andre F, Le Bizec B (2005) The ion suppression phenomenon in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its consequences in the field of residue analysis. Anal Chim Acta 529:129–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armenteros M, Heinonen M, Ollilainen V, Toldrá F, Estévez M (2009) Analysis of protein carbonyls in meat products by using the DNPH method, fluorescence spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Meat Sci 83:104–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armenteros M, Aristoy MC, Toldrá F (2012) Evolution of nitrate and nitrite during the processing of dry-cured ham with partial replacement of NaCl by other chloride salts. Meat Sci. DOI 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.02.017

  • Ashwin HM, Stead SL, Taylor JC, Startin JR, Richmond SF, Homer V, Bigwood T, Sharman M (2005) Development and validation of screening and confirmatory methods for the detection of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide using SPR biosensor and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 529:103–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augustsson K, Skog K, Jagerstad M, Dickman PW, Steineck G (1999) Dietary heterocyclic amines and cancer of the colon, rectum, bladder, and kidney: a population-based study. Lancet 353:686–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baggiani C, Anfossi L, Giovannoli C (2007) Solid phase extraction of food contaminants using molecular imprinted polymers. Anal Chim Acta 591:29–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baggio SR, Bragagnolo N (2006) The effect of heat treatment on the cholesterol oxides, cholesterol, total lipid and fatty acid contents of processed meat products. Food Chem 95:611–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barat JM, Gil L, García-Breijo E, Aristoy MC, Toldrá F, Martínez-Máñez R, Soto J (2008) Freshness monitoring of sea bream (Sparus aurata) with a potentiometric sensor. Food Chem 108:681–688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa J, Cruz C, Connolly L, Elliott CT, Lovgren T, Tuomola M (2005) Food poisoning by clenbuterol in Portugal. Food Addit Contam 22:563–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastide NM, Pierre FHF, Corpet DE (2011) Heme iron from meat and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and a review of the mechanisms involved. Cancer Prev Res 4:177–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bem Z (1995) Desirable and undesirable effects of smoking meat products. Die Fleischerei 3:3–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Berggren C, Bayoudh S, Sherrington D, Ensing K (2000) Use of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective clean-up of clenbuterol from calf urine. J Chromatogr A 889:105–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergwerff AA (2005) Rapid assays for detection of residues of veterinary drugs. In: van Amerongen A, Barug D, Lauwars M (eds) Rapid methods for biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp 259–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergwerff AA, Schloesser J (2003) Residue determination. In: Caballero B, Trugo L, Finglas P (eds) Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 254–261

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bienemann-Ploum M, Korpimaki T, Haasnoot W, Kohen F (2005) Comparison of multi-sulfonamide biosensor immunoassays. Anal Chim Acta 529:115–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjeldanes LF, Grose KR, Davis PH, Stuermer DH, Healy SK, Felton JS (1982) An XAD-2 resin method for efficient extraction of mutagens from fried ground beef. Mutat Res 105:43–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjeldanes LF, Morris MM, Timourian H, Hatch FT (1983) Effects of meat composition and cooking conditions on mutagen formation in fried ground beef. J Agric Food Chem 31:18–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogen KT (1994) Cancer potencies of heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods. Food Chem Toxicol 32:505–515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borràs S, Companyó R, Granados M, Guiteras J, Pérez-Vendrell AM, Brufau J, Medina M, Bosch J (2011a) Analysis of antimicrobial agents in animal feed. Trends Anal Chem 30:1042–1064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borràs S, Companyó R, Guiteras J (2011b) Analysis of sulfonamides in animal feeds by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Agric Food Chem 59:5240–5247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bösinger S, Luf W, Brandl E (1993) Oxysterols: their occurrence and biological effects. Int Dairy J 3:1–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bover-Cid S, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Vidal-Carou MC (2000) Influence of hygienic quality of raw materials on biogenic amine production during ripening and storage of dry fermented sausages. J Food Prot 63:1544–1550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bover-Cid S, Hugas M, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Vidal-Carou MC (2001) Amino acid-decarboxylase activity of bacteria isolated from fermented pork sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 66:185–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd B, Bjork H, Billing J, Shimelis O, Axelsson S, Leonora M, Yilmaz E (2007) Development of an improved method for trace analysis of chloramphenicol using molecularly imprinted polymers. J Chromatogr A 1174:63–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockman RP, Laarveld R (1986) Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants. A review. Livest Prod Sci 14:313–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butaye P, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F (2001) Differences in antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1374–1378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne DV, Bredie WLP, Bak LS, Bertelsen G, Martens H, Martens M (2001) Sensory and chemical analysis of cooked porcine meat patties in relation to warmed-over flavour and pre-slaughter stress. Meat Sci 59:229–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne DV, Bredie WLP, Mottram DS, Martens M (2002) Sensory and chemical investigations on the effect of oven cooking on warmed-over flavor development in chicken meat. Meat Sci 61:127–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes SD (2005) Demystifying 21 CFR Part 556—tolerances for residues of new animal drugs in food. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 42:324–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caja MM, del Castillo MLR, Blanch GP (2008) Solid phase microextraction as a methodology in the detection of irradiation markers in ground beef. Food Chem 110:531–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell HM, Armstrong JF (2007) Determination of zearalenone in cereal grains, animal feed, and feed ingredients using immunoaffinity column chromatography and liquid chromatography: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int 90:1610–1622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassens RG (1997) Composition and safety of cured meats in the USA. Food Chem 59:561–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerniglia CE, Kotarski S (1998) Evaluation of veterinary drug residues in food for their potential to affect human intestinal microflora. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 29:238–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerniglia CE, Kotarski S (2005) Approaches in the safety evaluations of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food to determine the effects on the human intestinal microflora. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:3–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Archives and Records Administration (2008) Tolerances for residues of new animal drugs in food. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Food and Drugs, Chapter I, Subchapter E, Part 556. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text. (Accessed 3 Jun 2008)

  • National Archives and Records Administration (2010) Tolerances and exemptions for pesticide chemical residues in food. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 Protection of Environment, Chapter I, Subchapter E, Part 180, Pesticide programs.http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=%2Findex.tpl. (Accessed 30 Mar 2012)

  • Chadwick RW, George SE, Claxton LD (1992) Role of gastrointestinal mucosa and microflora in the bioactivation of dietary and environmental mutagens or carcinogens. Drug Metab Rev 24:425–492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cháfer-Pericás C, Maquieira Á, Puchades R (2010) Fast screening methods to detect antibiotic residues in food samples. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 29:1038–1049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiaochan C, Koesukwiwat U, Yudthavorasit S, Leepipatpiboon N (2010) Efficient hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the multiclass analysis of veterinary drugs in chicken muscle. Anal Chim Acta 682:117–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chifang P, Chuanlai X, Zhengyu J, Xiaogang C, Liying W (2006) Determination of anabolic steroid residues (medroxyprogesterone acetate) in pork by ELISA and comparison with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Sci 71:C044–C050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cinquina AL, Longo F, Anastasi G, Giannetti L, Cozzani R (2003) Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in bovine milk and muscle. J Chromatogr A 987:227–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly L, Thompson CS, Haughey SA, Traynor IM, Tittlemeier S, Elliot C (2007) The development of a multi.nitorimidazole residue analysis assay by optical biosensor via a proof of ­concept project to develop and assess a prototype test kit. Analytica Chimica Acta 598:155–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper KM, Ribeiro L, Alves P, Vozikis V, Tsitsamis S, Alfredssonk G, Lovgren T, Tuomola M, Takaloyy H, Iitiayy A, Sterkzz SS (2003) Interlaboratory ring test of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays for zeranol and a-zearalenol and comparison with zeranol test kits. Food Additives and Contaminants 20:804–812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper KM, Caddell A, Elliott CT, Kennedy DG (2004) Production and characterisation of polyclonal antibodies to a derivative of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, a metabolite of the nitrofuran furazolidone. Anal Chim Acta 520:79–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper KM, Samsonova JV, Plumpton L, Elliott CT, Kennedy DG (2007a) Enzyme immunoassay for semicarbazide—the nitrofuran metabolite and food contaminant. Anal Chim Acta 592:64–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper J, Delahaut P, Fodey TL, Elliott CT (2007b) Development of a rapid screening test for veterinary sedatives and the beta-blocker carazolol in porcine kidney by ELISA. Analyst 129:169–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronly M, Behan P, Foley B, Malone E, Earley S, Gallagher M, Shearan P, Regan L (2010) Development and validation of a rapid multi-class method for the confirmation of fourteen prohibited medicinal additives in pig and poultry compound feed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 53:929–938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross AJ, Ferrucci LM, Risch A, Graubard BI, Ward MH, Park Y, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Sinha R (2010) A large prospective study of meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: An investigation of potential mechanisms underlying this association. Cancer Res 70:2406–2414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croubels S, Daeselaire E, De Baere S, De Backer P, Courtheyn D (2004) Feed and drug residues. In: Jensen W, Devine C, Dikemann M (eds) Encyclopedia of meat sciences. Elsevier, London, pp 1172–1187

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • De Brabander HF, Noppe H, Verheyden K, Vanden Bussche J, Wille K, Okerman L, Vanhaecke L, Reybroeck W, Ooghe S, Croubels S (2009) Residue analysis: future trends from a historical perspective. J Chromatogr A 1216:7964–7976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Wasch K, Okerman L, Croubels S, De Brabander H, Van Hoof J, De Backer P (2001) Detection of residues of tetracycline antibiotics in pork and chicken meat: correlation between results of screening and confirmatory tests. Analyst 123:2737–2741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demeyer DI, Raemakers M, Rizzo A, Holck A, De Smedt A, Ten Brink B, Hagen B, Montel C, Zanardi E, Murbrek E, Leroy F, Vanderdriessche F, Lorentsen K, Venema K, Sunesen L, Stahnke L, De Vuyst L, Talon R, Chizzolini R, Eerola S (2000) Control of bioflavor and safety in fermented sausages: first results of a European project. Food Res Int 33:171–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon SN (2001) Veterinary drug residues. In: Watson DH (ed) Food chemical safety. Vol 1: Contaminants. Woodhead, Cambridge, UK, pp 109–147

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Draisci R, delli Quadri F, Achene L, Volpe G, Palleschi L, Palleschi G (2001) A new electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the screening of macrolide antibiotic residues in bovine meat. Analyst 126:1942–1946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont V, Huet AC, Traynor I, Elliott C, Delahaut P (2006) A surface plasmon resonance biosensor assay for the simultaneous determination of thiamphenicol, florefenicol, florefenicol amine and chloramphenicol residues in shrimps. Anal Chim Acta 567:179–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eerola S, Maijala R, Roig-Sangués AX, Salminen M, Hirvi T (1996) Biogenic amines in dry sausages as affected by starter culture and contaminant amine-positive Lactobacillus. J Food Sci 61:1243–1246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eerola S, Otegui I, Saari L, Rizzo A (1998) Application of liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of volatile nitrosamines in dry sausages. Food Addit Contam 15:270–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • European Community (1988) Council Directive 88/146/EEC of 7 March 1988 prohibiting the use in livestock farming of certain substances having a hormonal action. Off J Eur Union L 070:16

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (1993a) Commission Decision 93/256/EEC of 14 May 1993 laying down the methods to be used for detecting residues of substances having hormonal or a thyreostatic action. Off J Eur Union L 118:64

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (1993b) Commission Decision 93/256/EEC of 15 April 1993 laying down the reference methods and the list of the national reference laboratories for detecting residues. Off J Eur Union L 118:73

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (1996) Council Directive 96/23/EEC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products. Off J Eur Union L 125:10

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2001) Council Regulation 2375/2001 of 29 November 2001 amending Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L 321: 1

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2002a) Commission Directive 2002/32/EC of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed. Off J Eur Union L 140:10

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2002b) Commission Decision 2002/657/EEC of 17 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Off J Eur Union L 221:8

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2003) Regulation No. 2065/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 November 2003 on smoke flavourings used or intended for use in or on foods. Off J Eur Union L 309:1

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2005) Commission Directive 2005/87/EC of 5 December 2005 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed as regards lead, fluorine and cadmium. Off J Eur Union L 318:19

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2006a) Commission Regulation 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L 364:5–24

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2006b) Commission Regulation 627/2006 of 21 April 2006 implementing Regulation (EC) No. 2065/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards quality criteria for validated analytical methods for sampling, identification and characterisation of primary smoke products. Off J Eur Union L 109:3–6

    Google Scholar 

  • European Community (2009) Report from the Commission on Food Irradiation for the year 2007. Off J Eur Union C 242/02:2–18

    Google Scholar 

  • European Food Safety Authority (2005) Guidance from the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food. Guidance on submission of a dossier on a smoke flavouring primary product for evaluation by EFSA, adopted 7 October 2004; revised 27 April 2005. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/esfaJ/pub/492.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2012

  • European Food Safety Authority (2003) The effects of nitrites/nitrates on the microbiological safety of meat products. EFSA J 14:1–85

    Google Scholar 

  • European Food Safety Authority (2007) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission related to hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products. EFSA J 510:1–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias RJ, Kellerby SS, Decker EA (2008) Antioxidant activity of proteins and peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 48:430–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmore JS, Mottram DS, Enser M, Wood JD (2000) The effects of diet and breed on the volatile compounds of cooked meat. Meat Sci 55:149–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estévez M, Ollilainen V, Heinonen M (2008) α-Aminoadipic and γ-glutamic semialdehydes as indicators of protein oxidation in myofibrillar proteins. In: Proceedings of the 54th international congress on meat science and technology (ICoMST), Cape Town, South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  • Estévez M, Morcuende D, Ventanas S (2009) Determination of oxidation. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 221–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Estévez M (2011) Protein carbonyls in meat systems: a review. Meat Sci 89:259–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2008) Benefits and risks of the use of chlorine-containing disinfectants in food production and food processing: report of a joint FAO/WHO expert meeting, Rome, 1–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Felton JS, Knize MG, Wood C, Wuebbles BJ, Healy SK, Stuermer DH, Bjeldanes LF, Kimble BJ, Hatch FT (1984) Isolation and characterization of new mutagens from fried ground beef. Carcinogenesis 5:95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felton JS, Knize MG, Shen NH, Lewi PR, Anderson BD, Happe J, Hatch FT (1986) The isolation and identification of a new mutagen from fried ground beef: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol(4,5-b)pyridine. Carcinogenesis 7:1081–1086

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felton JS, Knize MG, Salmon CP, Malfatti MA, Kulp KS (2002) Human exposure to heterocyclic amine food mutagens/carcinogens: relevance to breast cancer. Environ Mol Mutagenes 39:112–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton SE (2006) Endocrine-disrupting compounds and mammary gland development: early exposure and later life consequences. Endocrinology 147:s18–s24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson J, Baxter A, Young P, Kennedy G, Elliott C, Weigel S, Gatermann R, Ashwin H, Stead S, Sharman M (2005) Detection of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide residues in poultry muscle, honey, prawn and milk using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor and Qflex® kit chloramphenicol. Anal Chim Acta 529:109–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiddler W, Pensabene JW (1996) Supercritical fluid extraction of volatile N-nitrosamines in fried bacon and its drippings: method comparison. J AOAC Int 79:895–901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiems LO, Buts B, Boucque CV, Demeyer DI, Cottyn BG (1990) Effect of a β-agonist on meat quality and myofibrillar protein fragmentation in bulls. Meat Sci 27:29–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finley JW, Wheeler EL, Witt SC (1981) Oxidation of glutathione by hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents. J Agric Food Chem 29:404–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forte G, Bocca B (2011) Environmental contaminants: heavy metals. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of analysis of edible animal by-products. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 403–440

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil P, Hachmeister KA, Smith JS, Kropf DH (2002) 2-Alkylcyclobutanones as irradiation dose indicators in irradiated ground beef patties. J Agric Food Chem 50:5746–5750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil P, Smith JS, Hachmeister KA, Kropf DH (2005) Evaluation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone as an irradiation dose indicator in fresh irradiated ground beef. J Agric Food Chem 53:1890–1893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Regueiro JA, Castellari M (2009) Polychlorinated byphenyls: environmental chemical contaminants. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 635–646

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatellier P, Kondjoyan A, Portanguen S, Sante-Lhoutelher V (2010) Effect of cooking on protein oxidation in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched beef. Implication on nutritional quality. Meat Sci 85:645–650

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudin V, Cadieu N, Maris P (2003) Inter-laboratory studies for the evaluation of ELISA kits for the detection of chloramphenicol residues in milk and muscle. Food Agric Immunol 15:143–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gentili A, Perret D, Marchese S (2005) Liquid chromatography-tandem drugs in animal-food products. Trends Anal Chem 24:704–733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gentili A (2007) MS methods for analyzing anti-inflammatory drugs in animal-food products. Trends Anal Chem 26:595–608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil L, Barat JM, Garcia-Breijo E, Ibañez J, Martínez-Máñez R, Soto J, Llobet E, Brezmes J, Aristoy MC, Toldrá F (2008) Fish freshness analysis using metallic potentiometric electrodes. Sens Actuators B Chem 131:362–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giulivi C, Traaseth NJ, Davies KJA (2003) Tyrosine oxidation products: analysis and biological relevance. Amino Acids 25:227–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey MAJ (1998) Immunoafinity extraction in veterinary residue analysis: a regulatory viewpoint. Analyst 123:2501–2506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Izquierdo-Hornillos R (2000) High-performance liquid chromatography optimization study for the separation of natural and synthetic anabolic steroids: application to urine and pharmaceutical samples. J Chromatogr B 742:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guardiola F, Codony R, Addis PB, Rafecas M, Boatella P (1996) Biological effects of oxysterols: current status. Food Chem Toxicol 34:193–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo JJ, Chou HN, Liao IC (2003) Disposition of 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutylidene amino)-2-oxazolidone, a cyano-metabolite of furazolidone, in furazolidone-treated grouper. Food Addit Contam 20:229–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haasnoot W, Gerçek H, Cazemier G, Nielen MWF (2007) Biosensor immunoassay for flumequine in broiler serum and muscle. Anal Chim Acta 586:312–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagren V, Connolly L, Elliott CT, Lovgren T, Tuomola M (2005) Rapid screening method for halofuginone residues in poultry eggs and liver using time-resolved fluorometry combined with the all-in-one dry chemistry assay concept. Anal Chim Acta 529:21–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haughey SA, Baxter GA, Elliot CT, Persson B, Jonson C, Bjurling P (2001) Determination of clenbuterol residues in bovine urine by optical immunobiosensor assay. J AOAC Int 84:1025–1030

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haughey SA, Baxter CA (2006) Biosensor screening for veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs. J AOAC Int 89:862–867

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He JH, Hou XL, Jiang HY, Shen JZ (2005) Multiresidue analysis of avermectins in bovine liver by immunoaffinity column cleanup procedure and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. J AOAC Int 88:1099–1103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He L, Liu K, Su Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zeng Z, Fang B, Zhang G (2011) Simultaneous determination of cyadox and its metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 34:1755–1762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heggum C (2004) Risk analysis and quantitative risk management. In: Jensen W, Devine C, Dikemann M (eds) Encyclopedia of meat sciences. Elsevier, London, pp 1192–1201

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Cázares A, Aristoy MC, Toldrá F (2010) Hypoxanthine-based enzymatic sensor for determination of pork meat freshness. Food Chem 123:949–954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Cázares AS, Aristoy MC, Toldrá F (2011) An enzyme sensor for the determination of total amines in dry-fermented sausages. J Food Eng 106:166–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Jover T, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Veciana-Nogués MT, Vidal-Carou MC (1996) Biogenic amine sources in cooked cured shoulder pork. J Agric Food Chem 44:3097–3101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt SA, Kearney M, Currie JW, Young PB, Kennedy DG (2002) Screening and confirmatory strategies for the surveillance of anabolic steroid abuse within Northern Ireland. Anal Chim Acta 473:99–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill LH, Webb NB, Mongol LD, Adams AT (1973) Changes in residual nitrite in sausages and luncheon meat products during storage. J Milk Food Technol 36:515–519

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honikel KO (2009) Oxidative changes and their control in meat and meat products. In: Toldrá F (ed) Safety of meat and processed meat. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 313–340

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Honikel KO (2010) Curing. In: Toldrá F (ed) Handbook of meat processing. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 125–141

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Horvatovich P, Miesch M, Hasselmann C, Delincee H, Marchioni E (2005) Determination of monounsaturated alkyl side chain 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated foods. J Agric Food Chem 53:5836–5841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hotchkiss JH, Vecchio AL (1985) Nitrosamines in fired-out bacon fat and its use as a cooking oil. Food Technol 39:67–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hotchkiss JH, Parker RS (1990) Toxic compounds produced during cooking and meat processing. In: Pearson AM, Dutson TR (eds) Meat and health. Elsevier, London, pp 105–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Li Y, Liu R, Tan W, Li G. 2011. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer beads prepared by microwave heating for selective enrichment of β-agonists in pork and pig liver samples. Talanta 84:462–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Tao YWY, Chen D, Yuan Z (2008) Development of high performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of cyadox and its metabolites in plasma and tissues of chicken. J Chromatogr B 874:7–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huet AC, Mortier L, Daeseleire E, Fodey T, Elliott CT, Delahaut P (2005) Development of an ELISA screening test for nitroimidazoles in egg and chicken muscle Anal Chim Acta 534:157–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iamiceli AL, Fochi I, Brambilla G, Di Domenico A (2009) Determination of persistent organic pollutants in meat. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 789–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaksyn P, Agudo A, Ibañez R, García-Closas R, Pera G, Amiano P, González CA (2004) Development of a food database of nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, and polyccyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Nutr 134:2011–2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings WG (1990) Analysis of liquid smoke and smoked meat volatiles by headspace gas chromatography. Food Chem 37:135–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner J (1994) Oxidative processes in meat and meat products: quality implications. Meat Sci 36:169–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann A (2009) Validation of multiresidue methods for veterinary drugs residues; related problems and possible solutions. Anal Chim Acta 637:144–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann A, Butcher P, Maden K, Walker S, Widmer M (2011) Development of an improved high resolution mass spectrometry based multi-residue method for veterinary drugs in various food matrices. Anal Chim Acta 700:86–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella B, O’Mahony J, Malone E, Moloney M, Cantwell H, Furey A, Danaher M (2009) Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 1216:7977–8015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirbis A, Marinsek J, Flajs VC (2005) Introduction of the HPLC method for the determination of quinolone residues in various muscle tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 19:259–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koole A, Franke J-P, De Zeeuw RA (1999) Multi-residue analysis of anabolics in calf urine using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J Chromatogr B 724:41–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kootstra PR, Kuijpers CJPF, Wubs KL, van Doorn D, Sterk SS, van Ginkel LA, Stephany RW (2005) The analysis of beta-agonists in bovine muscle using molecular imprinted polymers with ion trap LCMS screening. Anal Chim Acta 529:75–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar K, Thompson A, Singh AK, Chander Y, Gupta SC (2004) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ultratrace determination of antibiotics in aqueous samples. J Environ Qual 33:250–256

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bizec B, Pinel G, Antignac J (2009) Options for veterinary drug analysis using mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1216:8016–8034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HJ, Lee MH, Ryu PD, Lee H, Cho MH (2001) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening the plasma residues of tetracycline antibiotics in pigs. J Vet Med 63:553–556

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leffers H, Naesby M, Vendelbo B, Skakkebaek NE, Jorgensen M. 2001. Oestrogenic potencies of zeranol, oestradiol, diethylstilboestrol, bisphenol A and genistein: implications for exposure assessment of potential endocrine disrupters. Human Reproductivity 16, 1037–1045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levieux D (2007) Immunodiagnosctic technology and its applications. In: Nolle LML, Toldrá F (eds) Advances in food diagnostics. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 211–227

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Slavik MF, Walker JT, Xiong H (1997) Pre-chill spray of chicken carcasses to reduce Salmonella typhimurium. J Food Sci 62:605–607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Link N, Weber W, Fussenegger M (2007) A novel generic dipstick-based technology for rapid and precise detection of tetracycline, streptogramin and macrolide antibiotics in food samples. J Biotechnol 128:668–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton SH, Bodwell CE, Coleman AH Jr (1977) Amino acid analyzer studies of the products of peroxide oxidation of cystine, lanthionine and homocystine. J Agric Food Chem 25:624–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lone KP (1997) Natural sex steroids and their xenobiotic analogs in animal production: growth, carcass quality, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, mode of action, residues, methods, and epidemiology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 37:93–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maga JA (1987) The flavour chemistry of wood smoke. Food Rev Int 3:139–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchioni E, Horvatovich P, Ndiaye B, Miesch M, Hasselmann C (2002) Detection of low amount of irradiated ingredients in non-irradiated precooked meals. Radiat Phys Chem 63:447–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGlinchey TA, Rafter PA, Regan F, McMahon GP (2008) A review of analytical methods for the determination of aminoglycoside and macrolide residues in food matrices. Anal Chim Acta 624:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath T, Baxter A, Ferguson J, Haughey S, Bjurling P (2005) Multi-sulfonamide screening in porcine muscle using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 529:123–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer HH, Tenberken O, Kratzsch C, Weber AA, Peters FT (2004) Screening for library-assisted identification and fully validated quantification of 22 beta-blockers in blood plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Chromatogr, 1058, 169–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D (2010) Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 121:2271–2283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LF, Judge MD, Dikeman MA, Hudgens RE, Aberle ED (1989) Relationships among intramuscular collagen, serum hydroxyproline and serum testosterone in growing rams and wethers. J Anim Sci 67:698–703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LF, Judge MD, Schanbacher BD (1990) Intramuscular collagen and serum hydroxyproline as related to implanted testosterone and estradiol 17β in growing wethers. J Anim Sci 68:1044–1048

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moats WA (1994) Chemical residues in muscle foods. In: Muscle foods: meat, poultry and seafood technology. Kinsman DM, Kotula AW, Breidenstein BC (eds) pp 288–295, New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Monarca S, Rizzoni M, Gustavino B, Zani C, Alberti A, Feretti D, Zerbini I (2003) Genotoxicity of surface water treated with different disinfectants using in situ plant tests. Environ Mol Mutagenes 41:353–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monarca S, Zani C, Richardson SD, Thruston AD Jr, Moretti M, Feretti D, Villarini M (2004) A new approach to evaluating the toxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected drinking water. Water Res 38:3809–3819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monsón F, Sañudo C, Bianchi G, Alberti P, Herrera A, Arino A (2007) Carcass and meat quality of yearling bulls as affected by the use of clenbuterol and steroid hormones combined with dexamethasone. J Muscle Foods 18:173–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore WEC, Moore LH (1995) Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3202–3207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mora L, Sentandreu MA, Toldrá F (2008a) Contents of creatine, creatinine and carnosine in pork muscles of different metabolic type. Meat Sci 79:709–715

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mora L, Sentandreu MA, Toldrá F (2008b) Effect of cooking conditions on creatinine formation in cooked ham. J Agric Food Chem 56:11279–11284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morzel M, Gatellier P, Sayd T, Renerre M, Laville E (2006) Chemical oxidation decreases proteolytic susceptibility of skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins. Meat Sci 73:536–543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mottier P, Parisod V, Gremaud E, Guy PA, Stadler RH (2003) Determination of the antibiotic chloramphenicol in meat and seafood products by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 994:75–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negri E, Bosetti C, Fattore E, La Vecchia C (2003) Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:509–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen SS (2010) United States government regulations and international standards related to food analysis 15. In: Nielsen SS (ed) Food analysis, 4th edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 15–33

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nout MJR (1994) Fermented foods and food safety. Food Res Int 27:291–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver CN, Ahn B-W-, Moerman EJ, Goldstein S, Stadtman ER (1987) Age-related changes in oxidized proteins. J Biol Chem 262:5488–5491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ooizumi T, Xiong YL (2004) Biochemical susceptibility of myosin in chicken myofibrils subjected to hydroxyl radical oxidizing systems. J Agric Food Chem 52:4303–4307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patsias A, Chouliara I, Paleologos EK, Savvaidis I, Kontominas MG (2006) Relation of biogenic amines to microbial and sensory changes of precooked chicken meat stored aerobically and under modified atmosphere packaging at 4 degrees C. Eur Food Res Technol 223:683–689

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecorelli I, Bibi R, Fioroni L, Galarini R (2004) Validation of a confirmatory method for the determination of sulphonamides in muscle according to the European Union regulation 2002/657/EC. J Chromatogr A 1032:23–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg RB, Shahidi F (2000) Nitrite curing of meat. Food & Nutrition, Trumbull, CT, pp 175–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Peippo P, Lovgren T, Tuomola M. (2005) Rapid screening of narasin residues in poultry plasma by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 529:27–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng Z, Bang-Ce Y (2006) Small molecule microarrays for drug residue detection in foodstuffs. J Agric Food Chem 54:6978–6983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry GA, Welshons WV, Bott RC, Smith MF (2005) Basis of melengestrol acetate action as a progestin. Domest Anim Endocrinol 28:147–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puente ML (2004) Highly sensitive and rapid normal-phase chiral screen using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). J Chromatogr 1055:55–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramarathnam N (1998) The flavour of cured meat. In: Shahidi F (ed) Flavor of meat, meat products and seafood. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, pp 290–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Raoul S, Gremaud E, Biaudet H, Turesky RJ (1997) Rapid solid-phase extraction method for the detection of volatile nitrosamines in food. J Agric Food Chem 45:4706–4713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rath S, Reyes FG (2009) Nitrosamines. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 687–705

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves PT (2007) Residues of veterinary drugs at injection sites. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30:1–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves PT (2010) Drug residues. In: Cunningham F, Elliott J, Lees P (eds) Comparative and veterinary pharmacology (Handbook of experimental pharmacology), vol 199. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 265–290

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2007) Chemical origin toxic compounds. In: Toldrá F, Hui YH, Astiasarán I, Nip WK, Sebranek JG, Silveira ETF, Stahnke LH, Talon R (eds) Handbook of fermented meat and poultry, Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 469–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2008a) Veterinary drug residues in meat: concerns and rapid methods for detection. Meat Sci 78:60–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2008b) Immunology-based techniques for the detection of veterinary drugs residues in foods. In: Toldrá F (ed) Meat biotechnology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 361–373

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2009a) Veterinary drugs and growth promoters residues in meat and processed meats. In: Toldrá F (ed) Safety of meat and processed meat. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 365–390

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2009b) Growth promoters. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of muscle foods analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 837–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2009c) Veterinary drug residues. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 647–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2010) Detection of chemical hazards. In: Toldrá F (ed) Handbook of meat processing. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 469–480

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Toldrá F (2011) Growth promoters. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Safety analysis of foods of animal origin. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 229–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Batlle N, Navarro JL, Toldrá F (2005) A modified HPLC method for the detection of 6-methyl-2-thiouracil in cattle urine. In: Proceedings of the international congress in meat science and technology, Baltimore, MD, 7–12 August 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig M, Mora L, Navarro JL, Toldrá F (2006) A chromatography method for the screening and confirmatory detection of dexamethasone. Meat Sci 74:676–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roda A, Manetta AC, Portanti O, Mirasoli M, Guardigli M, Pasini P, Lelli R (2003) A rapid and sensitive 384-well microtitre format chemiluminiscent enzyme immunoassay for 19-nortestosterone. Luminescence 18(2):72–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CF, Smith DM (2006) Use of volatiles as indicators of lipid oxidation in muscle foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Saf 5:18–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe LJ, Maddock KR, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E (2004a) Influence of early postmortem protein oxidation on beef quality. J Anim Sci 82:785–793

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe LJ, Maddock KR, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E (2004b) Oxidative environments decrease tenderization of beef steaks through inactivation of l-calpain. J Anim Sci 82:3254–3266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Capillas C, Jiménez-Colmenero F (2010) Biogenic amines in seafood products. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of seafood and seafood products analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 833–850

    Google Scholar 

  • Santarelli RL, Vendeuvre J-L, Naud N, Taché S, Guéraud F, Viau M, Genot C, Corpet DE, Pierre FFH (2010) Meat processing and colon carcinogenesis: cooked nitrite-treated and oxidized high-heme cured meat promotes mucin-depleted foci in rats. Cancer Prev Res 3:852–864

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scientific Committee for Food (1995) Smoke flavorings. Report of the Scientific Committee for Food of the European Commission. Opinion adopted on 23 June 1993. Series 34: Food Science Techniques

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen NP, Baddoo PA, Seaman SW (1987) Volatile nitrosamines in cured meats packaged in elastic rubber nettings. J Agric Food Chem 35:346–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shalaby AR (1996) Significance of biogenic amines to food safety and human health. Food Res Int 29:675–690

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shao B, Jia X, Zhang J, Meng J, Wu Y, Duan H, Tu X (2009) Multi-residual analysis of 16 β-agonists in pig liver, kidney and muscle by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 114:1115–1121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi WM, He JH, Jiang HY, Hou XL, Yang JH, Shen JZ (2006) Determination of multiresidue of avermectins in bovine liver by an indirect competitive ELISA. J Agric Food Chem 54:6143–6146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikorski ZE, Kolakowski E (2010) Smoking. In: Toldrá F (ed) Handbook of meat processing. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 231–245

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Simko P (2009a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meats. In: Toldrá F (ed) Safety of meat and processed meat. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 343–363

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Simko P. 2009b. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 707–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha R, Rothman N, Salmon CP, Knize MG, Brown ED, Swanson CA, Rhodes D, Rossi S, Felton JS and Levander OA (1998) Heterocyclic amine content in beef cooked by different methods to varying degrees of doneness and gravy made from beef drippings. Food Chem Toxicol 36:279–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Situ C, Elliott CT (2005) Simultaneous and rapid detection of five banned antibiotic growth promoters by immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 529:89–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Situ C, Grutters E, van Wichen P, Elliott CT (2006) A collaborative trial to evaluate the performance of a multi-antibiotic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening five banned antimicrobial growth promoters in animal feedingstuffs. Anal Chim Acta 561:62–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slump P, Schreuder HAW (1973) Oxidation of methionine and cystine in foods treated with hydrogen peroxide. J Sci Food Agric 24:657–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JS, Pillai S (2004) Irradiation and food safety. Food Technol 58:48–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers CH, Delinceé H, Smith JS, Marchioni E (2006) Toxicological safety of irradiated foods. In: Sommers CH, Fan X (eds) Food irradiation: research and technology, Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 1–55

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan, S, Xiong YL (1996) Gelation of beef heart surimi as affected by antioxidants. J Food Sci 61:707–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan S, Hultin HO (1997) Chemical, physical, and functional properties of cod proteins modified by a nonenzymic free-radical-generating system. J Agric Food Chem 45:310–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanova R, Vasilev NV, Spassov SL (2010) Irradiation of food, current legislation framework, and detection of irradiated foods. Food Anal Methods 3:225–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart EM, McRoberts WC, Hamilton JTG, Graham WD (2001) Isolation of lipid and 2-alkylcyclobutanones from irradiated foods by supercritical fluid extraction. J AOAC Int 84:976–986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart EM (2009) Detection of irradiated ingredients. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 725–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolker AAM, Schwillens P-L-WJ, van Ginkel LA, Brinkman UATh (2000) Comparison of different liquid chromatography methods for the determination of corticosteroids in biological matrices. J Chromatogr A 893:55–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straub BW, Kicherer M, Schilcher SM, Hammes WP (1995) The formation of biogenic amines by fermentation organisms. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 201:79–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stubbings G, Tarbin J, Cooper A, Sharman M, Bigwood T, Robb P (2005) A multi-residue cation-exchange clean up procedure for basic drugs in produce of animal origin. Anal Chim Acta 547:262–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takemura H, Shim JY, Sayama K, Tsubura A, Zhu BT, Shimoi K (2007) Characterization of the estrogenic activities of zearalenone and zeranol in vivo and in vitro. J Steroid BioChem Mol Biol 103:170–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talon R, Leroy-Sétrin S, Fadda S (2002) Bacterial starters involved in the quality of fermented meat products. In: Toldrá F (ed) Research advances in the quality of meat and meat products. Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India, pp 175–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewfik I (2008a) Extraction and identification of cyclobutanones from irradiated cheese employing a rapid direct solvent extraction method. Int J Food Sci Nutr 59:590–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tewfik I (2008b) Inter-laboratory trial to validate the direct solvent extraction method for the identification of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in irradiated chicken and whole liquid egg. Food Sci Technol Int 14:277–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thevis M, Opfermann G, Schänzer W (2003) Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric screening and confirmation methods for beta2-agonists in human or equine urine. J Mass Spectrom 38:1197–1206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson CS, Haughey SA, Traynor IM, Fodey TL, Elliot CT, Antignac J-P, Le Bizec B, Crooks SRH (2008) Effective monitoring of ractopamine residues in samples of animal origin by SPR biosensor and mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 608:217–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F (2004) Fermented meats. In: Hui YH, Smith JS (eds) Food processing: principles and applications. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 399–415

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F (2006a) Biochemistry of fermented meat. In: Hui YH, Nip WK, Nollet ML, Paliyath G, Simpson BK (eds) Food biochemistry and food processing. Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 641–658

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F (2006b) Meat fermentation. In: Hui YH, Castell-Perez E, Cunha LM, Guerrero-Legarreta I, Liang HH, Lo YM, Marshall DL, Nip WK, Shahidi F, Sherkat F, Winger RJ, Yam KL (eds) Handbook of food science, technology and engineering. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, vol 4, pp 181–1 to 181–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F, Reig M (2006) Methods for rapid detection of chemical and veterinary drug residues in animal foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:482–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F, Reig M (2007) Chemical origin toxic compounds. In: Toldrá F, Hui YH, Astiasarán I, Nip WK, Sebranek JG, Silveira ETF, Stahnke LH, Talon R (eds) Handbook of fermented meat and poultry. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 469–475

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F, Aristoy MC, Flores M (2009) Relevance of nitrate and nitrite in dry-cured ham and their effects on aroma development. Grasas y Aceites 60:291–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F, Reig M (2011) Innovations for healthier processed meats. Trends Food Sci Technol 22:517–522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toldrá F, Reig M (2012) Residue analysis. In: Jensen W, Devine C, Dikemann M (eds) Encyclopedia of meat sciences, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai LS, Wilson R, Randall V (1995) Disinfection of poultry chilled water with chlorine dioxide: consumption and by-product formation. J Agric Food Chem 43:2768–2773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twaroski TP, O’Brien ML, Robertson LW (2001) Effects of selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on hepatic glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes and selenium status: implications for oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 62:273–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Agriculture (2002a) The use of chlorine dioxide as an antimicrobial agent in poultry processing in the United States. USDA-FSIS, Office of International Affairs, Washington, DC, November 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Agriculture (2002b) The use of acidified sodium chlorite as an antimicrobial agent in poultry processing in the United States. USDA-FSIS, Office of International Affairs, Washington, DC, December 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Agriculture (2002c) The use of trisodium phosphate as an antimicrobial agent in poultry processing in the United States. USDA-FSIS, Office of International Affairs, Washington, DC, November 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Agriculture (2002d) The use of peroxyacids as an antimicrobial agent in poultry processing in the United States. USDA-FSIS, Office of International Affairs, Washington, DC, December 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Food and Drug Administration (1994) Pesticide analytical manual, 3rd edn. Volume I updated in October 1999 and Volume II updated in January 2002. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/PesticideAnalysisManualPAM/ucm111455.htm. (Accessed 30 Mar 2012)

  • Van Bocxlaer JF, Casteele SRV, Van Poucke CJ, Van Peteghem CH (2005) Confirmation of the identity of residues using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 529:65–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bogaard, AEJM, London N, Stobberingh EE (2000) Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden. J Antimicrob Chem 45:663–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Heeft E, Bolck YJC, Beumer B, Nijrolder AWJM, Stolker AAM, Nielen MWF (2009) Full-scan accurate mass selectivity of ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight and orbitrap mass spectrometry in hormone and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20:451–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Peteguem C, Daeselaire E (2004) Residues of growth promoters. In: Nollet LML (ed) Handbook of food analysis, 2nd edn. Dekker, New York, pp 1037–1063

    Google Scholar 

  • Variyar PS, Chatterjee S, Sajilata MG, Singhal RS, Sharma A (2008) Natural existence of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. J Agric Food Chem 56:11817–11823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez-Roig, Picó Y (2011) Environmental contaminants: pesticides. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of analysis of edible animal by-products. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 377–402

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Verdon E, Couedor P, Roudaut B, Sanders P (2005) Multiresidue method for simultaneous determination of ten quinolone antibacterial residues in multimatrix/multispecies animal tissues by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: single laboratory validation study. J AOAC Int 88:1179–1192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verdon E (2008) Antibiotic residues in muscle tissues of edible animal products. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of meat products analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 856–947

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal-Carou MC, Veciana-Nogués M, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Bover-Cid S (2007) Biogenic amines: risk and control. In: Toldrá F, Hui YH, Astiasarán I, Nip WK, Sebranek JG, Silveira ETF, Stahnke LH, Talon R (eds) Handbook of fermented meat and poultry. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 455–468

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal-Carou MC, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Bover-Cid S (2009) Biogenic amines. In: Nollet LML, Toldrá F (eds) Handbook of processed meats and poultry analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 665–686

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljanen K, Kylli P, Kivikari R, Heinonen M (2004) Inhibition of protein and lipid oxidation in liposomes by berry phenolics. J Agric Food Chem 52:7419–7424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinci G, Antonelli ML (2002) Biogenic amines: quality index of freshness in red and white meat. Food Control 13:519–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollard EJ, Clasener HAL (1994) Colonization resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:409–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker R (1990) Nitrates, nitrites and nitrosocompounds: a review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications. Food Addit Contam 7:717–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Wang ZL, Duan ZJ, Kennedy I (2006) Analysis of sulphonamide residues in edible animal products: a review. Food Addit Contam 23:362–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Wang XH (2007) Analytical methods for the determination of zeranol residues in animal products: a review. Food Addit Contam 24:573–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzl T, Simon R, Kleiner J, Anklam E (2006) Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European Union. Trends Anal Chem 25:716–725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widstrand C, Larsson F, Fiori M, Civitareale C, Mirante S, Brambilla G (2004) Evaluation of MISPE for the multi-residue extraction of beta-agonists from calves urine. J Chromatogr B 804:85–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson VS, Lambright C, Ostby J, Gray LE Jr (2002) In vitro and in vivo effects of 17 beta-trenbolone: a feedlot effluent contaminant. Toxicol Sci 70:202–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong YL (2000) Protein oxidation and implications for muscle food quality. In: Decker EA, Faustman C, López-Bote CJ (eds) Antioxidants in muscle foods. Wiley, New York, pp 85–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu CL, Chu XG, Peng CF, Liu LQ, Wang LY, Jin Z (2006a) Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of diethylstilbesterol residues in chicken and liver tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 20:1956–1064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu CL, Peng CF, Liu LQ, Wang LY, Jin ZY, Chu XG (2006b) Determination of hexoestrol residues in animal tissues based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and comparison with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 41:1029–1036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanardi E, Battaglia A, Ghidini S, Conter M, Badiani A, Ianieri A (2007) Evaluation of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated cured pork products during vacuum-packed storage. J Agric Food Chem 55:4264–4270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YL, Huang LL, Chen DM, Fan SX, Wang YL, Tao YF, Yuan ZH (2005) Development of HPLC methods for the determination of cyadox and its main metabolites in goat tissues. Anal Sci 21:1495–1499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Wang HH, Wang JP, Li XW, Jiang HY, Shen JZ (2006a) Multiresidue determination of zeranol and related compounds in bovine muscle by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with immunoaffinity cleanup. J AOAC Int 89:1677–1681

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang SX, Zhang Z, Shi WM, Eremin SA, Shen JZ (2006b) Development of a chemiluminescent ELISA for determining chloramphenicol in chicken muscle. J Agric Food Chem 54:5718–5722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Fidel Toldrá and Milagro Reig

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Toldrá, F., Reig, M. (2012). Analytical Tools for Assessing the Chemical Safety of Meat and Poultry. In: Analytical Tools for Assessing the Chemical Safety of Meat and Poultry. SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4277-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics