Abstract
Panic disorder represents a significant psychiatric illness in the general population and is associated with a number of distressing and disabling complications (Marks, 1987). The core symptom of panic disorder is the repeated occurrence of panic attacks. These attacks are characterized by discrete episodes of intense anxiety or fear accompanied by somatic, cognitive and behavioural symptoms. When panic disorder is associated with extensive phobic avoidance and impairment of overall functioning a diagnosis of panic disorder with agoraphobia is made.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beinfeld, M. C. (1988). Cholecystokinin and gastrin chemistry, distribution, release, and activity. In Negro-Vilan, A. and Conn, P. M. (eds.), Peptide Hormones: Effects and Mechanisms of Action, vol. II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ha, 41–77.
Bradwejn, J. and de Montigny, C. (1984). Benzodiazepines antagonize cholecystokinin-induced activation of rat hippocampal neurons. Nature, 312, 363–4.
Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D. and Meterissian, G. (1990). Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry, 35, 83–5.
Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., Meterissian, G. and Shriqui, C. (1989). Cholecystokinin panic: patient control differences. New Research Program and Abstracts, 142nd Meeting of American Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, NR 334, p. 183.
Braestrup, C. and Squires, R. F. (1978). Pharmacological characterization of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 48, 263–70.
Charney, D. S., Woods, S. W., Goodman, W. K., Rifkin, B., Kinch, M., Aiken, B., Quadrino, L. and Heninger, G. (1986). Drug treatment of panic disorder: The comparative efficacy of imipramine, alprazolam, and trazodone. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 47, 580–6.
Crowe, R. R., Noyes, R., Pauls, D. L. and Slyman, D. J. (1983). A family study of panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 40, 1065–9.
de Montigny, C. (1989). Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 46, 511–7.
Gorman, J. M., Liebowitz, M. R., Fyer, A. J. and Stein, J. (1989). Neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 146, 148–61.
Gorman, J. M., Fyer, M. R., Liebowitz, M. R. and Klein, D. F. (1987). In Meltzer, H. Y. (ed.), Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, Raven, New York, 985–93.
Guttmacher, L. B., Murphy, D. L. and Insel, T. R. (1983). Pharmacologic models of anxiety. Compr. Psychiatry, 24, 312–26.
Karkanias, C. D., Block, G. A., Reines, S. and Bradwejn, J. (1989). Neurobiology of panic disorder. Letter, Am. J. Psychiatry, 146, 1357.
Kubota, K., Sugaya, K., Kunagne, N. and Matsuda, I. (1985). Cholecystokinin antagonism by benzodiazepines in the contractile response of the isolated guinea pig gallbladder. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 110, 225–31.
Liebowitz, M. R., Fyer, A. J., Gorman, J. M., Campeas, R., Levin, A., Davies, S. R., Goetz, D. and Klein, D. F. (1986). Alprazolam in the treatment of panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharm., 6, 13–20.
Marks, I. M. (1987). Behavioural aspects of panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 144, 1160–5.
Mohler, H., Okada, T., Heiz, P. and Ulrich, J. (1978). Biochemical identification of the site of action of benzodiazepines in human brain by H3-diazepam binding. Life Sci., 22, 985–96.
Redmond, D. E. Jr (1987). Studies of the nucleus locus coeruleus in monkeys and hypothesis for neuropsychopharmacology. In Meltzer, H. Y. (ed.), Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, Raven, New York.
Wittchen, H. U. (1988). In Panic and Phobias 2, Hand, I. and Wittchen, H. U. (eds.), Springer, Berlin, 3–17.
Vanderhaeghen, J. J. and Crawley, J. N. (1985). Neuronal cholecystokinin. Ann. NY Acad Sci., 448, 198–219.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1991 Macmillan Publishers Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., Payeur, R. (1991). Cholecystokinjn Tetrapeptide: a Provocation Agent for Research in Panic Disorder?. In: Briley, M., File, S.E. (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11847-2_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11847-2_23
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-11849-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-11847-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)