Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis Strategies for Biomedical Grade Polymers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Sustainable Polymers

Part of the book series: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials ((MHFNN))

Abstract

Developing materials for biomedical applications necessitates choosing the appropriate methods of synthesis and post synthesis techniques to overcome the clinical drawbacks associated with several conventional materials. Medical grade polymers are often employed for the applications in vivo along with certain medical devices that remain in contact with the body. However, several factors affect the biocompatibility of the polymers along with their degradation inside the body. Tailoring the routes of polymerization may serve as an effective strategy to overcome the current scenario. In this regard, the current chapter highlights the methods of polymerization for synthesizing various polymers and the effect of reaction route on the properties of the polymers. Additionally, the biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers and their uses in medical applications have been elaborated along with the effect of the various factors on the properties of the polymers. Further, the discussion has been narrowed down to depict some of the commercially available polymers in medical applications with their extraordinary characteristics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mogoşanu GD, Grumezescu AM (2014) Natural and synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressing. Int J Pharm 463:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sionkowska A (2011) Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as new biomaterials: review. Prog Polym Sci 36:1254–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Helmus MN, Gibbons DF, Cebon D (2008) Biocompatibility: meeting a key functional requirement of next-generation medical devices. Toxicol Pathol 36:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623307310949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Vert M (1989) Bioresorbable polymers for temporary therapeutic applications. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 166:155–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1989.051660111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Alarie Y, Anderson RC (1981) Toxicologic classification of thermal decomposition products of synthetic and natural polymers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 57:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(81)90278-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Teo AJT, Mishra A, Park I, Kim Y-J, Park W-T, Yoon Y-J (2016) Polymeric biomaterials for medical implants and devices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2:454–472. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Flory PJ (1946) Fundamental principles of condensation polymerization. Chem Rev 39:137–197. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60122a003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hawker CJ (1994) Molecular weight control by a “living” free-radical polymerization process. J Am Chem Soc 116:11185–11186. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00103a055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Worsfold DJ, Bywater S (1960) Anionic polymerization of styrene. Can J Chem 38:1891–1900. https://doi.org/10.1139/v60-254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kennedy JP (1999) Living cationic polymerization of olefins. How did the discovery come about? J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 37:2285–2293. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19990715)37:14%3c2285:aid-pola1%3e3.0.co;2-p

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ito S, Kanazawa M, Munakata K, Kuroda J-i, Okumura Y, Nozaki K (2011) Coordination–insertion copolymerization of allyl monomers with ethylene. J Am Chem Soc 133:1232–1235. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1092216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Spindler R, Frechet JMJ (1993) Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polyurethanes prepared from blocked isocyanate monomers by step-growth polymerization. Macromolecules 26:4809–4813. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00070a013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pearson DS, Helfand E (1984) Viscoelastic properties of star-shaped polymers. Macromolecules 17:888–895. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00134a060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Trollsås M, Hedrick JL (1998) Dendrimer-like star polymers. J Am Chem Soc 120:4644–4651. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja973678w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hardin CA (1954) Experimental repair of ureters by polyethylene tubing and ureteral and vessel grafts. JAMA Surg 68:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1954.01260050059007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Thornton MA, Howard IC, Patterson EA (1997) Three-dimensional stress analysis of polypropylene leaflets for prosthetic heart valves. Med Eng Phys 19:588–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(96)00042-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chiesa R, Tanzi MC, Alfonsi S, Paracchini L, Moscatelli M, Cigada A (2000) Enhanced wear performance of highly crosslinked UHMWPE for artificial joints. J Biomed Mater Res 50:381–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(20000605)50:3%3c381:aid-jbm12%3e3.0.co;2-p

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cobb WS, Kercher KW, Heniford BT (2005) the argument for lightweight polypropylene mesh in hernia repair. Surg Innov 12:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/155335060501200109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pant HR, Kim HJ, Bhatt LR, Joshi MK, Kim EK, Kim JI, Abdal-hay A, Hui KS, Kim CS (2013) Chitin butyrate coated electrospun nylon-6 fibers for biomedical applications. Appl Surf Sci 285:538–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Panthi G, Barakat NAM, Risal P, Yousef A, Pant B, Unnithan AR, Kim HY (2013) Preparation and characterization of nylon-6/gelatin composite nanofibers via electrospinning for biomedical applications. Fibers Polym 14:718–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-013-0718-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Liekweg WG Jr, Greenfield LJ (1977) Vascular prosthetic infections: collected experience and results of treatment. Surgery 81:335–342. https://doi.org/10.5555/uri:pii:0039606077902392

  22. Yasuda H, Bumgarner MO, Marsh HC, Yamanashi BS, Devito DP, Wolbarsht ML, Reed JW, Bessler M, Landers MB III, Hercules DM, Carver J (1975) Ultrathin coating by plasma polymerization applied to corneal contact lens. J Biomed Mater Res 9:629–643. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820090609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pauling L, Corey RB (1951) The structure of fibrous proteins of the collagen-gelatin group. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 37:272–281. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.37.5.272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Brodsky B, Persikov AV (2005) Molecular structure of the collagen triple helix. Advances in protein chemistry. Academic Press, pp 301–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3233(05)70009-7

  25. Bornstein P, Sage H (1980) Structurally distinct collagen types. Annu Rev Biochem 49:957–1003. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004521

  26. Cen L, Liu W, Cui L, Zhang W, Cao Y (2008) Collagen tissue engineering: development of novel biomaterials and applications. Pediatr Res 63:492. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31816c5bc3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Friess W (1998) Collagen—biomaterial for drug delivery. Dedicated to Professor Dr. Eberhard Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 45:113–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(98)00017-4

  28. Kean T, Thanou M (2010) Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hirai A, Odani H, Nakajima A (1991) Determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Polym Bull 26:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00299352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Huang M, Khor E, Lim L-Y (2004) Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Pharm Res 21:344–353. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHAM.0000016249.52831.a5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mima S, Miya M, Iwamoto R, Yoshikawa S (1983) Highly deacetylated chitosan and its properties. J Appl Polym Sci 28:1909–1917. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Haywood GW, Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1989) The importance of PHB-synthase substrate specificity in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis by Alcaligenes eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 57:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03210.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 54:450–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Quagliano Javier C, Miyazaki Silvia S (2002) Microbial production of the biodegradable polyester poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from Azotobacter chroococcum 6B: relation between PHB molecular weight, thermal stability and tensile strength. In: Durieux A, Simon JP (eds) Applied microbiology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46888-3_9

  35. Ikada Y, Tsuji H (2000) Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 21:117–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(20000201)21:3%3c117:aid-marc117%3e3.0.co;2-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gorodzha SN, Muslimov AR, Syromotina DS, Timin AS, Tcvetkov NY, Lepik KV, Petrova AV, Surmeneva MA, Gorin DA, Sukhorukov GB, Surmenev RA (2017) A comparison study between electrospun polycaprolactone and piezoelectric poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B 160:48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zinn M, Weilenmann H-U, Hany R, Schmid M, Egli T (2003) Tailored synthesis of poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/HV) in Ralstonia eutropha DSM 428. Acta Biotechnol 23:309–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/abio.200390039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ma PX, Langer R (2011) Degradation, structure and properties of fibrous nonwoven poly(glycolic acid) scaffolds for tissue engineering. MRS Proc 394:99. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-394-99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee K-B, Yoon KR, Woo SI, Choi IS (2003) Surface modification of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) for biomedical applications. J Pharm Sci 92:933–937. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.10556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fv Burkersroda, Schedl L, Göpferich A (2002) Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion. Biomaterials 23:4221–4231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00170-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Chu CC (1981) Hydrolytic degradation of polyglycolic acid: Tensile strength and crystallinity study. J Appl Polym Sci 26:1727–1734. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chu CC (1981) The in-vitro degradation of poly(glycolic acid) sutures—effect of pH. J Biomed Mater Res 15:795–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Vert M, Schwarch G, Coudane J (1995) Present and future of PLA polymers. J Macromol Sci Part A 32:787–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601329508010289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Van Wouwe P, Dusselier M, Vanleeuw E, Sels B (2016) Lactide synthesis and chirality control for polylactic acid production. ChemSusChem 9:907–921. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201501695

  45. Ho R-M, Chiang Y-W, Tsai C-C, Lin C-C, Ko B-T, Huang B-H (2004) Three-dimensionally packed nanohelical phase in chiral block copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 126:2704–2705. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja039627i

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hakkarainen M (2002) Aliphatic polyesters: abiotic and biotic degradation and degradation products. degradable aliphatic polyesters. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45734-8_4

  47. Miller RA, Brady JM, Cutright DE (1977) Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): Rate modification with changes in PLA/PGA copolymer ratios. J Biomed Mater Res 11:711–719. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Nakamura T, Shimizu Y, Okumura N, Matsui T, Hyon S-H, Shimamoto T (1994) Tumorigenicity of poly-l-lactide (PLLA) plates compared with medical-grade polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 28:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820280104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee HS, Park SH, Lee JH, Jeong BY, Ahn SK, Choi YM, Choi DJ, Chang JH (2013) Antimicrobial and biodegradable PLGA medical sutures with natural grapefruit seed extracts. Mater Lett 95:40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.12.090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Haghighat F, Ravandi SAH (2014) Mechanical properties and in vitro degradation of PLGA suture manufactured via electrospinning. Fibers Polym 15:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-0071-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Weldon CB, Tsui JH, Shankarappa SA, Nguyen VT, Ma M, Anderson DG, Kohane DS (2012) Electrospun drug-eluting sutures for local anesthesia. J Control Release 161:903–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ford Versypt AN, Pack DW, Braatz RD (2013) Mathematical modeling of drug delivery from autocatalytically degradable PLGA microspheres—a review. J Control Release 165:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Siepmann J, Elkharraz K, Siepmann F, Klose D (2005) How autocatalysis accelerates drug release from PLGA-Based microparticles: a quantitative treatment. Biomacromolecules 6:2312–2319. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm050228k

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Patrício T, Bártolo P (2013) Thermal stability of PCL/PLA blends produced by physical blending process. Procedia Eng 59:292–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.05.124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Piao L, Dai Z, Deng M, Chen X, Jing X (2003) Synthesis and characterization of PCL/PEG/PCL triblock copolymers by using calcium catalyst. Polymer 44:2025–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00087-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chen L, Ni Y, Bian X, Qiu X, Zhuang X, Chen X, Jing X (2005) A novel approach to grafting polymerization of ε-caprolactone onto starch granules. Carbohyd Polym 60:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.11.028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zhang L, Xiong C, Deng X (1995) Biodegradable polyester blends for biomedical application. J Appl Polym Sci 56:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070560114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fukushima K, Feijoo JL, Yang M-C (2013) Comparison of abiotic and biotic degradation of PDLLA, PCL and partially miscible PDLLA/PCL blend. Eur Polymer J 49:706–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fu S, Guo G, Gong C, Zeng S, Liang H, Luo F, Zhang X, Zhao X, Wei Y, Qian Z (2009) Injectable biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel composite for orthopedic tissue engineering. 1. Preparation and characterization of nanohydroxyapatite/poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ε-caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 113:16518–16525. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp907974d

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lam CXF, Savalani MM, Teoh S-H, Hutmacher DW (2008) Dynamics of invitro polymer degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds: accelerated versus simulated physiological conditions. Biomed Mater 3:034108. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Karuppuswamy P, Reddy Venugopal J, Navaneethan B, Luwang Laiva A, Ramakrishna S (2015) Polycaprolactone nanofibers for the controlled release of tetracycline hydrochloride. Mater Lett 141:180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ahmed F, Discher DE (2004) Self-porating polymersomes of PEG–PLA and PEG–PCL: hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles. J Control Release 96:37–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Berkland C, Kipper MJ, Narasimhan B, Kim K, Pack DW (2004) Microsphere size, precipitation kinetics and drug distribution control drug release from biodegradable polyanhydride microspheres. J Control Release 94:129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.09.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leong KW, Brott BC, Langer R (1985) Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices. I: Characterization, degradation, and release characteristics. J Biomed Mater Res 19:941–955. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020290

  66. Lenz RW, Guerin P (1983) Functional polyesters and polyamides for medical applications of biodegradable polymers. In: Chiellini E, Giusti P (eds) Polymers in medicine: biomedical and pharmacological applications. Springer, US, pp 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7643-3_16

  67. Ono K, Saito Y, Yura H, Ishikawa K, Kurita A, Akaike T, Ishihara M (2000) Photocrosslinkable chitosan as a biological adhesive. J Biomed Mater Res 49:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(200002)49:2%3c289:aid-jbm18%3e3.0.co;2-m

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cho WJ, Oh SH, Lee JH (2010) Alginate film as a novel post-surgical tissue adhesion barrier. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 21:701–713. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856209X435835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Jeong SI, Krebs MD, Bonino CA, Khan SA, Alsberg E (2010) Electrospun alginate nanofibers with controlled cell adhesion for tissue engineeringa. Macromol Biosci 10:934–943. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201000046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Tucci MG, Ricotti G, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Gabbanelli F, Lucarini G, Orlando F, Viticchi C, Bigi A, Panzavolta S, Roveri N, Morganti G, Muzzarelli RAA (2001) Chitosan and gelatin as engineered dressing for wound repair. J Bioactive Compat Polym 16:145–157. https://doi.org/10.1106/NYTK-W829-UWC1-PMLW

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Athanasiou KA, Agrawal CM, Barber FA, Burkhart SS (1998) Orthopaedic applications for PLA-PGA biodegradable polymers. Arthroscopy J Arthroscop Rel Surg 14:726–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-8063(98)70099-4

  72. Tanase CE, Spiridon I (2014) PLA/chitosan/keratin composites for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C 40:242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. He Y, Hu Z, Ren M, Ding C, Chen P, Gu Q, Wu Q (2014) Evaluation of PHBHHx and PHBV/PLA fibers used as medical sutures. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25:561–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5073-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Scolozzi P, Martinez A, Jaques B (2007) Complex orbito-fronto-temporal reconstruction using computer-designed PEEK implant. J Craniofacial Surg 18:224–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.scs.0000249359.56417.7e

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Wiesli MG, Özcan M (2015) High-performance polymers and their potential application as medical and oral implant materials: a review. Implant Dent 24:448–457. https://doi.org/10.1097/id.0000000000000285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Horák Z, Pokorný D, Fulín P, Slouf M, Jahoda D, Sosna A (2010) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Part I: Prospects for use in orthopaedics and traumatology. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 77:463–469

    Google Scholar 

  77. Williams SF, Martin DP, Horowitz DM, Peoples OP (1999) PHA applications: addressing the price performance issue: I. Tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 25:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(99)00022-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Perni S, Caserta S, Pasquino R, Jones SA, Prokopovich P (2019) Prolonged antimicrobial activity of PMMA bone cement with embedded gentamicin-releasing silica nanocarriers. ACS Appl Bio Mater. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.8b00752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Redolfi Riva E, Desii A, Sartini S, La Motta C, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V (2013) PMMA/polysaccharides nanofilm loaded with adenosine deaminase inhibitor for targeted anti-inflammatory drug delivery. Langmuir 29:13190–13197. https://doi.org/10.1021/la402229k

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Holländer J, Genina N, Jukarainen H, Khajeheian M, Rosling A, Mäkilä E, Sandler N (2016) Three-dimensional printed PCL-based implantable prototypes of medical devices for controlled drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 105:2665–2676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hickey T, Kreutzer D, Burgess DJ, Moussy F (2002) In vivo evaluation of a dexamethasone/PLGA microsphere system designed to suppress the inflammatory tissue response to implantable medical devices. J Biomed Mater Res 61:180–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Davoodi S, Oliaei E, Davachi SM, Hejazi I, Seyfi J, Heidari BS, Ebrahimi H (2016) Preparation and characterization of interface-modified PLA/starch/PCL ternary blends using PLLA/triclosan antibacterial nanoparticles for medical applications. RSC Adv 6:39870–39882. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07667J

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Robert M, Boularan AM, El Sandid M, Grasset D (1997) Double-J ureteric stent encrustations: clinical study on crystal formation on polyurethane stents. Urol Int 58:100–104. https://doi.org/10.1159/000282959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Park JH, Cho YW, Kwon IC, Jeong SY, Bae YH (2002) Assessment of PEO/PTMO multiblock copolymer/segmented polyurethane blends as coating materials for urinary catheters: in vitro bacterial adhesion and encrustation behavior. Biomaterials 23:3991–4000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00144-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Liao SS, Cui FZ, Zhang W, Feng QL (2004) Hierarchically biomimetic bone scaffold materials: nano-HA/collagen/PLA composite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 69B:158–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.20035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stjerndahl A, Wistrand AF, Albertsson A-C (2007) Industrial utilization of tin-initiated resorbable polymers: synthesis on a large scale with a low amount of initiator residue. Biomacromol 8:937–940. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0611331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Duchiron SW, Pollet E (2018) Enzymatic synthesis of amino acids endcapped polycaprolactone: a green route towards functional polyesters. Molecules 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020290

  88. Simioni AR, Vaccari C, Re MI, Tedesco AC (2008) PHBHV/PCL microspheres as biodegradable drug delivery systems (DDS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). J Mater Sci 43:580–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1652-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Barbier-Baudry D, Brachais L, Cretu A, Gattin R, Loupy A, Stuerga D (2003) Synthesis of polycaprolactone by microwave irradiation—an interesting route to synthesize this polymer via green chemistry. Environ Chem Lett 1:19–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-002-0005-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. An YH, Alvi FI, Kang Q, Laberge M, Drews MJ, Zhang J, Matthews MA, Arciola CR (2005) Effects of sterilization on implant mechanical property and biocompatibility. Int J Artif Organs 28:1126–1137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Spilimbergo S, Bertucco A (2003) Non-thermal bacterial inactivation with dense CO2. Biotechnol Bioeng 84:627–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dillow AK, Dehghani F, Hrkach JS, Foster NR, Langer R (1999) Bacterial inactivation by using near- and supercritical carbon dioxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:10344–10348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.18.10344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Jiménez A, Thompson GL, Matthews MA, Davis TA, Crocker K, Lyons JS, Trapotsis A (2007) Compatibility of medical-grade polymers with dense CO(2). J Supercrit Fluids 42:366–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2007.05.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Braley S (1968) The silicones as subdermal engineering materials. Ann N Y Acad Sci 146:148–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20279.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wang Q, Gao W, Xie Z (2003) Highly thermally conductive room-temperature-vulcanized silicone rubber and silicone grease. J Appl Polym Sci 89:2397–2399. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Chen D, Yi S, Wu W, Zhong Y, Liao J, Huang C, Shi W (2010) Synthesis and characterization of novel room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubbers using vinyl-POSS derivatives as cross linking agents. Polymer 51:3867–3878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Poplawski ME, Brown B, Lae Rho K, Yong Yun S, Jung Lee H, Sig Cha G, Paeng K-J (1997) One-component room temperature vulcanizing-type silicone rubber-based sodium-selective membrane electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta 355:249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00482-0

  98. Yoon IJ, Lee DK, Nam H, Cha GS, Strong TD, Brown RB (1999) Ion sensors using one-component room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber matrices. J Electroanal Chem 464:135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00010-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Braden M, Elliott JC (1966) Characterization of the setting process of silicone dental rubbers. J Dent Res 45:1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345660450040101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Gifford GH Jr, Merrill EW, Morgan MS (1976) In vivo tissue reactivity of radiation-cured silicone rubber implants. J Biomed Mater Res 10:857–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820100605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Morrison NJ, Porter M (1984) Temperature effects on the stability of intermediates and crosslinks in sulfur vulcanization. Rubber Chem Technol 57:63–85. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3536002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Saville B, Watson AA (1967) Structural characterization of sulfur-vulcanized rubber networks. Rubber Chem Technol 40:100–148. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3539039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Shibata M, Cao J, Yosomiya R (1997) Synthesis and properties of the block copolymers of poly(ether ether ketone) and the poly(aryl ether sulfone) containing biphenylene moiety. Polymer 38:3103–3108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00869-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Cao J, Su W, Wu Z, Kitayama T, Hatada K (1994) Synthesis and properties of poly(ether ether ketone)-poly(ether sulfone) block copolymers. Polymer 35:3549–3556. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90922-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Klein DJ, Korleski JE, Harris FW (2001) Synthesis of polyphenylquinoxaline copolymers via aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions of an A-B quinoxaline monomer. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 39:2037–2042. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.1179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Panayotov IV, Orti V, Cuisinier F, Yachouh J (2016) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for medical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 27:118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-016-5731-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Steinberg EL, Rath E, Shlaifer A, Chechik O, Maman E, Salai M (2013) Carbon fiber reinforced PEEK Optima—a composite material biomechanical properties and wear/debris characteristics of CF-PEEK composites for orthopedic trauma implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 17:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.09.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kurtz SM, Devine JN (2007) PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials 28:4845–4869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Cowie RM, Briscoe A, Fisher J, Jennings LM (2016) PEEK-OPTIMA™ as an alternative to cobalt chrome in the femoral component of total knee replacement: a preliminary study. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 230:1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954411916667410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Torstrick FB, Evans NT, Stevens HY, Gall K, Guldberg RE (2016) Do surface porosity and pore size influence mechanical properties and cellular response to PEEK? Clin Orthop Rel Res 474:2373–2383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4833-0

  111. Mishra TK, Kumar A, Verma V, Pandey KN, Kumar V (2012) PEEK composites reinforced with zirconia nanofiller. Compo Sci Technol 72:1627–1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.06.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Berretta S, Evans K, Ghita O (2018) Additive manufacture of PEEK cranial implants: manufacturing considerations versus accuracy and mechanical performance. Mater Des 139:141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Schwitalla AD, Abou-Emara M, Spintig T, Lackmann J, Müller WD (2015) Finite element analysis of the biomechanical effects of PEEK dental implants on the peri-implant bone. J Biomech 48:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.11.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Searle OB, Pfeiffer RH (1985) Victrex® poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex® poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK). Polym Eng Sci 25:474–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India

    Neha Mulchandani & Vimal Katiyar

Authors
  1. Neha Mulchandani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vimal Katiyar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vimal Katiyar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Vimal Katiyar

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Amit Kumar

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Neha Mulchandani

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mulchandani, N., Katiyar, V. (2020). Synthesis Strategies for Biomedical Grade Polymers. In: Katiyar, V., Kumar, A., Mulchandani, N. (eds) Advances in Sustainable Polymers. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1251-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation