Abstract
Anemophilous or entomophilous small trees, shrubs or rarely woody climbers; shoots often reduced to spines; young branches, leaves, and calyx tube covered with peltate and stellate trichomes; nodules on the roots containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Leaves alternate, opposite, or rarely in pseudowhorls, simple, petiolate, without stipules; lamina entire, pinnately veined. Inflorescences axillary, short, fasciculate, spicate or racemose, or rarely flowers solitary. Flowers actinomorphic, apetalous, often fragrant, perfect, or plants monoecious, dioecious, or rarely polygamous, the female flowers without staminodes, the male without pistil; sepals 2 or 4(−6), joined into a hypanthium; hypanthium free, constricted above the gynoecium, white, cream, or yellow; receptacle tubular (bisexual and female flowers) or mostly flat (male flowers); stamens in one (rarely two) whorl(s), (2−)4 or 8(−12), adnate to hypanthium, equal in length, all fertile, alternisepalous and/or oppositisepalous, erect in bud; filaments free, very short; anthers dorsifixed or basifixed, non-versatile, longitudinally dehiscing; gynoecium one-carpellate (probably pseudomonomerous; Takhtajan 1997); ovary superior, 1-celled and 1-ovulate; style elongate; stigma dry, non-papillate; ovule with a short and broad funicle, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; placentation basal. Fruit drupe- or berry-like with thin, membranous peri-carp, enclosed by the persistent calyx tube, which becomes fleshy. Seed solitary; testa hard; embryo straight and achlorophyllous; endosperm scanty or absent; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex. Germination phanerocotylar.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Selected Bibliography
APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) 1998. See general references.
Arohonka, T., Rousi, A. 1980. Karyotypes and C-bands in Shepherdia and Elaeagnus. Ann. Bot. Fennici 17: 258–263.
Bartish, I.V., Jeppsson, N., Nybom, H., Swenson, U. 2002. Phylogeny of Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) inferred from parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA and morphology. Syst. Bot. 27: 41–54.
Bosco M., Fernandez, M.P., Simonet P., Materassi R., Normand, P. 1992. Evidence that some Frankia sp. strains are able to cross boundaries between Alnus and Elaeagnus host specificity groups. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 58: 1569–1576.
Cronquist, A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flower- ing plants, 2nd edn. New York: New York Bot. Garden.
Erdtman, G. 1952. See general references.
Gardner, I.C. 1958. Nitrogen fixation in Elaeagnus root nodules. Nature 181: 717–718.
Graham, A. 1963. Systematic revision of the Sucker Creek and Trout Creek Miocene floras of southeastern Oregon. Am. J. Bot. 50: 921–936.
Hegnauer, R. 1966, 1989. See general references.
Hyvönen, J. 1996. On phylogeny of Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 16: 51–62.
Jansen, S., Piesschaert, F., Smets, E. 2000. Wood anatomy of Elaeagnaceae, with comments on vestured pits, helical thickenings, and systematic relationships. Am. J. Bot. 87: 20–28.
Krutzsch, W. 1962. Stratigraphisch bzw botanisch wichtige neue Sporen-and Pollenformen aus dem deutschen Tertiär. Geologie 11: 265–307.
Leins, P. 1967. Morphologische Untersuchungen an Elaeagnaceen-Pollenkörnern. Grana Palynologica 7: 390–399.
Lian, Y.S., Chen, X., Lian, H. 1998. Systematic classification of the genus Hippophae L. Seabuckthorn Res. 1: 13–23.
Lu, R. 1992. Seabuckthorn: A multipurpose plant species for fragile mountains. Katmandu: ICIMOD Publication Unit.
Muller, J. 1981. See general references.
Pulatova, M.Z. 1973. The upper Eocene flora of the Tadjik depression by palynological data. Palinologiya kaynofita. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 114–121 (in Russian)
Richardson, J.E., Fay, M.F., Cronk, Q.C.B., Bowman, D., Chase, M.W. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of Rhamnaceae using rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 87: 1309–1324.
Rousi, A. 1965. Observations on the cytology and variation of European and Asiatic populations of Hippophae rhamnoides. Ann. Bot. Fennici 2: 1–18.
Rousi, A. 1971. The genus Hippophae L.: a taxonomic study. Ann. Bot. Fennici 8: 177–227.
Smiley, C.J., Gray, J., Huggins, L.M. 1975. Preservation of Miocene fossils in unoxidized lake deposits, Clarkia, Idaho. J. Paleontol. 49: 833–844.
Soltis, D.E. et al. 2000. See general references.
Sorsa, P. 1971. Pollen morphological study of the genus Hippophae L., including the new taxa recognized by A. Rousi. Ann. Bot. Fennici 8: 228–236.
Swenson, U., Bartish, I.V. 2002. Taxonomic synopsis of Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 22: 369–374.
Takhtajan, A. 1997. See general references.
Thorne, R.F. 1992. Classification and geography of flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58: 225–348.
Thulin, M., Bremer, B., Richardson, J., Niklasson, J., Fay, M.F, and Chase, M.W. 1998. Family relationships of the enigmatic rosid genera Barbeya and Dirachma from the Horn of Africa region. Pl. Syst. Evol. 213: 103–119.
Vanstraten J., Akkermans, A.D.L., Roelofsen, W. 1977. Nitrogenase activity of endophyte suspensions derived from root-nodules of Alnus, Hippophae, Shepherdia and Myrica spp. Nature 266: 257–258.
Veldkamp, J.F. 1986. Elaeagnaceae. In: Flora Malesiana I, 10: 151–156.
Xu, M. 1994. The medical research and exploitation of sea buckthorn. Hippophae 7: 32–34.
Shepherdia Nutt., Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2: 240 (1818); Servettaz, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 25: 1–420 (1909).
Elaeagnus L., Sp. Pl.: 121 (1753); Servettaz, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 25: 1–420 (1909).
Hippophae L., Sp. Pl.: 1023 (1753); Rousi, Ann. Bot. Fennici 8: 177–227 (1971).
Swenson and Bartish, Nord. J. Bot. 22: 369–374 (2002).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bartish, I.V., Swenson, U. (2004). Elaeagnaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (eds) Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05714-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07257-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive