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Age Discrimination and Stereotypes

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Economics and Ageing

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Abstract

This chapter considers the theoretical developments and the empirical evidence around ageism, age discrimination, and age-related stereotypes in the workplace. It covers the economics of discrimination in hiring and against older workers in micro and meso contexts. Finally, it describes the work-related, physical, and cognitive consequences of age discrimination.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Institutional ageism has been defined as the ‘established rules, missions and practices that discriminate older individuals or groups based on age’ (Dennis and Thomas 2007, p. 84). Studies have identified institutional ageism in anything from stroke rehabilitation studies (Gaynor et al. 2014) or treatment of lung cancer patients (Peake et al. 2003) to fashion magazines (Lewis et al. 2011) to the film industry (Herrman and Nilsson 2015).

  2. 2.

    Although Edgeworth (1922) can be considered a precursor.

  3. 3.

    Or Negroes, as the politically correct word in those days was (Groves 2010). Interestingly, ‘Negro’ was kept until the 2010 Census in the United States on the grounds that some older African Americans identified themselves as Negroes rather than with its modern alternative. The category will be removed from the 2020 Census following tests that showed that its omission did not affect reporting among African Americans; see Mathews et al. (2017).

  4. 4.

    See Stigler and Becker (1977).

  5. 5.

    Becker also considers the case of positive prejudice, for example, nepotism. Because the employer prefers so much hiring a certain individual, she would accept this employee even though the labour productivity were below the pay level. Now it is the employer who pays for the pleasure of having this employee in the workplace.

  6. 6.

    Before you object that ‘beauty is in the eye of the beholder’ and that in these matters de gustibus non est disputandum, Hamermesh and Biddle (1994, p. 1175) summarised an extensive literature on this topic thus: ‘The evidence seems quite clear on this issue: within a culture at a point in time there is tremendous agreement on standards of beauty, and these standards change quite slowly’.

  7. 7.

    Fréchette (2016, Section V) presents a survey of applications of both types of experiments in economics of ageing; Roe and Just (2009) is a good discussion of alternative types of experiments in economics in general, and Neumark (2018) surveys experiments in labour market discrimination.

  8. 8.

    See Neumark (2018) for a survey, and Gaddis (2018) for a collection of papers, explaining and discussing this research method.

  9. 9.

    Of literary and cultural representation of vampires!

  10. 10.

    Back in 1953, Richardson opined:

    The core of the problem of age and work is how to retain older workers in industry. An important part of the solution is the definition of suitable work for those in the upper age ranges in terms of skill, fitness, and motivation.

    (Richardson 1953, p. 283)

  11. 11.

    See Levy (2003) for a summary of the literature on cognitive and physical effects of age-related stereotypes.

  12. 12.

    Paraphrasing Martin Niemöller’s famous poem, ‘they came for the older people, and I did not speak out because I was not old …and now I am’.

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  1. Age UK, London, UK

    José Luis Iparraguirre

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  1. José Luis Iparraguirre
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Iparraguirre, J.L. (2020). Age Discrimination and Stereotypes. In: Economics and Ageing . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29019-1_3

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