Skip to main content

Abstract

This second chapter is dedicated to the preoperative screening of patients, when the aortic disease has assumed a degree of severity that requires a thorough understanding in view of the treatment.

Which imaging tests are indicated for the diagnosis and quantification of the associated coronary artery disease, as well as mitral and tricuspidal valvulopathies will be discussed.

Cardiac tumours and incidental findings and the evaluation of the most relevant non-cardiac co-pathologies are discussed from the point of view of multimodal imaging techniques.

Particular attention will be given to the characterisation of the concept of “Frailty”, with state-of-the-art criteria of analysis provided to establish operability, assess the preoperative psychophysical and social conditions. This is to optimise treatment towards a true patient-tailored approach.

Finally, rare conditions associated with aortic disease, e.g. amyloidosis, and particular precautions in some settings (e.g. pregnant women, renal failure and the presence of cardiac pacemakers) will be illustrated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, Andreotti F, Arden C, Budaj A, Bugiardini R, Crea F, Cuisset T, Di Mario C, Ferreira JR, Gersh BJ, Gitt AK, Hulot JS, Marx N, Opie LH, Pfisterer M, Prescott E, Ruschitzka F, Sabate M, Senior R, Taggart DP, van der Wall EE, Vrints CJ, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Knuuti J, Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Claeys MJ, Donner-Banzhoff N, Erol C, Frank H, Funck-Brentano C, Gaemperli O, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Hamilos M, Hasdai D, Husted S, James SK, Kervinen K, Kolh P, Kristensen SD, Lancellotti P, Maggioni AP, Piepoli MF, Pries AR, Romeo F, Ryden L, Simoons ML, Sirnes PA, Steg PG, Timmis A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Yildirir A, Zamorano JL. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949–3003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lindsay AC, Sriharan M, Lazoura O, Sau A, Roughton M, Jabbour RJ, Di Mario C, Davies SW, Moat NE, Padley SP, Rubens MB, Nicol ED. Clinical and economic consequences of non-cardiac incidental findings detected on cardiovascular computed tomography performed prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;31(7):1435–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. van Kesteren F, Wiegerinck EMA, van Mourik MS, Vis MM, Koch KT, Piek JJ, Stoker J, Tijssen JG, Baan J Jr, Planken RN. Impact of potentially malignant incidental findings by computed tomographic angiography on long-term survival after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(6):994–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Henn MC, Zajarias A, Lindman BR, Greenberg JW, Melby SJ, Quader N, Vatterott AM, Lawler C, Damiano MS, Novak E, Lasala JM, Moon MR, Lawton JS, Damiano RJ Jr, Maniar HS. Preoperative pulmonary function tests predict mortality after surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;151(2):578–85, 586.e1-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Afilalo J, Lauck S, Kim DH, Lefevre T, Piazza N, Lachapelle K, Martucci G, Lamy A, Labinaz M, Peterson MD, Arora RC, Noiseux N, Rassi A, Palacios IF, Genereux P, Lindman BR, Asgar AW, Kim CA, Trnkus A, Morais JA, Langlois Y, Rudski LG, Morin JF, Popma JJ, Webb JG, Perrault LP. Frailty in older adults undergoing aortic valve replacement: the FRAILTY-AVR Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(6):689–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Lansac E, Rodriguez Munoz D, Rosenhek R, Sjogren J, Tornos Mas P, Vahanian A, Walther T, Wendler O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Paradis JM, Fried J, Nazif T, Kirtane A, Harjai K, Khalique O, Grubb K, George I, Hahn R, Williams M, Leon MB, Kodali S. Aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease: what do we know? What don’t we know? A comprehensive review of the literature with proposed treatment algorithms. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(31):2069–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, Jneid H, Mack MJ, McLeod CJ, O’Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM 3rd, Thompson A. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, O’Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM 3rd, Thomas JD. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):e57–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kotronias RA, Kwok CS, George S, Capodanno D, Ludman PF, Townend JN, Doshi SN, Khogali SS, Genereux P, Herrmann HC, Mamas MA, Bagur R. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation with or without percutaneous coronary artery revascularization strategy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(6):e005960.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Huczek Z, Zbronski K, Grodecki K, Scislo P, Rymuza B, Kochman J, Dabrowski M, Witkowski A, Wojakowski W, Parma R, Ochala A, Grygier M, Olasinska-Wisniewska A, Araszkiewicz A, Jagielak D, Ciecwierz D, Puchta D, Paczwa K, Filipiak KJ, Wilimski R, Zembala M, Opolski G. Concomitant coronary artery disease and its management in patients referred to transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Insights from the POL-TAVI Registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;91(1):115–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sankaramangalam K, Banerjee K, Kandregula K, Mohananey D, Parashar A, Jones BM, Jobanputra Y, Mick S, Krishnaswamy A, Svensson LG, Kapadia SR. Impact of coronary artery disease on 30-day and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):e006092.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Zivelonghi C, Pesarini G, Scarsini R, Lunardi M, Piccoli A, Ferrero V, Gottin L, Vassanelli C, Ribichini F. Coronary catheterization and percutaneous interventions after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(4):625–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rossi A, De Cecco CN, Kennon SRO, Zou L, Meinel FG, Toscano W, Segreto S, Achenbach S, Hausleiter J, Schoepf UJ, Pugliese F. CT angiography to evaluate coronary artery disease and revascularization requirement before trans-catheter aortic valve replacement. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2017;11(5):338–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet. 2006;368(9540):1005–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cortes C, Amat-Santos IJ, Nombela-Franco L, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Gutierrez-Ibanes E, De La Torre Hernandez JM, Cordoba-Soriano JG, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Hernandez-Garcia JM, Gonzalez-Mansilla A, Ruano J, Jimenez-Mazuecos J, Castrodeza J, Tobar J, Islas F, Revilla A, Puri R, Puerto A, Gomez I, Rodes-Cabau J, San Roman JA. Mitral regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: prognosis, imaging predictors, and potential management. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(15):1603–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chakravarty T, Van Belle E, Jilaihawi H, Noheria A, Testa L, Bedogni F, Ruck A, Barbanti M, Toggweiler S, Thomas M, Khawaja MZ, Hutter A, Abramowitz Y, Siegel RJ, Cheng W, Webb J, Leon MB, Makkar RR. Meta-analysis of the impact of mitral regurgitation on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(7):942–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Suh WM, Witzke CF, Palacios IF. Suicide left ventricle following transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;76(4):616–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sorajja P, Booker JD, Rihal CS. Alcohol septal ablation after transaortic valve implantation: the dynamic nature of left outflow tract obstruction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81(2):387–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, Byrne RA, Collet JP, Falk V, Head SJ, Juni P, Kastrati A, Koller A, Kristensen SD, Niebauer J, Richter DJ, Seferovic PM, Sibbing D, Stefanini GG, Windecker S, Yadav R, Zembala MO. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(2):87–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Douglas PS, Hoffmann U. Anatomical versus functional testing for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, Gitter M, Sutherland J, Halamert E, Scherer M, Bellinger R, Martin A, Benton R, Delago A, Min JK. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(21):1724–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nakazato R, Arsanjani R, Achenbach S, Gransar H, Cheng VY, Dunning A, Lin FY, Al-Mallah M, Budoff MJ, Callister TQ, Chang HJ, Cademartiri F, Chinnaiyan K, Chow BJ, Delago A, Hadamitzky M, Hausleiter J, Kaufmann P, Raff G, Shaw LJ, Villines T, Cury RC, Feuchtner G, Kim YJ, Leipsic J, Berman DS, Min JK. Age-related risk of major adverse cardiac event risk and coronary artery disease extent and severity by coronary CT angiography: results from 15 187 patients from the International Multisite CONFIRM Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15(5):586–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Leipsic J, Yang TH, Thompson A, Koo BK, Mancini GB, Taylor C, Budoff MJ, Park HB, Berman DS, Min JK. CT angiography (CTA) and diagnostic performance of noninvasive fractional flow reserve: results from the Determination of Fractional Flow Reserve by Anatomic CTA (DeFACTO) study. Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):989–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hlatky MA, De Bruyne B, Pontone G, Patel MR, Norgaard BL, Byrne RA, Curzen N, Purcell I, Gutberlet M, Rioufol G, Hink U, Schuchlenz HW, Feuchtner G, Gilard M, Andreini D, Jensen JM, Hadamitzky M, Wilk A, Wang F, Rogers C, Douglas PS. Quality-of-life and economic outcomes of assessing fractional flow reserve with computed tomography angiography: PLATFORM. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2315–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Thomsen C, Abdulla J. Characteristics of high-risk coronary plaques identified by computed tomographic angiography and associated prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(2):120–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ahmadi A, Leipsic J, Ovrehus KA, Gaur S, Bagiella E, Ko B, Dey D, LaRocca G, Jensen JM, Botker HE, Achenbach S, De Bruyne B, Norgaard BL, Narula J. Lesion-specific and vessel-related determinants of fractional flow reserve beyond coronary artery stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(4):521–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Maurovich-Horvat P, Schlett CL, Alkadhi H, Nakano M, Otsuka F, Stolzmann P, Scheffel H, Ferencik M, Kriegel MF, Seifarth H, Virmani R, Hoffmann U. The napkin-ring sign indicates advanced atherosclerotic lesions in coronary CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(12):1243–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Leber AW, Knez A, Becker A, Becker C, von Ziegler F, Nikolaou K, Rist C, Reiser M, White C, Steinbeck G, Boekstegers P. Accuracy of multidetector spiral computed tomography in identifying and differentiating the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a comparative study with intracoronary ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(7):1241–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cury RC, Abbara S, Achenbach S, Agatston A, Berman DS, Budoff MJ, Dill KE, Jacobs JE, Maroules CD, Rubin GD, Rybicki FJ, Schoepf UJ, Shaw LJ, Stillman AE, White CS, Woodard PK, Leipsic JA. CAD-RADS (TM) Coronary Artery Disease—Reporting and Data System. An expert consensus document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI). Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2016;10(4):269–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nakazato R, Otake H, Konishi A, Iwasaki M, Koo BK, Fukuya H, Shinke T, Hirata K, Leipsic J, Berman DS, Min JK. Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by CT angiography for identification of high-risk coronary artery lesions: a comparison to optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(4):373–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eberhard M, Hinzpeter R, Polacin M, Morsbach F, Maisano F, Nietlispach F, Nguyen-Kim TDL, Tanner FC, Alkadhi H. Reproducibility of aortic valve calcification scoring with computed tomography–an interplatform analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2019;13(2):92–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bettencourt N, Rocha J, Carvalho M, Leite D, Toschke AM, Melica B, Santos L, Rodrigues A, Goncalves M, Braga P, Teixeira M, Simoes L, Rajagopalan S, Gama V. Multislice computed tomography in the exclusion of coronary artery disease in patients with presurgical valve disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(4):306–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. van den Boogert TPW, Vendrik J, Claessen B, Baan J, Beijk MA, Limpens J, Boekholdt SAM, Hoek R, Planken RN, Henriques JP. CTCA for detection of significant coronary artery disease in routine TAVI work-up: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neth Heart J. 2018;26(12):591–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Singh G, Al’Aref SJ, Van Assen M, Kim TS, van Rosendael A, Kolli KK, Dwivedi A, Maliakal G, Pandey M, Wang J, Do V, Gummalla M, De Cecco CN, Min JK. Machine learning in cardiac CT: Basic concepts and contemporary data. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2018;12(3):192–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB 3rd, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RY, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR Jr, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Williams SV, Anderson JL. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012;126(25):e354–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mancini GB, Gosselin G, Chow B, Kostuk W, Stone J, Yvorchuk KJ, Abramson BL, Cartier R, Huckell V, Tardif JC, Connelly K, Ducas J, Farkouh ME, Gupta M, Juneau M, O’Neill B, Raggi P, Teo K, Verma S, Zimmermann R. Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and management of stable ischemic heart disease. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30(8):837–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, Coke LA, Fleg JL, Forman DE, Gerber TC, Gulati M, Madan K, Rhodes J, Thompson PD, Williams MA. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873–934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, Chaudhry FA, Donal E, Dulgheru R, Edvardsen T, Garbi M, Ha JW, Kane GC, Kreeger J, Mertens L, Pibarot P, Picano E, Ryan T, Tsutsui JM, Varga A. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(11):1191–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Baumgartner HC, Hung JC-C, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Edvardsen T, Goldstein S, Lancellotti P, LeFevre M, Miller F Jr, Otto CM. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(3):254–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pesarini G, Scarsini R, Zivelonghi C, Piccoli A, Gambaro A, Gottin L, Rossi A, Ferrero V, Vassanelli C, Ribichini F. Functional assessment of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: influence of pressure overload on the evaluation of lesions severity. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(11):e004088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt JU. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Norum IB, Ruddox V, Edvardsen T, Otterstad JE. Diagnostic accuracy of left ventricular longitudinal function by speckle tracking echocardiography to predict significant coronary artery stenosis. A systematic review. BMC Med Imaging. 2015;15:25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Liou K, Negishi K, Ho S, Russell EA, Cranney G, Ooi SY. Detection of obstructive coronary artery disease using peak systolic global longitudinal strain derived by two-dimensional speckle-tracking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(8):724–735.e4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Caspar T, Samet H, Ohana M, Germain P, El Ghannudi S, Talha S, Morel O, Ohlmann P. Longitudinal 2D strain can help diagnose coronary artery disease in patients with suspected non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome but apparent normal global and segmental systolic function. Int J Cardiol. 2017;236:91–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Zuo HJ, Yang XT, Liu QG, Zhang Y, Zeng HS, Yan JT, Wang DW, Wang H. Global longitudinal strain at rest for detection of coronary artery disease in patients without diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Sci. 2018;38(3):413–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, Flachskampf FA, Gillebert TC, Klein AL, Lancellotti P, Marino P, Oh JK, Alexandru Popescu B, Waggoner AD. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(12):1321–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wang J, Khoury DS, Thohan V, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Global diastolic strain rate for the assessment of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures. Circulation. 2007;115(11):1376–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dokainish H, Sengupta R, Pillai M, Bobek J, Lakkis N. Usefulness of new diastolic strain and strain rate indexes for the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(10):1504–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Singh A, Addetia K, Maffessanti F, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. LA strain for categorization of LV diastolic dysfunction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(7):735–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, Becher H, Belcik JT, Bierig M, Choy J, Gaibazzi N, Gillam LD, Janardhanan R, Kutty S, Leong-Poi H, Lindner JR, Main ML, Mathias W Jr, Park MM, Senior R, Villanueva F. Clinical applications of ultrasonic enhancing agents in echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography guidelines update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(3):241–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ, Stone GW, Thomson LE, Friedman JD, Hayes SW, Cohen I, Germano G, Berman DS. Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(8):1012–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Shaw LJ, Iskandrian AE. Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11(2):171–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Danad I, Raijmakers PG, Driessen RS, Leipsic J, Raju R, Naoum C, Knuuti J, Maki M, Underwood RS, Min JK, Elmore K, Stuijfzand WJ, van Royen N, Tulevski II, Somsen AG, Huisman MC, van Lingen AA, Heymans MW, van de Ven PM, van Kuijk C, Lammertsma AA, van Rossum AC, Knaapen P. Comparison of coronary CT angiography, SPECT, PET, and hybrid imaging for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease determined by fractional flow reserve. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(10):1100–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Juarez-Orozco LE, Tio RA, Alexanderson E, Dweck M, Vliegenthart R, El Moumni M, Prakken N, Gonzalez-Godinez I, Slart R. Quantitative myocardial perfusion evaluation with positron emission tomography and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review of prognostic studies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(10):1179–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Unger P, Rosenhek R, Dedobbeleer C, Berrebi A, Lancellotti P. Management of multiple valve disease. Heart. 2011;97(4):272–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Unger P, Clavel MA, Lindman BR, Mathieu P, Pibarot P. Pathophysiology and management of multivalvular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;13(7):429–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Vahanian A, Himbert D, Brochet E. Multiple valve disease—assessment, strategy and intervention. EuroIntervention. 2015;11(Suppl W):W14–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Grimaldi A, Vermi AC, Pappalardo F, Benussi S, Fumero A, Maisano F, Colombo A, La Canna G, Alfieri O. The pivotal role of echocardiography in the assessment of multivalvular heart disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2013;61(2):229–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC, Horton K, Ogunyankin KO, Palma RA, Velazquez EJ. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Hahn RT, Han Y, Hung J, Lang RM, Little SH, Shah DJ, Shernan S, Thavendiranathan P, Thomas JD, Weissman NJ. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(4):303–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA, Badano L, Zamorano JL. Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(7):611–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, Bruce CJ, Glas KE, Lang RM, Reeves ST, Shanewise JS, Siu SC, Stewart W, Picard MH. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(1):21–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Flachskampf FA, Wouters PF, Edvardsen T, Evangelista A, Habib G, Hoffman P, Hoffmann R, Lancellotti P, Pepi M. Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography: EACVI update 2014. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15(4):353–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Zamorano JL, Badano LP, Bruce C, Chan KL, Goncalves A, Hahn RT, Keane MG, La Canna G, Monaghan MJ, Nihoyannopoulos P, Silvestry FE, Vanoverschelde JL, Gillam LD. EAE/ASE recommendations for the use of echocardiography in new transcatheter interventions for valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(17):2189–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Doherty JU, Kort S, Mehran R, Schoenhagen P, Soman P. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Multimodality Imaging in Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Nucl Cardiol. 2017;24(6):2043–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tischler MD, Battle RW, Saha M, Niggel J, LeWinter MM. Observations suggesting a high incidence of exercise-induced severe mitral regurgitation in patients with mild rheumatic mitral valve disease at rest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(1):128–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tunon J, Cordoba M, Rey M, Almeida P, Rabago R, Sanchez-Cascos A, Rabago P. Assessment of chronic tricuspid regurgitation by colour Doppler echocardiography: a comparison with angiography in the catheterization room. Eur Heart J. 1994;15(8):1074–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabei R, Cesari M, Chumlea WC, Doehner W, Evans J, Fried LP, Guralnik JM, Katz PR, Malmstrom TK, McCarter RJ, Gutierrez Robledo LM, Rockwood K, von Haehling S, Vandewoude MF, Walston J. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Rodriguez-Manas L, Feart C, Mann G, Vina J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, Gonzalez-Colaco Harmand M, Bergman H, Carcaillon L, Nicholson C, Scuteri A, Sinclair A, Pelaez M, Van der Cammen T, Beland F, Bickenbach J, Delamarche P, Ferrucci L, Fried LP, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Rockwood K, Rodriguez Artalejo F, Serviddio G, Vega E. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement: the frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(1):62–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dent E, Kowal P, Hoogendijk EO. Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: a review. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;31:3–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Taramasso M, Pozzoli A, Buzzatti N, Alfieri O. Assessing operative risk and benefit in elderly patients with heart valve disease. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(36):2788–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rockwood K, Mogilner A, Mitnitski A. Changes with age in the distribution of a frailty index. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(7):517–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Buta BJ, Walston JD, Godino JG, Park M, Kalyani RR, Xue QL, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;26:53–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Cesari M, Landi F, Vellas B, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Sarcopenia and physical frailty: two sides of the same coin. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:192.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Lin J, Lopez EF, Jin Y, Van Remmen H, Bauch T, Han HC, Lindsey ML. Age-related cardiac muscle sarcopenia: combining experimental and mathematical modeling to identify mechanisms. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43(4):296–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. BMJ. 2010;341:c4097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Abellan van Kan G, Andre E, Bischoff Ferrari HA, Boirie Y, Onder G, Pahor M, Ritz P, Rolland Y, Sampaio C, Studenski S, Visser M, Vellas B. Carla Task Force on Sarcopenia: propositions for clinical trials. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(8):700–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Visser M. Towards a definition of sarcopenia—results from epidemiologic studies. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(8):713–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav JE, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Schlogl M, Staehelin HB, Willett WC, Dawson-Hughes B. Comparative performance of current definitions of sarcopenia against the prospective incidence of falls among community-dwelling seniors age 65 and older. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(12):2793–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Dawson-Hughes B, Bischoff-Ferrari H. Considerations concerning the definition of sarcopenia: response to comments. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(11):3147–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Springer J, Springer JI, Anker SD. Muscle wasting and sarcopenia in heart failure and beyond: update 2017. ESC Heart Fail. 2017;4(4):492–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Bekfani T, Pellicori P, Morris DA, Ebner N, Valentova M, Steinbeck L, Wachter R, Elsner S, Sliziuk V, Schefold JC, Sandek A, Doehner W, Cleland JG, Lainscak M, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:41–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Saitoh M, Ebner N, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. Therapeutic considerations of sarcopenia in heart failure patients. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2018;16(2):133–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, Cawthon PM, McLean RR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Fragala MS, Kenny AM, Kiel DP, Kritchevsky SB, Shardell MD, Dam TT, Vassileva MT. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):547–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Kleczynski P, Tokarek T, Dziewierz A, Sorysz D, Bagienski M, Rzeszutko L, Dudek D. Usefulness of Psoas muscle area and volume and frailty scoring to predict outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(1):135–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Adams HS, Ashokkumar S, Newcomb A, MacIsaac AI, Whitbourn RJ, Palmer S. A contemporary review of severe aortic stenosis. Intern Med J. 2019;49(3):297–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Pulignano G, Gulizia MM, Baldasseroni S, Bedogni F, Cioffi G, Indolfi C, Romeo F, Murrone A, Musumeci F, Parolari A, Patane L, Pino PG, Mongiardo A, Spaccarotella C, Di Bartolomeo R, Musumeci G. ANMCO/SIC/SICI-GISE/SICCH Executive Summary of Consensus Document on Risk Stratification in elderly patients with aortic stenosis before surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2017;19(Suppl D):D354–d369.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Sipers WM, Verdijk LB, Sipers SJ, Schols JM, van Loon LJ. The Martin Vigorimeter represents a reliable and more practical tool than the Jamar dynamometer to assess handgrip strength in the geriatric patient. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(5):466.e1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS, Ostir GV, Studenski S, Berkman LF, Wallace RB. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):M221–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Saum KU, Muller H, Stegmaier C, Hauer K, Raum E, Brenner H. Development and evaluation of a modification of the Fried frailty criteria using population-independent cutpoints. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(11):2110–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Santos-Eggimann B, Cuenoud P, Spagnoli J, Junod J. Prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and older community-dwelling Europeans living in 10 countries. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(6):675–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Joseph SM, Manghelli JL, Vader JM, Keeney T, Novak EL, Felius J, Martinez SC, Nassif ME, Lima B, Silvestry SC, Rich MW. Prospective assessment of frailty using the fried criteria in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(8):1349–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ensrud KE, Blackwell TL, Redline S, Ancoli-Israel S, Paudel ML, Cawthon PM, Dam TT, Barrett-Connor E, Leung PC, Stone KL. Sleep disturbances and frailty status in older community-dwelling men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(11):2085–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Rockwood K, Andrew M, Mitnitski A. A comparison of two approaches to measuring frailty in elderly people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):738–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Cesari M, Marzetti E, Thiem U, Perez-Zepeda MU, Abellan Van Kan G, Landi F, Petrovic M, Cherubini A, Bernabei R. The geriatric management of frailty as paradigm of “The end of the disease era”. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;31:11–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, Schneider SM, Sieber CC, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Visser M, Zamboni M, Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, the Extended Group for E. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Chumlea WC, Cesari M, Evans WJ, Ferrucci L, Fielding RA, Pahor M, Studenski S, Vellas B, Members TTF. International working group on Sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15(6):450–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Cesari M, Fielding RA, Pahor M, Goodpaster B, Hellerstein M, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Rutkove S, Vrijbloed JW, Isaac M, Rolland Y, M’Rini C, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Cedarbaum JM, Zamboni M, Sieber CC, Laurent D, Evans WJ, Roubenoff R, Morley JE, Vellas B. Biomarkers of sarcopenia in clinical trials-recommendations from the International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012;3(3):181–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(8):755–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Chen WT, Chou KH, Liu LK, Lee PL, Lee WJ, Chen LK, Wang PN, Lin CP. Reduced cerebellar gray matter is a neural signature of physical frailty. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36(9):3666–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. McIsaac DI, Bryson GL, van Walraven C. Association of frailty and 1-year postoperative mortality following major elective noncardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(6):538–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Mosquera C, Spaniolas K, Fitzgerald TL. Impact of frailty on surgical outcomes: the right patient for the right procedure. Surgery. 2016;160(2):272–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Dahya V, Xiao J, Prado CM, Burroughs P, McGee D, Silva AC, Hurt JE, Mohamed SG, Noel T, Batchelor W. Computed tomography-derived skeletal muscle index: a novel predictor of frailty and hospital length of stay after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Am Heart J. 2016;182:21–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Falk RH, Dubrey SW. Amyloid heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;52(4):347–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Shah KB, Inoue Y, Mehra MR. Amyloidosis and the heart: a comprehensive review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17):1805–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Sun JP, Stewart WJ, Yang XS, Donnell RO, Leon AR, Felner JM, Thomas JD, Merlino JD. Differentiation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis from other causes of ventricular wall thickening by two-dimensional strain imaging echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(3):411–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Glaudemans AW, Slart RH, Zeebregts CJ, Veltman NC, Tio RA, Hazenberg BP, Dierckx RA. Nuclear imaging in cardiac amyloidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36(4):702–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Gillmore JD, Maurer MS, Falk RH, Merlini G, Damy T, Dispenzieri A, Wechalekar AD, Berk JL, Quarta CC, Grogan M, Lachmann HJ, Bokhari S, Castano A, Dorbala S, Johnson GB, Glaudemans AW, Rezk T, Fontana M, Palladini G, Milani P, Guidalotti PL, Flatman K, Lane T, Vonberg FW, Whelan CJ, Moon JC, Ruberg FL, Miller EJ, Hutt DF, Hazenberg BP, Rapezzi C, Hawkins PN. Nonbiopsy diagnosis of cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. Circulation. 2016;133(24):2404–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. American College of O, Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric P. Committee opinion no. 656: guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(2):e75–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Committee on Obstetric P. Committee opinion no. 723: guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):e210–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Leyendecker JR, Gorengaut V, Brown JJ. MR imaging of maternal diseases of the abdomen and pelvis during pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period. Radiographics. 2004;24(5):1301–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Chen MM, Coakley FV, Kaimal A, Laros RK Jr. Guidelines for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(2 Pt 1):333–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Expert Panel on MRS, Kanal E, Barkovich AJ, Bell C, Borgstede JP, Bradley WG Jr, Froelich JW, Gimbel JR, Gosbee JW, Kuhni-Kaminski E, Larson PA, Lester JW Jr, Nyenhuis J, Schaefer DJ, Sebek EA, Weinreb J, Wilkoff BL, Woods TO, Lucey L, Hernandez D. ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: 2013. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37(3):501–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Patel SJ, Reede DL, Katz DS, Subramaniam R, Amorosa JK. Imaging the pregnant patient for nonobstetric conditions: algorithms and radiation dose considerations. Radiographics. 2007;27(6):1705–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Gjelsteen AC, Ching BH, Meyermann MW, Prager DA, Murphy TF, Berkey BD, Mitchell LA. CT, MRI, PET, PET/CT, and ultrasound in the evaluation of obstetric and gynecologic patients. Surg Clin North Am. 2008;88(2):361–90, vii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital R. The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(6):1234–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Morel DR, Schwieger I, Hohn L, Terrettaz J, Llull JB, Cornioley YA, Schneider M. Human pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation of SonoVue, a new contrast agent for ultrasound imaging. Invest Radiol. 2000;35(1):80–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Broome DR, Girguis MS, Baron PW, Cottrell AC, Kjellin I, Kirk GA. Gadodiamide-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: why radiologists should be concerned. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(2):586–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Marckmann P, Skov L, Rossen K, Dupont A, Damholt MB, Heaf JG, Thomsen HS. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(9):2359–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Rahatli FK, Donmez FY, Kibaroglu S, Kesim C, Haberal KM, Turnaoglu H, Agildere AM. Does renal function affect gadolinium deposition in the brain? Eur J Radiol. 2018;104:33–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Gulani V, Calamante F, Shellock FG, Kanal E, Reeder SB. Gadolinium deposition in the brain: summary of evidence and recommendations. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(7):564–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Dekkers IA, Bongartz G, Bellin MF, Bertolotto M, Clement O, Heinz-Peer G, Stacul F, Webb JAW, Thomsen HS. Post-contrast acute kidney injury—Part 1: definition, clinical features, incidence, role of contrast medium and risk factors: recommendations for updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(7):2845–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Dekkers IA, Bongartz G, Bellin MF, Bertolotto M, Clement O, Heinz-Peer G, Stacul F, Webb JAW, Thomsen HS. Post-contrast acute kidney injury. Part 2: risk stratification, role of hydration and other prophylactic measures, patients taking metformin and chronic dialysis patients: Recommendations for updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(7):2856–69.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. EANM procedural guidelines for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging with SPECT and SPECT/CT: 2015 revision. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(12):1929–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Luechinger R, Duru F, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P, Candinas R. Force and torque effects of a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner on cardiac pacemakers and ICDs. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24(2):199–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Nordbeck P, Weiss I, Ehses P, Ritter O, Warmuth M, Fidler F, Herold V, Jakob PM, Ladd ME, Quick HH, Bauer WR. Measuring RF-induced currents inside implants: impact of device configuration on MRI safety of cardiac pacemaker leads. Magn Reson Med. 2009;61(3):570–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Luechinger R, Zeijlemaker VA, Pedersen EM, Mortensen P, Falk E, Duru F, Candinas R, Boesiger P. In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(4):376–83; discussion 325–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Luechinger R, Duru F, Zeijlemaker VA, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P, Candinas R. Pacemaker reed switch behavior in 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging units: are reed switches always closed in strong magnetic fields? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(10):1419–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gimbel JR. Unexpected asystole during 3T magnetic resonance imaging of a pacemaker-dependent patient with a ‘modern’ pacemaker. Europace. 2009;11(9):1241–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Ainslie M, Miller C, Brown B, Schmitt M. Cardiac MRI of patients with implanted electrical cardiac devices. Heart. 2014;100(5):363–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Indik JH, Gimbel JR, Abe H, Alkmim-Teixeira R, Birgersdotter-Green U, Clarke GD, Dickfeld TL, Froelich JW, Grant J, Hayes DL, Heidbuchel H, Idriss SF, Kanal E, Lampert R, Machado CE, Mandrola JM, Nazarian S, Patton KK, Rozner MA, Russo RJ, Shen WK, Shinbane JS, Teo WS, Uribe W, Verma A, Wilkoff BL, Woodard PK. 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on magnetic resonance imaging and radiation exposure in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(7):e97–e153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Cao G, Chen W, Pan K, Sun H, Wang Z. Reduced artifacts and improved diagnostic value of 640-slice computed tomography in patients with cardiac pacemakers. J Int Med Res. 2019;47:1916–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Takayanagi T, Arai T, Amanuma M, Sano T, Ichiba M, Ishizaka K, Sekine T, Matsutani H, Morita H, Takase S. Pacemaker-induced metallic artifacts in coronary computed tomography angiography: clinical feasibility of single energy metal artifact reduction technique. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi. 2017;73(6):460–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Marbach JR, Sontag MR, Van Dyk J, Wolbarst AB. Management of radiation oncology patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers: report of AAPM Task Group No. 34. American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Med Phys. 1994;21(1):85–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philipp Kaufmann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ronny, B. et al. (2020). Patient Screening. In: Maisano, F., Kaufmann, P., Alkadhi, H., Zuber, M., Pozzoli, A., Ho, E. (eds) Multimodality Imaging for Cardiac Valvular Interventions, Volume 1 Aortic Valve. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27584-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27584-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27583-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27584-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics