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Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Overlapping with IBD

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Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Abstract

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic and progressive cholestatic disease, characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic ducts, that may result in liver cirrhosis and eventually end-stage liver disease. No medical treatment is available, and liver transplantation remains the only curative option, albeit with an elevated recurrence rate. Having a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease is the strongest risk factor for PSC development, since 70% of patients with PSC have underlying IBD, most frequently ulcerative colitis. For unknown reasons, the coexistence of PSC with IBD seems to modify the IBD phenotype and disease course. PSC-IBD patients typically have extensive colonic involvement, albeit with mild inflammatory activity and symptoms, rectal sparing, backwash ileitis, and increased risk of developing pouchitis after proctocolectomy. Furthermore, some studies suggest that there may exist an inverse relationship between PSC disease severity and IBD activity. Importantly, patients with PSC-IBD present a very high risk of developing colorectal neoplasia, usually located in the right colon, requiring routine endoscopic surveillance (preferably using chromoendoscopy) every year, starting from the moment PSC is diagnosed.

No specific biomarker for diagnosing PSC exists. For prognostic purposes, the most commonly used important surrogate endpoints are alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, transient elastography, and histology. No biomarker has proven to be accurate in diagnosing any of PSC’s complications such as cholangiocarcinoma or colorectal neoplasia, and therefore surveillance is paramount. The management of the IBD follows the same approach as for patients with IBD alone. Close articulation with a specialized hepatologist is warranted when considering treatment options for PSC and for correct follow-up of the patient.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thanks Afonso Gonçalves, MD, for providing the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography images. We would like to thanks Joana Nunes, MD, for proofreading the manuscript and providing suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    João Sabino

  2. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Joren tenHove

  3. Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal

    Joana Torres

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  1. João Sabino
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  2. Joren tenHove
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  1. St Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Nik Sheng Ding

  2. Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Peter De Cruz

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Sabino, J., tenHove, J., Torres, J. (2019). Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Overlapping with IBD. In: Sheng Ding, N., De Cruz, P. (eds) Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11446-6_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11446-6_16

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