Abstract
Soon after the introduction of electrophoretic techniques to study the genetic structure of natural populations of animals and plants came the realization that enzymes differed in their levels of variability. Some enzymes, such as esterases and phosphoglucomutases, were frequently polymorphic, whereas others, such as superoxide dismutase and glutamate dehydrogenase, were so only rarely. Initial explanations focused on physiological considerations, such as the degree of substrate specificity (Gillespie and Kojima, 1968; Gillespie and Langley, 1974) and the regulatory nature of the enzyme (Johnson, 1974). Correlations were observed in some groups of organisms but not others, and there were some conflicts of opinion concerning the proper allocation of enzymes to particular categories (Selander, 1976).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Afolayan, A., and Daini, O. A., 1986, Isolation and properties of creatine kinase from the breast muscle of tropical fruit bat, Eidolon helvum (Kerr), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85B:463–468.
Ahmad, M., Skibinski, D. O. F., and Beardmore, J. A., 1977, An estimate of the amount of genetic variation in the common mussel Mytilus edulis, Biochem. Genet. 15:833–846.
Aikawa, T., Umemori-Aikawa, Y., and Fisher, J. R., 1977, Purification and properties of the adenosine deaminase from the midgut gland of a marine bivalved mollusc Atrina spp., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 58B:357–364.
Almassy, R. J., Janson, C. A., Hamlin, R., Xuong, N.-H., and Eisenberg, D., 1986, Novel subunit-subunit interactions in the structure of glutamine synthetase, Nature 323:304–309.
Aquadro, C. F., Lado, K. M., and Noon, W. A., 1988, The rosy region of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. I. Contrasting levels of naturally occurring DNA restriction map variation and divergence, Genetics 119:875–888.
Atrian, S., and Gonzalez-Duarte, R., 1985, Purification and molecular characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila hydei: Conservation in the biochemical features of the enzyme in several species of Drosophila, Biochem. Genet. 23:891–911.
Avise, J. C., and Kitto, G. B., 1973, Phosphoglucose isomerase gene duplication in the bony fishes: An evolutionary history, Biochem. Genet. 8:113–132.
Banas, T., Malarska, A., Krotkiewska, B., and Marcinkowska, A., 1987, Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase. Investigation on the regions responsible for self-assembly of subunits, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87B:391–401.
Barbosa, V. M., and Nakano, M., 1987, Muscle D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Anas sp.—I. Purification and properties of the enzyme, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B:563–568.
Barra, D., Bossa, F., Doonan, S., Fahmy, H. M. A., Hughes, G. J., Martini, F., Petruzzelli, R., and Wittman-Liebold, B., 1980, The cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from pig heart. A comparison of their primary structures, predicted secondary structures and some physical properties, Eur. J. Biochem. 108:405–414.
Basaglia, F., 1989, Some aspects of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-phosphate isomerase in fish, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92B:213–226.
Beckman, L., and Johnson, F. M., 1964, Variations in larval alkaline phosphatase controlled by Aph alleles in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 49:829–835.
Beeckmans, S., and Kanarek, L., 1977, A new purification procedure for fumarase based on affinity chromatography. Isolation and characterization of pig-liver fumarase, Eur. J. Biochem. 78:437–444.
Bird, T. G., Salin, M. L., Boyle, J. A., and Heitz, J. R., 1986, Superoxide dismutase in the housefly, Musca domestica (L.), Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 3:31–43.
Birktoft, J. J., and Banaszak, L. J., 1983, The presence of a histidine-aspartic acid pair in the active site of 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase. X-ray refinement of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, J. Biol. Chem. 258:472–482.
Birktoft, J. J., Rhodes, G., and Banaszak, L. J., 1989, Refined crystal structure of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase at 2.5-A resolution, Biochemistry 28:6065–6081.
Borack, L. I., and Sofer, W., 1971, β-L-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, J. Biol. Chem. 246:5345–5350.
Buczylko, J., Hargrave, P. A., and Kochman, M., 1980, Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase from Helix pomatia—II. Chemical and physical properties, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 67B:233–238.
Bulnheim, H.-P., and Scholl, A., 1981, Genetic variation between geographic populations of the amphipods Gammarus zaddachi and G. salinus, Mar. Biol. 64:105–115.
Buroker, N. E., Hershberger, W. K., and Chew, K. K., 1975, Genetic variation in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:2471–2477.
Cartier, M.-F., and Pantaloni, D., 1973, NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from beef liver. Purification, quaternary structure and catalytic activity, Eur. J. Biochem. 37:341–354.
Carvajal, N., Gonzalez, R., and Moran, A., 1986, Properties of pyruvate kinase from the heart of Concholepas concholepas, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85B:577–580.
Catmull, J., Yellowlees, D., and Miller, D. J., 1987, NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Acropora formola: Purification and properties, Mar. Biol. 95:559–564.
Cederbaum, S. D., and Yoshida, A., 1976, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout, Biochem. Genet. 14:245–258.
Chothia, C., and Janin, J., 1976, The nature of the accessible and buried surfaces in proteins, J. Mol. Biol. 105:1–14.
Cini, J. K., and Gracy, R. W., 1986, Molecular basis of the isozymes of bovine glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 249:500–505.
Cobbs, G., 1976, Polymorphism for dimerizing ability at the esterase-5 locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura, Genetics 82:53–62.
Colowick, P., 1975, The hexokinases, in: The Enzymes (P. D. Boyer, ed.), Vol. IX, pp. 1–48, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Cross, J. F., Ward, R. D., and Abreu-Grobois, A., 1979, Duplicate loci and allelic variation for mitochondrial malic enzyme in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62B:403–406.
Daddona, P. E., and Kelley, W. N., 1979, Human adenosine deaminase. Stoichiometry of the adenosine deaminase-binding protein complex, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 580:302–311.
Dando, P. R., 1980, Duplication of the glucose phosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9) locus in vertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 66B:373–378.
Darnall, D. W., and Klotz, I. M., 1975, Subunit constitution of proteins: A table, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 166:651–682.
Dell’Agata, M., Pannunzio, G., Annicchiarico, M., Coscarella, A., and Ferracin, A., 1990, Unusual steady-state kinetic properties of a chilopod enzyme: L (+) lactate dehydrogenase purified from Scolopendra cingulata, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 96B:439–444.
Dickerson, R. E., and Geis, I., 1983, Hemoglobin: Structure, Function, Evolution, and Pathology, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California.
Dixon, M., and Webb, E. C., 1979, Enzymes, 3rd ed., Longman, London.
Doane, W. W., Abraham, I., Kolar, M. M., Martenson, R. E., and Deibler, G. E., 1975, Purified Drosophila α-amylase isozymes: Genetical, biochemical, and molecular characterization, in: Isozymes IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 585–607, Academic Press, New York.
Ellington, W. R., and Long, G. L., 1978, Purification and characterization of a highly unusual tetrameric D-lactate dehydrogenase from the muscle of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus Darwin, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 186:265–274.
Ferris, S. D., and Whitt, G. S., 1978, Genetic and molecular analysis of nonrandom dimmer assembly of the creatine kinase isozymes of fishes, Biochem. Genet. 16:811–829.
Fisher, S. E., Shaklee, J. B., Ferris, S. D., and Whitt, G. S., 1980, Evolution of five multilocus isozyme systems in the chordates, Genetica 52/53:73–85.
Fita, I., and Rossman, M. G., 1985, The active center of catalase, J. Mol. Biol. 185:21–37.
Ford, G. C., Eichele, G., and Jansonius, J. N., 1980, Three-dimensional structure of a pyridoxalphosphate-dependent enzyme, mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2559–2563.
Fosset, M., Chappelet-Tordo, D., and Lazdunski, M., 1974, Intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Physical properties and quaternary structure, Biochemistry 13:1783–1788.
Frydenberg, O., and Simonsen, V., 1973, Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genic heterozygosity, Hereditas 75:221–231.
Fucci, L., Gaudio, L., Rao, R., Spano, A., and Carfagna, M., 1979, Properties of the two common electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucomutase in Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. Genet. 17:825–836.
Fujio, Y., Yamanaka, R., and Smith, P. J., 1983, Genetic variation in marine molluscs, Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49:1809–1817.
Fushitani, K., Matsuura, M. S. A., and Riggs, A. F., 1988, The amino acid sequences of chains a, b and c that form the trimeric subunit of the extracellular haemoglobin from Lumbricus terrestris, J. Biol. Chem. 263:6502–6517.
Gavilanes, F. G., Gavilanes, J. G., and Martin-Dudoignon, R., 1981, Triosephosphate isomerase from the insect Ceratitis capitata molecular and enzymic properties, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 70B:257–262.
Geer, B. W., Krochko, D., Oliver, M. J., Walker, V. K., and Williamson, J. H., 1980, A comparative study of the NADP-malic enzymes from Drosophila and chick liver, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65B:25–34.
Gillespie, J. H., and Kojima, K., 1968, The degree of polymorphism in enzymes involved in energy production compared to that in nonspecific enzymes in two Drosophila ananassae populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61:582–585.
Gillespie, J. H., and Langley, C. H., 1974, A general model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations, Genetics 76:837–848.
Gleason, F. H., Price, J. S., Mann, R. A., and Stuart, T. D., 1971, Lactate dehydrogenases from crustaceans and arachnids, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 40B:387–394.
Gō, M., and Miyazawa, S., 1980, Relationship between mutability, polarity and exteriority of amino acid residues in protein evolution, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 15:211–224.
Gonzalez-Villasenor, L. I., and Powers, D. A., 1985, A multilocus system for studying tissue and subcellular specialization. The three NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus, J. Biol. Chem. 260:9106–9113.
Gooding, R. H., and Rolseth, B. M., 1978, Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). II. Electrophoretic banding patterns of midgut alkaline phosphatase. Can. Entomol. 110:1241–1246.
Gooding, R. H., and Rolseth, B. M., 1979, Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera; Glossinidae) IV. Electrophoretic banding patterns of octanol dehydrogenase and arginine phosphokinase, Can. Entamal. 111:1307–1310.
Guha, A., Lai, C. Y., and Horeciter, B. L., 1971, Lobster muscle aldolase: Isolation, properties and primary structure at the substrate-binding site, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 147:692–706.
Gyllensten, U., 1985, The genetic structure of fish: Differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species, J. Fish Biol. 26:691–699.
Harper, R. A., and Armstrong, F. B., 1972, Alkaline phosphatase of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Partial purification and characterization, Biochem. Genet. 6:75–82.
Harris, H., Hopkinson, D. A., and Edwards, Y. H., 1977, Polymorphism and the subunit structure of enzymes: A contribution to the neutralist-selectionist controversy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:698–701.
Harrison, R. G., 1979, Speciation in North American field crickets: Evidence from electrophoretic comparisons, Evolution 33:1009–1023.
Head, E. J. H., 1980, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from the mussel Mytilus edulis L. I. Purification and characterisation, Eur. J. Biochem. 111:575–579.
Hebert, P. D. N., Muncaster, B. W., and Mackie, G. L., 1989, Ecological and genetic studies on Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas): A new mollusc in the Great Lakes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1587–1591.
Hedgecock, D., and Ayala, F. J., 1974, Evolutionary divergence in the genus Taricha (Salamandridae), Copeia 1974:738–746.
Hill, A., Johnson, M. S., and Merrifield, H., 1983, An electrophoretic and morphological examination of Bothriembryon kendricki (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae), a new species previously considered conspecific with B. bulla (Menke), Aust. J. Zool. 31:227–242.
Hopkinson, D. A., Mestriner, M. A., Cortner, J., and Harris, H., 1973, Esterase D: A new human polymorphism, Ann. Hum. Genet. 37:119–137.
Hopkinson, D. A., Edwards, Y. H., and Harris, H., 1976, The distributions of subunit numbers and subunit sizes of enzymes: A study of the products of 100 human gene loci, Ann. Hum. Genet. 39:383–411.
Hori, S. H., and Tanda, S., 1980, Purification and properties of wild-type and mutant glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases and of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster, Jpn. J. Genet. 55:211–223.
Hori, S. H., Yonezawa, S., Mochizuki, Y., Sado, Y., and Kamada, T., 1975, Evolutionary aspects of animal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in: Isozymes IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 839–852, Academic Press, New York.
Illingworth, J. A., and Tipton, K. F., 1970, Purification and properties of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from pig liver cytoplasm, Biochem. J. 118:253–258.
Ingolia, D. E., Yeung, C.-Y., Orengo, I. F., Harrison, M. L., Frayne, E. G., Rudolph, F. B., and Kellems, R. E., 1985, Purification and characterization of adenosine deaminase from a genetically enriched mouse cell line, J. Biol. Chem. 260:13261–13267.
Inkerman, P. A., Winzor, D. J., and Zerner, B., 1975, Carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1). The molecular sizes of chicken and pig liver carboxylesterases, Can. J. Biochem. 53:547–560.
IUBNC (International Union of Biochemistry. Nomenclature Committee), 1984, Enzyme Nomenclature, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Janska, H., Kubicz, A., Szalewicz, A., and Harazna, J., 1988, The high molecular weight and the low molecular weight acid phosphatases of the frog liver and their phosphotyrosine activity, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90B:173–178.
Janska, H., Kubicz, A., and Szalewicz, A., 1989, The lower molecular weight acid phosphatase from the frog liver: Isolation of homogeneous AcPase III and IV representing glycoforms with different bioactivity, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92B:341–346.
Jaussi, R., Cotton, B., Juretic, N., Christen, P., and Schumperli, D., 1985, The primary structure of the precursor of chicken mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA, J. Biol. Chem. 260:16060–16063.
Johnson, G. B., 1974, Enzyme polymorphism and metabolism, Science 184:28–37.
Jornvall, H., Persson, M., and Jeffery, J., 1981, Alcohol and polyol dehydrogenases are both divided into two protein types, and structural properties cross-relate the different enzyme activities within each type, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:4226–4230.
Karn, R. C., and Malacinski, G. M., 1978, The comparative biochemistry, physiology, and genetics of animal α-amylases, Adv. Comp. Physiol. Biochem. 7:1–103.
Keung, W.-M., Ho, Y.-W., Fong, W.-P., and Lee, C.-Y., 1989, Isolation and characterization of shrew (Suncus marinus) liver alcohol dehydrogenases, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 93B:169–173.
Knight, A. J., and Ward, R. D., 1986, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphism in the genus Littorina (Prosobranchia: Mollusca), Biochem. Genet. 24:405–413.
Kochman, M., Golebiowska, J., Baranowski, T., Dedman, J. R., Fodge, D. W., and Harris, B. G., 1974, Hybridization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, FEBS Lett. 41:104–107.
Koehn, R. K., and Eanes, W. F., 1977, Subunit size and genetic variation of enzymes in natural populations of Drosophila, Theor. Popul. Biol. 11:330–341.
Koehn, R. K., and Eanes, W. F., 1978, Molecular structure and protein variation within and among populations. Evol. Biol. 11:39–100.
Koehn, R. K., and Eanes, W. F., 1979, Molecular structure, polypeptide size, and genetic variation of enzymes, in: Isozymes: Current Topics in Biological and Medical Research, (M. C. Rattazzi, J. G. Scandalios, and G. S. Whitt, eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 185–211, Liss, New York.
Kolatkar, P. R., Meador, W. E., Stanfield, R. L., and Hackert, M. L., 1988, Novel subunit structure observed for noncooperative haemoglobin from Urechis caupo, J. Biol. Chem. 263:3462–3465.
Komuniecki, R. W., and Roberts, L. S., 1977, Hexokinase from the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 76B:45–49.
Krause, K. L., Volz, K. W., and Lipscomb, W. N., 1985, Structure at 2.9-Å resolution of aspartate carbamoyltransferase complexed with the bisubstrate analogue N-(phosphonacetyl)L-aspartate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 82:1643–1647.
Kreitman, M., 1983, Nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster, Nature 304:412–417.
Lavery, S., and Shaklee, J. B., 1989, Population genetics of two tropical sharks, Carcharhinus tilstoni and C. sorrah, in Northern Australia, Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 40:541–547.
Lee, C.-Y., Langley, C. H., and Burkhart, J., 1978, Purification and molecular weight determination ofglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme from mouse and Drosophila, Analyt. Biochem. 86:697–706.
Lee, Y. M., Ayala, F. J., and Misra, H. P., 1981, Purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from Drosophila melanogaster, J. Biol. Chem. 256:8506–8509.
Leigh Brown, A. J., and Langley, C. H., 1979, Correlation between heterozygosity and subunit molecular weight, Nature 277:649–651.
Leigh Brown, A. J., and Voelker, R. A., 1980, Genetic and biochemical studies on glutamate- pyruvate transaminase from Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. Genet. 18:303–309.
Ling, I. T., Cooksley, S., Bates, P. A., Hempelmann, E., and Wilson, R. J. M., 1986, Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum, Parasitology 92:313–324.
Long, G. L., and Kaplan, N. O., 1968, D-lactate specific pyridine nucleotide lactate dehydrogenase in animals, Science 162:685–686.
Long, G. L., and Kaplan, N. O., 1973, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked D-lactate dehydrogenases from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus and the seaworm, Nereis virens. I. Physical and chemical properties, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 154:696–710.
Ma, P. F., and Fisher, J. R., 1968, Multiple adenosine deaminases in the amphibia and their possible phylogenetic significance, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 27B:687–697.
MacFarlane, N., Mathews, B., and Dalziel, K., 1977, The purification and properties of NADPdependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from ox-heart mitochondria, Eur. J. Biochem. 74:553–559.
MacIntyre, R. J., 1971, Evolution of acid phosphatase-1 in the genus Drosophila as estimated by subunit hybridization. 1. Methodology, Genetics 68:483–508.
MacIntyre, R. J., and Dean, M. R., 1978, Evolution of acid phosphatase-1 in the genus Drosophila as estimated by subunit hybridization. Interspecific tests, J. Mol. Evol. 12:143–171.
Manning, A. M., Trotman, C. N. A., and Tate, W. P., 1990, Evolution of a polymeric globin in the brine shrimp Artemia, Nature 348:653–656.
Markley, H. G., Faillace, L. A., and Mezey, E., 1973, Xanthine oxidase activity in rat brain, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 309:23–31.
May, B., and Holbrook, F. R., 1978, Absence of genetic variability in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71:809–812.
Mayzaud, O., 1985, Purification and kinetic properties of the α-amylase from the copepod Acartia clausi (Giesbrecht, 1889), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82B:725–730.
McCord, J. M., 1979, Superoxide dismutases: Occurrence, structure, function, and evolution, in: Isozymes: Current Topics in Biological and Medical Research, (M. C. Rattazzi, J. G. Scandalios, and G. S. Whitt, eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 1–22, Liss, New York.
McCormick, A., Paynter, K. T., Brodey, M. M., and Bishop, S. H., 1986, Aspartate aminotransferases from ribbed mussel gill tissue: Reactivity with B-L-cysteinesulfinic acid and other properties, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84B:163–166.
Miake, F., Torikata, T., Koga, K., and Hayashi, K., 1977, Isolation and characterization of NADP+ specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from the pupa of Bomyx mori, J. Biochem. 82:449–454.
Mitchell, J. M., Daron, H. H., and Frandsen, J. C., 1982, Purification and characterization of aldolase from the parasitic protozoan Eimeria stiedai (Coccidia), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B:221–229.
Mochizuki, Y., and Hori, S. H., 1976, Hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in starfishes, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 54B:489–494.
Mochizuki, Y., and Hori, S. H., 1977, Purification and properties of hexokinase from the starfish, Asterias amurensis, J. Biochem. 81:1849–1856.
Moens, L., and Kondo, M., 1978, Evidence for a dimeric form of Artemia salina extracellular haemoglobins with high molecular weight subunits, Eur. J. Biochem. 82:65–72.
Morris, S. R., 1979, Genetic variation in the genus Littorina, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom.
Morrison, J. F., 1975, Arginine kinase and the invertebrate guanidino kinases, in: The Enzymes (P. D. Boyer, ed.), Vol. VIII, pp. 457–486, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Moser, D., Johnson, L., and Lee, C.-Y., 1980, Multiple forms of Drosophila hexokinase. Purification, biochemical and immunological characterization, J. Biol. Chem. 255:4673–4679.
Mulley, J. L., and Latter, B. D. H., 1980, Genetic variation and evolutionary relationships within a group of thirteen species of Penaeid prawns, Evolution 34:904–916.
Murphy, R. W., Sites, J. W., Jr., Buth, D. G., and Haufler, C. H., 1990, Proteins I: Isozyme electrophoresis, in: Molecular Systematics (D. M. Hillis and C. Moritz, eds.), pp. 45–126, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Nadler, S. A., 1986, Biochemical polymorphism in Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 18:45–54.
Nahmias, J. A., and Bewley, G. C., 1984, Characterization of catalase purified from Drosophila melanogaster by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 77B:355–364.
Nakagawa, T., and Nagayama, F., 1989a, Enzymatic properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from fish muscle, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 93B:379–384.
Nakagawa, T., and Nagayama, F., 1989b, Enzymatic properties of fish muscle aldolase, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92B:405–410.
Nei, M., 1973, Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:3321–3323.
Nei, M., and Graur, D., 1984, Extent of protein polymorphism and the neutral mutation theory, Evol. Biol. 17:73–118.
Nei, M., Fuerst, P. A., and Chakraborty, R., 1978, Subunit molecular weight and genetic variability of proteins in natural populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:3359–3362.
Nevaldine, B. H., Basel, A. R., and Hsu, R. Y., 1974, Mechanism of pigeon liver malic enzyme subunit structure, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 336:283–293.
Nevo, E., Beiles, A., and Ben-Shlomo, R., 1984, The evolutionary significance of genetic divercity: Ecological, demographic and life history correlates, in: Evolutionary Dynamics of Genetic Diversity (G. S. Mani, ed.), pp. 13–213, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Nevo, E., Joh, K., Hori, K., and Beiles, A., 1990, Aldolase DNA polymorphism in subterranean mole-rats: Genetic differentiation and environmental correlates, Heredity 65:307–320.
Noda, L., 1975, Adenylate kinase, in: The Enzymes (P. D. Boyer, ed.), Vol. VIII, pp. 279–305, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Norton, I. L., Pfuderer, P., Stringer, C. D., and Hartman, F. C., 1970, Isolation and characterization of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase, Biochemistry 9:4952–4958.
Ohkubo, M., Sakiyama, S., and Fujimura, S., 1983, Purification and characterization of N1-methylnicotinamide oxidases I and II separated from rat liver, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221:534–542.
Ohnishi K.-I., and Hori, S. H., 1977, A comparative study of invertebrate glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases, Jpn. J. Genet. 52:95–106.
Ohta, T., and Kimura, M., 1973, A model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a finite population, Genet. Res. 22:201–204.
Okada, N., Azuma, M., and Eguchi, M., 1989, Alkaline phosphatase isozymes in the midgut of silkworm: Purification of high pH-stable microvillus and labile cytosolic enzymes, J. Comp. Physiol. B. 159:123–130.
Onoufriou, A., and Alahiotis, S. N., 1982, Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Molecular and genetic aspects, Biochem. Genet. 20:1195–1209.
Osborne, H. H., and Hollaway, M. R., 1974, The hybridization of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases from rabbit muscle and yeast. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction and isolation of the hybrid, Biochem. J. 143:651–662.
Panara, F., 1985, Isolation and partial characterization of high and low molecular weight acid phosphatases from chicken liver, Int. J. Biochem. 17:1213–1217.
Panara, F., and Pascolini, R., 1989, Acid phosphatases from liver of Cyprinus carpio, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92B:751–754.
Panara, F., Angiolillo, A., and Pascolini, R., 1989, Acid phosphatases from liver of Rana esculenta. Subcellular localization and partial characterization of multiple forms, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 93B:877–882.
Payne, D. M., Powley, D. G., and Harris, B. G., 1979, Purification, characterization, and the presumptive role of fumarase in the energy metabolism of Ascaris suum, J. Parasitol. 65:833–841.
Perutz, M. F., 1990, Molecular inventiveness, Nature 348:583–584.
Peters, T., 1975, Serum albumin, in: The Plasma Proteins (F. W. Putman, ed.), Vol. I, pp. 133–181, Academic Press, New York.
Putnam, F. W., 1975, Transferrin, in: The Plasma Proteins (F. W. Putman, ed.), Vol. I, pp. 266–316, Academic Press, New York.
Rajagopalan, K. V., and Handler, P., 1967, Purification and properties of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase, J. Biol. Chem. 242:4097–4107.
Ray, W. J., and Peck, E. J., 1975, Phosphomutases, in: The Enzymes (P. D. Boyer, ed.), Vol. VI, pp. 408–478, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Rehse, P. H., and Davidson, W. S., 1986, Purification and properties of a C-type isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase from the liver of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84B:145–150.
Riggs, A. F., 1991, Aspects of the origin and evolution of non-vertebrate hemoglobins. Am. Zool. 31:535–545.
Riley, M. A., Hallas, M. E., and Lewontin, R. C., 1989, Distinguishing the forces controlling genetic variation at the Xdh locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura, Genetics 123:359–369.
Royer, W. E., Love, W. E., and Fenderson, F. F., 1985, Cooperative dimeric and tetrameric clam haemoglobins are novel assemblages of myoglobin folds, Nature 316:277–280.
Ruth, R. C., and Wold, F., 1976, The subunit structure of glycolytic enzymes, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 54B:1–6.
Ryden, L., Ofverstedt L.-G., Beinert, H., Emptage, M. H., and Kennedy, M. C., 1984, Molecular weight of beef heart aconitase and stoichiometry of the components of its iron-sulfur cluster, J. Biol. Chem. 259:3141–3144.
Sanchez, J. L., Abad, M., Martin, L. O. G., and Galarza, A., 1983, Hepatopancreas hexokinase isozymes from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74B: 807–814.
Scheid, M. J., and Awapara, J., 1972, Stereospecificity of some invertebrate lactic dehydrogenases, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 43B:619–626.
Scholze, H., 1983, Studies on aconitase species from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, porcine and bovine heart, obtained by a modified isolation method, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 746:133–137.
Searle, J. B., 1986, A trimeric esterase in the common shrew (Sorex araneus), J. Hered. 77:121–122.
Selander, R. K., 1976, Genic variation in natural populations, in: Molecular Evolution (F. J. Ayala, ed.), pp. 21–45, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Selander, R. K., and Kaufman, D. W., 1973, Genic variability and strategies of adaptation in animals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:1875–1877.
Selander, R. K., and Yang, S. Y., 1970, Horseshoe crab lactate dehydrogenases: Evidence for dimeric structure, Science 169:179–180.
Shaklee, J. B., 1983, Mannosephosphate isomerase in the Hawaiian spiny lobster Panulirus marginatus: A polymorphic, sex-linked locus useful in investigating embryonic and larval sex ratios, Mar. Biol. 73:193–201.
Shows, T. B., Chapman, V. M., and Ruddle, F. H., 1970, Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme: Mendelian inherited electrophoretic variants in the mouse, Biochem. Genet. 4:707–718.
Siegismund, H. R., 1985, Genetic studies of Gammarus. III. Inheritance of electrophoretic variants of the enzymes mannose phosphate isomerase and glucose phosphate isomerase in Gammarus oceanicus, Hereditas 102:25–31.
Skibinski, D. O. F., and Ward, R. D., 1981, Relationship between allozyme heterozygosity and rates of divergence, Genet. Res. 38:71–92.
Smith, E. L., Austen, B. M., Blumenthal, K. M., and Nyc, J. F., 1975, Glutamate dehydrogenases, in: The Enzymes (P. D. Boyer, ed.), Vol. XI, pp. 293–367, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Smith, J. K., and Zimmerman, E. G., 1976, Biochemical genetics and evolution of North American blackbirds, (family Icteridae), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 53B:319–324.
Sokal, R. R., and Rohlf, F. J., 1981, Biometry, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman, New York.
Soulé, M., 1976, Allozyme variation: Its determinants in space and time, in: Molecular Evolution (F. J. Ayala, ed.), pp. 60–77, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Spotorno, G. L. M., and Hollaway, M. R., 1970, Hybrid molecules of yeast and rabbit GPD containing native and modified subunits, Nature 226:756–757.
Stoneking, M., May, B., and Wright, J. E., 1979, Genetic variation, inheritance, and quaternary structure of malic enzyme in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Biochem. Genet. 17:599–619.
Storey, K. B., 1976, Purification and properties of squid mantle adenylate kinase. Role of NADH in control of the enzyme, J. Biol. Chem. 251:7810–7815.
Sullivan, D. T., Carroll, W. T., Kanik-Ennulat, C. L., Hitti, Y. S., Lovett, J. A., and Von Kalm, L., 1985, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. Identification of two isozymic forms encoded by separate genes, J. Biol. Chem. 260:4345–4350.
Swain, M. S., and Lebherz, H. G., 1986, Hybridization between fructose diphosphate aldolase subunits derived from diverse biological systems: Anomalous hybridization behavior of some aldolase subunit types, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 244:35–41.
Tegelstrom, H., 1975, Interspecific hybridisation in vitro of superoxide dismutase from various species, Hereditas 81:185–198.
Teller, D. C., 1976, Accessible area, packing volumes and interaction surfaces of globular proteins, Nature 260:729–731.
Thieme, R., Pai, E. F., Schirmer, R. H., and Schulz, G. E., 1981, Three dimensional structure of glutathione reductase at 2Å resolution, J. Mol. Biol. 152:763–782.
Tracey, M. L., Nelson, K., Hedgecock, D., Shleser, R. A., and Pressick, M. L., 1975, Biochemical genetics of lobsters: Genetic variation and the structure of American lobster (Homarus americanus) populations, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:2091–2101.
Turner, A. C., Lushbaugh, W. B., and Hutchinson, W. F., 1986, Dirofilaria immitis: Comparison of cytosolic and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenases, Exp. Parasitol. 61:176–183.
Umemori-Aikawa, Y., and Aikawa, T., 1974, Adenosine deaminase from the clam, Tapes philippinarum: Partial purification and detection of activity on disc electrophoresis, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 49B:353–359.
Unakami, S., Komoda, T., Watanabe, M., Tanimoto, Y., Sakagishi, Y., and Ikezawa, H., 1987, Molecular nature of three liver alkaline phosphatases detected by drug administration in vivo: Differences between soluble and membranous enzymes, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B:111–118.
Unemura, S., Nishino, T., Murakami, K., and Tsushima, K., 1982, Trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase from chicken liver having a proteolytic nick on each subunit and its kinetic properties, J. Biol. Chem. 257:13374–13378.
Vieira, M. M., Veiga, L. A., and Nakano, M., 1983, Muscle D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Caiman sp.—I. Purification and properties of the enzyme, Comp. Biochem. Phvsiol. 74B:781–790.
Walsh, P. J., 1981, Purification and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenases from three species of sea anemonies: Adaptation to temperature within and among species from different thermal environments, Mar. Biol. Lett. 2:289–299.
Ward, R. D., 1977, Relationship between enzyme heterozygosity and quaternary structure, Biochem. Genet. 15:123–135.
Ward, R. D., 1978, Subunit size of enzymes and genetic heterozygosity in vertebrates, Biochem. Genet. 16:799–810.
Ward, R. D., and Beardmore, J. A., 1977, Protein variation in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., Genet. Res. 30:45–62.
Ward, R. D., and Skibinski, D. O. F., 1985, Observed relationships between protein heterozygosity and protein genetic distance and comparisons with neutral expectations, Genet. Res. 45:315–340.
Ward, R. D., and Skibinski, D. O. F., 1988, Evidence that mitochondrial isozymes are genetically less variable than cytoplasmic isozymes, Genet. Res. 51:121–127.
Ward, R. D., and Warwick, T., 1980, Genetic differentiation in the molluscan species Littorina rudis and Littorina arcana (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14:417–428.
Weeda, E., 1981, Some properties of mitochondrial NAD+ linked malic enzyme and malate dehydrogenase from the flight muscles of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Insect Biochem. 11:679–684.
Weisman, M. I., Caiolfa, V. R., and Parola, A. H., 1988, Adenosine deaminase-complexing protein from bovine kidney. Isolation of two distinct subunits, J. Biol. Chem. 263:5266–5270.
Weller, D. L., 1982, Isoelectric point and molecular weight of a diaphorase of Entamoeba invadens, J. Parasitol. 68:343–345.
Widmer, G., Dvorak, J. A., and Miles, M. A., 1986, A biochemical comparison of glucosephosphate isomerase isozymes from Trypanosoma cruzi, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 873:119–126.
Williamson, J. H., and Bentley, M. M., 1983, Comparative properties of three forms of glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. Genet. 21:1153–1166.
Williamson, J. H., Krochko, D., and Bentley, M. M., 1980a, Properties of Drosophila NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase purified on Procion Brilliant Blue-sepharose-4B, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65B:339–343.
Williamson, J. H., Krochko, D., and Geer, B. W., 1980b, 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. 1. Purification and properties of the A isozyme, Biochem. Genet. 18:87–101.
Winberg, J.-O., Hovik, R., McKinley-McKee, J. S., Juan, E., and Gonzalez-Duarte, R., 1986, Biochemical properties of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila lebanonensis, Biochem. J. 235:481–490.
Yoshihara, S., and Tatsumi, K., 1985, Guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase as a sulfoxide reductase: Its purification and characterization, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 242:213–224.
Zink, R. M., 1982, Patterns of genic and morphologic variation among sparrows in the genera Zonotrichia, Nelospiza, Juneo and Passerella, Auk 99:632–649.
Zouros, E., 1976, Hybrid molecules and the superiority of the heterozygote, Nature 262:227–229.
Zuckerkandl, E., 1976, Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. I. Functional density in proteins, J. Mol. Evol. 7:167–183.
Zuckerkandl, E., and Pauling, L., 1965, Evolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins, in: Evolving Genes and Proteins (V. Bryson and H. J. Vogel, eds.), pp. 97–196, Academic Press, New York.
Data Base References
Abban, E. K., and Skibinski, D. O. F., 1988, Protein variation in Schilbe mystus (L.) and Eutropius niloticus (Ruppel) (Pisces siluriformes) in the volta basin of Ghana, West Africa, Aquat. Fish. Manag. 19:25–37.
Achituv, Y., and Mizrahi, L., 1987, Allozyme differences between tidal levels in Tetraclita squamosa Pilsbry from the Red Sea, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 108:181–190.
Adams, M., Baverstock, P. R., Saunders, D. A., Schodde, R., and Smith, G. T., 1984, Biochemical systematics of the Australian cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae), Aust. J. Zool. 32:363–378.
Adams, M., Baverstock, P. R., Watts, C. H. S., and Reardon, T., 1987, Electrophoretic resolution of species boundaries in Australian microchiroptera. I. Eptesicus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 40:143–162.
Adams, S. E., Smith, M. H., and Baccus, R., 1980, Biochemical variation in the American alligator, Herpetologica 36:289–296.
Adest, G. A., 1977, Genetic relationships in the genus Uma (Iguanidae), Copeia 1977:47–52.
Agatsuma, T., and Habe, S., 1986, Genetic variability and differentiation of natural populations in three Japanese king flukes Paragonimus chirai, Paragonimus iloktsnensis and Paragonimus sadoensis (Digenea, Troglotrematidae), J. Parasitol. 72:417–433.
Andersson, L., Ryman, N., Rosenberg, R., and Stahl, G., 1981, Genetic variability in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus): Description of protein loci and population data, Hereditas 95:69–78.
Andoh, T., and Goto, A., 1988, Biochemical evidence for reproductive isolation between the sympatric populations of Coitus amblystomopsis and C. nozawae, Jpn. J. Ichthyol. 35:176–183.
Ankney, C. D., Dennis, D. G., Wishard, L. N., and Seeb, J. E., 1986, Low genic variation between black ducks and mallards, Auk 103:701–709.
Apfelbaum, L. I., and Blauer, A., 1984, Genetic similarity between species of Akodon (Rodentia, Cricetidae), J. Exp. Zool. 229:1–6.
Arduino, P., and Bullini, L., 1985, Reproductive isolation and genetic divergence between the small ermine moths Yponomeuta padellus and Y. malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), Memorie, Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, Roma, 18:33–61.
Ashton, R. E., Jr., Braswell, A. L., and Guttman, S. I., 1980, Electrophoretic analysis of three species of Necturus (Amphibia: Proteidae), and the taxonomic status of Necturus lewisi (Brimley), Brimleyana 4:43–46.
Attard, J., and Pasteur, N., 1984, Genetic variability and differentiation in five species of crayfish (Astacidae), Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 12:108–118.
Attard, J., and Vianet, R., 1985, Variabilité génétique et morphologique de cinq populations de l’écrevisse européenne Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858) (Crustacea, Decapoda), Can. J. Zool. 63:2933–2939.
Augustyn, C. J., and Grant, W. S., 1988, Biochemical and morphological systematics of Loligo vulgaris vulgaris Lamarck and Loligo vulgaris reynaudii D’Orbigny Nov. Comb. (Cephalopods: Myopsida), Malacologia 29:215–233.
Avise, J. C., and Selander, R. K., 1972, Evolutionary genetics of cave dwelling fishes of the genus Astyanax, Evolution 26:1–19.
Avise, J. C., Smith, M. H., and Selander, R. K., 1974, Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus VI. The boylii group, J. Mammal. 55:751–763.
Ayala, F. J., 1975, Genetic differentiation during speciation, Evol. Biol. 8:1–78.
Ayala, F. J., Tracey, M. L., Barr, L. G., McDonald, J. F., and Pérez-Salas, S., 1974, Genetic variation in natural populations of five Drosophila species and the hypothesis of the selective neutrality of protein polymorphisms, Genetics 77:343–384.
Ayala, F. J., Valentine, J. W., Barr, L. G., and Zumwalt, G. S., 1984, Genetic variability in a temperate intertidal phoronid, Phoronopsis viridis, Biochem. Genet. 11:413–427.
Baker, A. J., and Moeed, A., 1987. Rapid genetic differentiation and founder effect in colonizing populations of common mynas (Acridotheres tristis), Evolution 41:539–546.
Baker, A. J., Honeycutt, R. L., Arnold, M. L., Sarich, V. M., and Genoways, H. H., 1981, Electrophoretic and immunological studies on the relationship of the Brachyphyllinae and Glossophaginae, J. Mammal. 62:665–672.
Balletto, E., Cherchi, M. A., Salvido, S., Lattes, A., Malacrida, A., Gasperi, G., and Doria, G., 1986, Area effect in southwestern European greenfrogs (Rana esculenta) (Amphibia: Ranidae), Boll. Zool. 53:97–110.
Barrowclough, G. F., 1980, Genetic and phenotypic differentiation in a wood warbler (genus Dendroica) hybrid zone, Auk 97:655–658.
Barrowclough, G. F., and Corbin, K. W., 1978, Genetic variation and differentiation in the Parulidae, Auk 95:691–702.
Beck, M. L., and Price, J. O., 1981, Genetic variation in the terrestrial isopod Armadillium vulgare, J. Hered. 72:15–18.
Beckwitt, R., 1983, Genetic structure of Genyonemus lineatus, (Sciaenidae) and Paralabrax clathratus (Serrandiae) in southern California, Copeia 1983:691–696.
Bell, L. J., Moyer, J. T., and Numach, K., 1982, Morphological and genetic variation in Japanese populations of the anenome fish (Anaphyrion clarkii), Mar. Biol. 72:99–108.
Bellemin, J., Adest, G., and Gorman, G. C., 1978, Genetic uniformity in northern populations of Thamnophis sirtalis (Serpentes: Colubridae), Copeia 1978:150–151.
Benharrat, K., Quignard, J.-P., and Pasteur, N., 1981, The black gobies (Gobius niger Linne, 1758) of the French Mediterranean coast: Variation in the enzyme polymorphism of lagoon and marine populations, Cybium 5:29–34.
Bentz, B. J., and Stock, M. W., 1986, Phenetic and phylogenetic relationships among the species of Dendroctonus bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:527–534.
Berglund, A., and Lagercrantz, V., 1983, Genetic differentiation in populations of two Paleamon prawn species at the Atlantic coast: Does gene flow prevent local adaptation?, Mar. Biol. 77:49–58.
Berlocher, S. H., and Bush, G. L., 1982, An electrophoretic analysis of Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) phylogeny, Syst. Zool. 31:136–155.
Best, T. L., Sullivan, R. M., Cook, J. A., and Yates, T. L., 1986, Chromosomal, genic and morphological variation in the agile kangaroo rat, Dipodomys agilis (Rodentia: Heteromyidae), Syst. Zool. 35:311–324.
Bezy, R. L., Gorman, G. C., Kim, Y. J., and Wright, J. W., 1977, Chromosomal and genetic divergence in the fossorial lizards of the family Anniellidae, Syst. Zool. 26:57–71.
Blanc, F., and Cariou, M. L., 1980, High genetic variability of lizards of the sand-dwelling lacertid genus Acanthodactvius, Genetica 54:141–147.
Blanc, F., and Cariou, M. L., 1987, Geographical variability of allozyme variation and genetic divergence between Tunisian lizards of the sand-dwelling lacertid genus Acanthodactylus, Genetica 72:13–25.
Blanc, F., Ledeme, P., and Blanc, C.-P., 1986, Variation géographique de la diversité génétique chez la perdrix grise (Perdix perdix), Gibier Faune Sauvage 3:5–41.
Bodaly, R. A., Ward, R. D., and Mills, C. A., 1989, A genetic stock study of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Windermere, Fish. Biol. 34:965–967.
Bohlin, R. G., and Zimmerman, E. G., 1982, Genic differentiation of two chromosome races of the Geomys bursarius complex, J. Mammal. 63:218–228.
Braun, M. S., and Robbins, M. B., 1986, Extensive protein similarity of the hybridizing chickadees Parus atricapillus and Parus carolinensis, Auk 103:667–675.
Brittnacher, J. G., Sims, S. R., and Ayala, F. J., 1978, Genetic differentiation between species of the genus Speyeria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Evolution 32:199–210.
Britton, J., and Thaler, L., 1978, Evidence for the presence of two sympatric species of mice (genus Mus L.) in southern France based on biochemical genetics, Biochem. Genet. 16:213–225.
Britton-Davidian, J., Nadeau, J. H., Croset, H., and Thaler, L., 1989, Genic differentiation and origin of Robertsonian populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus Rutty), Genet. Res. 53:29–44.
Brown, K., 1981, Low genetic variability and high similarities in the crayfish genera Cambarus and Procambarus, Am. Midl. Nat. 105:225–232.
Browne, R. A., 1977, Genetic variation in island and mainland populations of Peromyscus leucopus, Am. Midl. Nat. 97:1–9.
Bucklin, A., and Hedgecock, D., 1982, Biochemical genetic evidence for a third species of Metridium (Colenterata: Actiniara), Mar. Biol. 66:1–8.
Buroker, N. E., 1982, Allozyme variation in three non-sibling Ostrea species, J. Shellfish Res. 2:157–164.
Buroker, N. E., 1983, Population genetics of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico, Mar. Biol. 75:99–112.
Buroker, N. E., 1983, Systematic status of two oyster populations of the genus Triostrea from New Zealand and Chile, Mar. Biol. 77:191–200.
Buroker, N. E., Hershberger, W. K., and Chew, K. K., 1979, Population genetics of the family Ostreidae. I. Intraspecific studies of Crassostrea gigas and Saccostrea commercialis, Mar. Biol. 54:157–169.
Buroker, N. E., Hershberger, W. K., and Chew, K. K., 1979, Population genetics of the family Ostreidae. II. Interspecific studies of the genera Crassostrea and Saccostrea, Mar. Biol. 54:171–184.
Buth, D. G., 1979, Biochemical systematics of the cyprinid genus Notropis. I. The subgenus luxilus, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1977:69–79.
Buth, D. G., 1980, Evolutionary genetics and systematic relationships in the catostomid genus, Hypentelium, Copeia 1980:280–290.
Buth, D. G., and Burr, B. M., 1978, Isozyme variability in the cyprinid genus Campostoma, Copeia 1978:298–311.
Buth, D. G., and Crabtree, C. B., 1982, Genetic variability and population structure of Catostomus santaanae, in the Santa Clara drainage, Copeia 1982:439–444.
Buth, D. G., Burr, J. R., and Schenk, J. R., 1980, Electrophoretic evidence for relationships and differentiation among members of the percid subgenus Microperca, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8:297–304.
Butlin, R. K., and Hewitt, G. M., 1987, Genetic divergence in the Chorthippus parallelus species group (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31:301–310.
Cabrera, V. M., 1983, Genetic distance and evolutionary relationships in the Drosophila obscura group, Evolution 37:675–689.
Caccone, A., Allegrucci, G., Cesaroni, D., Cobolli Sbordoni, M., De Matthaeis, E., LaRosa, G., and Sbordoni, V., 1986, Genetic variability and divergence between cave dwelling populations of Typhlocirolana from Majorca and Sicily, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 14:215–221.
Calhoun, S. W., Greenbaum, I. F., and Fuxa, K. P., 1988, Biochemical and karyotypic variation in Peromyscus maniculatus from Western North America, J. Mammal. 69:34–45.
Campton, D. E., and Utter, F. M., 1987, Genetic structure of anadromous cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) populations in the Puget Sound area: Evidence for restricted gene flow, Can. J. Fish. Aquas. Sci. 44:573–582.
Capparella, A. P., and Lanyon, S. M., 1985, Biochemical and morphometric analysis of the sympatric, neotropical, sibling species, Mionectes macconnelli and M. oleagineus, in: Ornithological Monographs #36: Neotropical Ornithology (P. L. Buckley et al., eds.), pp. 347–355, American Ornithologists Union, Washington, D. C.
Carlson, D. M., Kettler, M. K., Fisher, S. E., and Whitt, G. S., 1982, Low genetic variability in paddlefish populations, Copeia 1982:721–725.
Case, S. M., 1978, Biochemical systematics of members of the genus Rana native to western North America, Syst. Zool. 27:299–311.
Case, S. M., 1978, Electrophoretic variation in two species of ranid frogs Rana boylei and R. muscosa, Copeia 1978:311–320.
Catalan, J., Poitevin, F., Fons, R., Guerasimov, S., and Croset, H., 1988, Biologie évolutive des populations ouest-européennes de crocidures (Mammalia, Insectivora). III Structure génétique des populations continentales et insulaires de Crocidura russula (Hermann, 1780) et de Crocidura suaevolens (Pallas, 1811), Mammalia 52:387–400.
Chambers, S. M., 1980, Genetic divergence between populations of Goniobasis (Pleuroceridae) occupying different drainage systems, Malacologia 20:63–82.
Chesser, R. K., 1983, Genetic variability within and among populations of the black tailed prairie dog, Evolution 37:320–331.
Cianchi, R., Urbanelli, J., Coluzzi, M., and Bullini, L., 1978, Genetic distance between two sibling species of the Aedes mariae complex (Diptera: Culicidae), Parassitologia 20:39–46.
Cianchi, R., Maini, S., and Bullini, L., 1980, Genetic distance between pheremone strains of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis: Different contribution of variable substrate, regulatory and non-regulatory enzymes, Heredity 45:383–388.
Cockley, D. E., Gooch, J. L., and Weston, D. P., 1977, Genic diversity in cave-dwelling crickets (Ceuthophilus gracilipes), Evolution 31:313–318.
Cothran, E. G., Zimmerman, E. G., and Nadler, C. F., 1977, Genic differentiation and evolution in the ground squirrel subgenus Ictidomys (Genus Spermophilus), J. Mammal. 58:610–622.
Crabtree, B. C., and Buth, D. G., 1987, Biochemical systematics of the Catostomid genus Catostomus: Assessment of C. clarki, C. plebius and C. discobolus including the Zuni sucker, C. d. yarrowi, Copeia 1987:843–854.
Crisp, D. J., and Ekartne, K., 1984, Polymorphism in Pomatoceras, Zool. J Linn. Soc. 80:157–175.
Crouau-Roy, B., 1986, Population studies on Pyrenean troglobitic beetles: Local genetic differentiation and microgeographic variations in natural populations, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 14:521–526.
Crouau-Roy, B., 1988, Genetic variability and differentiation in a species complex of troglobitic beetles based on isozyme data, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 16:303–310.
Crouau-Roy, B., 1989, Genetic population structure in a troglobitic beetle (Speonomus zophosinus), Genetica 78:13–20.
Crouau-Roy, B., 1989, Population studies on an endemic troglobitic beetle: Geographical patterns of genetic variation, gene flow and genetic structure compared with morphometric data, Genetics 121:571–582.
Daly, J. C., Wilkinson, P., and Shaw, D. D., 1981, Reproductive isolation in relation to allozymic and chromosomal differentiation in the grasshopper Caledia captiva, Evolution 35:1164–1179.
Daugherty, C. H., Allendorf, C. H., Dunlap, W. W., and Knudsen, K. L., 1983, Systematic implications of geographic patterns of genetic variation in the genus Dicamptodon, Copeia 1983:679–691.
Davis, B. J., Demàrtini, E. E., and McGee, K., 1981, Gene flow among populations of a teleost (painted greenling, Oxylebius pictus) from Puget Sound to southern California, U.S.A., Mar. Biol. 65:17–24.
Day, A. J., and Bayne, B. L., 1988, Allozyme variation in populations of the dog-whelk Nucella lapilus (Prosobranchia: Muricacea) from the South West peninsula of England, Mar. Biol. 99:93–100.
De Matthaeis, E., Allegrucci, G., Caccone, A., Cesaroni, D., Cobolli Sbordoni, M., and Sbordoni, V., 1983, Genetic differentiation between Penaeus kerathurus and P. japonicus (Crustacea: Decapoda), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12:191–198.
Dew, R. D., and Kennedy, M. L., 1980, Genetic variation in racoons, Procyon lotor, J. Mammal. 61:697–792.
Dillon, R. T., and Davis, G. M., 1981, The Goniobasis of southern Virginia and northwestern North Carolina, U.S.A.: Genetic and shell morphological relationships, Malacologia 20:83–98.
Duggins, C. F., Jr., Karlin, A. A., and Relyea, K. G., 1983, Electrophoretic comparison of Cyprinodon variegatus and Cyprinodon hubbsi, with comments on the genus Cyprinodon (Atheriniformes: Cyprinodontidae), Northeast Gulf Sci. 6:99–108.
Duggins, C. F., Jr., Karlin, A. A., Relyea, K. G., and Yerger, R. W., 1983, Systematics of the genus Floridichthys, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 11:283–294.
Duncan, R., and Highton, R., 1979, Genetic relationships of the eastern large Plethodon of the Ouachita mountains, Copeia 1979:95–110.
Echelle, A. A., Echelle, A. F., and Edds, D. R., 1987, Population structure of four pupfish species (Cyprinodontidae: Cyprinodon) from the Chihuahuan desert region of New Mexico and Texas: Allozyme variation, Copeia 1987:668–681.
Fairbairn, D. J., 1981, Biochemical genetic analysis of population differentiation in Greenland halibut (Rheinhardtius hippoglossoides) from the northwest Atlantic, Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bering sea, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:669–677.
Fairbairn, D. J., 1981, Which witch is which? A study of the stock structure of witch flounders (Glyptocephalies cynoglossus) in the Newfoundland region, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:782–794.
Feder, J. H., 1979, Natural hybridization and genetic divergence between the toads Bufo boreas and Bufo punctatus, Evolution 33:1089–1097.
Feder, J. H., Wurst, G. Z., and Wake, D. B., 1975, Genetic variation in western salamanders of the genus Plethodon and the status of Plethodon gordoni, Herpetologica 34:64–69.
Ferguson, M. M., Noakes, D. L. G., and Danzmann, R. G., 1981, Morphological and biochemical systematics of chubs, Nocomis biguttatus and Nocomis micropogon, (Pisces: Cyprinidae), in south Ontario, Can. J. Zool. 59:771–775.
Ferris, S. P., Buth, D. G., and Whitt, G. S., 1982, Substantial genetic differentiation among populations of Catostomus plebeius, Copeia 1982:444–449.
Fevolden, S. E., and Ayala, F. J., 1981, Enzyme polymorphism in Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea); genetic variation between populations and species, Sarsia 66:167–182.
Fevolden, S. E., and Haug, T., 1988, Genetic population structure of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:2–7.
Formas, J. R., Vera, M. I., and Lacrampe, S., 1983, Allozymic and morphological differentiation in the South American frog genus Eupsophus, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 75B:475–478.
Frydenberg, O., and Simonsen, V., 1973, Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genic heterozygosity, Hereditas 75:221–231.
Fujio, Y., 1977, Natural hybridization between Platichthys stellatus and Kareius hicoloratus, Jpn. J. Genet. 52:117–124.
Fujio, Y., Yuzawa, A., Kikuchi, S., and Koganezawa, A., 1986, Genetic study on the population structure of abalone, Bull. Tohoku Regional Fish. Res. Lab. 48:59–65.
Fukao, F., and Okazaki, T., 1987, A study on the divergence of Japanese fishes of the genus Neoclinus, Jpn. J. Ichthyol. 34:309–323.
Fuller, B., and Lester, L. J., 1980, Correlations of allozymic variation with habitat parameters using the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, Evolution 34:1099–1104.
Gartside, D. F., Rogers, J. S., and Dessauer, H. C., 1977, Speciation with little genic or morphological differentiation in the ribbon snakes Thamnophis proximus and Thamnophis sauritus (Colubridae), Copeia 1977:697–705.
Gavin, T. A., and May, B., 1988, Taxonomic status and genetic purity of Colombian white-tailed deer, J. Wildl. Manage. 52:1–10.
Geiger, H. J., and Scholl, A., 1982, Pontia daplidice in Sudeuropa—eine Gruppe von zwei Arten, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Suisse 55:107–114.
Gemmeke, H., 1981, Genetic differences between field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from the right and left of the Rhine river, West Germany, Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 32:265–270.
Gharrett, A. J., and Thomason, M. A., 1987, Genetic changes in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) following their introduction into the Great Lakes, Can. J. Fish. Aquas. Sci. 44:787–792.
Gharrett, A. J., Shirley, S. M., and Tromble, G. R., 1987, Genetic relationships among populations of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytschu), Can. J. Fish. Aquas. Sci. 44:765–774.
Gill, A. E., 1976, Genetic divergence of insular populations of deer mice, Biochem. Genet. 14:835–848.
Glover, D. G., Smith, M. H., Ames, L., Joule, J., and Dubach, J. M., 1977, Genetic variation in pika populations, Can. J. Zool. 55:1841–1845.
Gonzalez, A. M., Cabrera, V. M., Larruga, J. M., and Gullon, A., 1982, Genetic distances in the sibling species Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans and Drosophila mauritiana, Evolution 36:517–522.
Goodfellow, W. L., Hocutt, C. H., Morgan, R. P. II, and Stauffer, J. R., Jr., 1984, Biochemical assessment of the taxonomic status of Rhinichthys bowersi (Pisces: Cyprinidae), Copeia 1984:652–659.
Gorman, G. C., and Kim, Y. J., 1976, Anolis lizards of the Eastern Carribean: A case study in evolution. II. Genetic relationships and genetic variation of the bimaculatus group, Syst. Zool. 25:62–77.
Gorman, G. C., and Kim, Y. J., 1977, Genotypic evolution in the face of phenotypic conservativeness: Abudefduf(Pomacentridae) from the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Panama, Copeia 1977:694–697.
Gorman, G. C., Soulé, M., Yang, S. Y., and Nevo, E., 1975, Evolutionary genetics of insular Adriatic lizards, Evolution 29:52–71.
Gorman, G. C., Kim, Y. J., and Rubinoff, R., 1976, Genetic relationships of three species of Bathygobius from the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Panama, Copeia 1976:361–364.
Gorman, G. C., Kim, Y. S., and Taylor, L. E., 1977, Genetic variation in irradiated and control populations of Cnemidophorus tigris (Sauria, Teiidae) from Mercury, Nevada with a discussion of genetic variability in lizards, Theor. Appl. Genet. 49:9–14.
Gorman, G. C., Buth, D. G., Soulé, M., and Yang, S. Y., 1980, The relationships of the Anolis cristatellus species group; electrophoretic analysis, J. Herpetol. 14:269–278.
Gould, S. J., and Woodruff, P. S., 1978, Natural history of Cerion. VIII: Little Bahama bank—A revision based on genetics, morphometrics and geographic distribution, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 148:371–415.
Graf, J. D., 1982, Biochemical genetics, zoogeography and taxonomy in the family Arvicolidae, (Mammalia: Rodentia), Rev. Suisse Zool. 89:749–788.
Grant, W. S., 1985, Biochemical genetic stock structure of the southern African anchovy, Engraulis capensis Gilchrist, J. Fish Biol. 27:23–29.
Grant, W. S., 1986, Biochemical genetic divergence between Atlantic, Clupea harengus, and Pacific, C. pallasi, herring, Copeia 1986:714–719.
Grant, W. S., and Cherry, M. I., 1985, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. in Southern Africa, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 90:179–191.
Grant, W. S., and Ståhl, G., 1988, Evolution of Atlantic and Pacific cod: Loss of genetic variation and gene expression in Pacific cod, Evolution 42:138–146.
Grant, W. S., and Ståhl, G., 1988. Description of electrophoretic loci in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and comparison with Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, Hereditas 108:27–36.
Grant, W. S., and Utter, F. M., 1980, Biochemical genetic variation in walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma: Population structure in the southeastern Bering sea and the Gulf of Alaska, Can. J. Fish. Aquas. Sci. 37:1093–1100.
Grant, W. S., Milner, G. B., Krasnowski, P., and Utter, F. M., 1980, Use of biochemical genetic variants for identification of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks in Cook Inlet, Alaska, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1236–1247.
Grant, W. S., Bakkala, R., Utter, F. M., Teel, D. J., and Kobayashi, T., 1983, Biochemical genetic population structure of yellowfish sole, Limandra aspersa of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, Fish. Bull. 81:667–676.
Grant, W. S., Teel, D. J., Kobayashi, T., and Schmitt, C., 1984, Biochemical population genetics of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and comparison with Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:1083–1088.
Grant, W. S., Zhang, C. I., Kobayashi, T., and Ståhl, G., 1986, Lack of genetic stock discretion in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:490–498.
Grant, W. S., Becker, I. I., and Leslie, R. W., 1987, Genetic stock structure of the southern African hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 41:9–20.
Grant, W. S., Becker, I. I., and Leslie, R. W., 1988, Evolutionary divergence between sympatric species of southern African hakes, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus. I. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins, Heredity 61:13–20.
Green, D. M., 1983, Allozymic variation through a clinal hybrid zone between the toads Bufo americanus and Bufo hemiophrys in southeastern Manitoba, (Canada), Herpetologica 39:28–40.
Greenbaum, I. F., and Baker, R. J., 1976, Evolutionary relationships in Macrotus (Chiroptera): Biochemical variation and karyology, Syst. Zool. 25:15–25.
Grudzien, T. A., and Turner, B. J., 1983, Biochemical systematics of Allodichthys: A genus of goodeid fishes, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 11:383–388.
Grudzien, T. A., and Turner, B. J., 1984, Genetic identity and geographic differentiation of trophically dichotomous Ilyodon (Teleostei: Goodeidae), Copeia 1984:102–107.
Gutierrez, R. S., Zink, R. M., and Yang, S. Y., 1983, Genic variation, systematic and biogeographic relationships of some galliform birds, Auk 100:33–47.
Guttman, S. I., and Karlin, K. A., 1986, Hybridization of cryptic species of two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata) complex. Copeia 1986:96–108.
Guttman, S. I., Grau, G. H., and Karlin, K. A., 1980, Genetic variation in Lake Erie great blue herons (Ardea herodias), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 66B:167–169.
Guttman, S. I., Wood, T. K., and Karlin, K. A., 1981, Genetic differentiation along host plant lines in the sympatric Enchenopa binotata Say complex (Homoptera: Membracidae), Evolution 35:205–217.
Hafner, M. S., Hafner, J. C., Patton, J. L., and Smith, M. F., 1987, Macrogeographic patterns of genetic differentiation in the pocket gopher Thomomys umbrinus, Syst. Zool. 36:18–34.
Hafner, D. J., Petersen, K. E., and Yates, T. L., 1981, Evolutionary relationships of jumping mice (genus Zapus) of the southwestern U.S.A., J. Mammal. 62:501–512.
Hafner, D. S., and Yates, T. L., 1983, Systematic status of the mojave ground squirrel, Spermophilus mohavensis (subgenus Xenospermophilus), J. Mammal. 64:397–404.
Halliday, R. B., Bouton, N. H., and Hewitt, G. M., 1983, Electrophoretic analysis of a chromosomal hybrid zone in the grasshopper Podisina pedestris, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 19:51–62.
Hamilton, M. J., and Kennedy, M. L., 1986, Genic variation in the coyote, Canis latrans, in Tennessee, U.S.A., Genetica 71:167–173.
Hanken, J., 1983, Genetic variation in a dwarfed lineage, the Mexican salamander lineage, genus Thorius (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary implications, Copeia 1983:1051–1073.
Hanken, J., and Wake, D. B., 1982, Genetic differentiation among plethodontid salamanders, (genus Bolitoglossa) in central and south America: Implications for the South American invasion, Herpetologica 38:272–287.
Hanlin, H. G., 1980, Geographic variation in Dunn’s salamander, Plethodon dunni Bishop (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae), Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University.
Harrison, R. G., 1979, Speciation in North American field crickets: Evidence from electrophoretic comparisons, Evolution 33:1009–1023.
Hartl, G. B., 1986, Steinbock and Gemse in Alpenraum—genetische Variabilitat and biochemische Differenzierung zweischen den Arten, Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch. 24:315–320.
Hartl, G. B., and Reimoser, F., 1988, Biochemical variation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.): Are r-strategists among deer genetically less variable than K-strategists?, Heredity 60:221–227.
Hartl, G. B., Willing, R., Grillitsch, M., and Klansek, E., 1988, Biochemical variation in Mustelidae: Are carnivores genetically less variable than other mammals?, Zool. Anz. 221:81–90.
Hatfield, J. S., Wissing, T. E., Guttman, S. I., and Farrell, M. P., 1982, Electrophoretic analysis of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) from the lower Mississippi river and Ohio, (U.S.A.), Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111:742–748.
Hedgecock, D., 1979, Biochemical genetic variation and evidence of speciation in Chthalamus barnacles of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, Mar. Biol. 54:207–214.
Hedgecock, D., and Ayala, F. J., 1974, Evolutionary divergence in the genus Taricha. (Salamandridae), Copeia 1974:738–746.
Hedgecock, D., Nelson, K., Simons, J., and Shleser, R., 1977, Genic similarity of American and European species of the lobster Homarus, Biol. Bull. 152:41–50.
Herd, R. M., and Brockfenton, M., 1984, An electrophoretic, morphological and ecological investigation of a putative hybrid zone between Myotis lucifugus and Myotis yumanensis (Chiroptera: Vespertillionidae), Can. J. Zool. 61:2029–2050.
Hertz, P. E., and Zouros, E., 1982, Genetic variability in two West Indian anoles (Reptilia, Iguanidae): Relation to field thermal biology, J. Zool. 196:499–518.
Higby, P. K., and Stock, M. W., 1982, Genetic relationships between two sibling species of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Jeffrey pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi) and mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae), in northern California, U.S.A., Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 75:668–674.
Highton, R., 1984, A new species of woodland salamander of the Plethodon glutinosus group from the southern Appalachian mountains, Brimleyana 9:1–20.
Highton, R., and MacGregor, J. R., 1983, Plethodon kentucki: A valid species of Cumberland (Kentucky, USA) plateau woodland salamander, Herpetologica 39:189–200.
Highton, R., and Webster, T. P., 1976, Geographic protein variation and divergence in populations of the salamander Plethodon cinereus, Evolution 30:33–45.
Hilburn, L. R., 1980, Population genetics of Chironomus stigmaterus Say (Diptera: Chironomidae): II. Protein variability in populations of the south-western United States, Evolution 34:696–704.
Hilburn, L. R., and Sattler, P. W., 1986, Electrophoretically detectable protein variation in natural populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae), Heredity 56:67–74.
Hill, A., Johnson, M. S., and Merifield, H., 1983, An electrophoretic and morphological examination of Bothriembryon kendricki, new species (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae), a new species previously considered conspecific with B. bulla (Menke), Aust. J. Zool. 31:227–242.
Hoagland, K. E., 1984, Use of molecular genetics to distinguish species of the gastropod genus Crepidula (Prosobranchia: Calptraeidae), Malacologia 25:607–628.
Hoagland, K. E., 1986, Genetic variation in seven wood-boring teredinid and pholadid bivalves with different patterns of life history and dispersal, Malacologia 27:323–339.
Hornbach, D. J., McLeod, M. J., and Guttman, S. I., 1980, On the validity of the genus Musculium (Bivalvia: Spaeriidae); electrophoretic evidence, Can. J. Zool. 58:1703–1707.
Hornbach, D. J., McLeod, M. J., Guttman, S. I., and Seilkop, S. K., 1980, Genetic and morphological variation in the freshwater clam Sphaerium (Bilvalvia: Sphaeriidae), J. Molluscan. Stud. 46:158–170.
Howard, D. J., 1982, Speciation and coexistence in a group of closely related ground crickets, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Howard, D. J., 1983, Electrophoretic survey of eastern North American Allonemobius (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): Evolutionary relationships and the discovery of three new species, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76:1014–1021.
Howard, J. H., and Wallace, R. L., 1981, Microgeographical variation of electrophoretic loci in populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum columbionum, Copeia 1981:466–471.
Howard, J. H., Wallace, R. L., and Larsen, J. M., 1983, Genetic variation and population divergence in the touch mountain salamander, (Plethodon lovselli), Herpetologica 29:41–47.
Jacobs, J. F., 1987, A preliminary investigation of geographic genetic variation and systematics of the two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata (green), Herpetologica 43:423–446.
Johnson, G. L., and Packard, R. L., 1974, Electrophoretic analysis of Peromyscus comanche, Blair, with comments on its systematic status, Occ. Pap. Mus. Tex. Tech. Univ. 24:1–16.
Johnson, M. S., 1975, Biochemical systematics of the atherinid genus Menidia, Copeia 1975:662–691.
Johnson, M. S., Murray, J., and Clarke, B. C., 1986, An electrophoretic analysis of phylogeny and evolutionary rates in the genus Partula from the Society Islands (French Polynesia), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 227:161–177.
Johnson, M. S., Murray, J., and Clarke, B. C., 1986, Allozyme similarities among species of Partula on Moorea (French Polynesia), Heredity 56:319–328.
Johnson, N. K., and Zink, R. M., 1983, Speciation in sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus). I: Genetic differentiation, Auk 100:871–884.
Johnson, W. E., and Selander, R. K., 1971, Protein variation and systematics in kangaroo rats (genus Dipodomys), Syst. Zool. 20:377–405.
Johnson, W. E., Selander, R. K., Smith, M. H., and Kim, Y. J., 1972, Biochemical genetics of sibling species of the cotton rat (Sigmodon), Stud. Genet. VII Univ. Tex. Pub. 7213:297–305.
Johnston, P. G., Potter, I. C., and Robinson, E. S., 1987, Electrophoretic analysis of populations of the southern hemisphere lampreys Geotria australis and Mordacia mordax, Genetica 74:113–117.
Kalezic, M. L., and Tucic, N., 1984, Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Triturus vulgaris (Urodela, Salamandridae), Evolution 38:389–401.
Karlin, A. A., and Guttman, S. I., 1986, Systematics and geographic isozyme variation in the plethodontid salamander Desmognathus fuscus (Rafinesque), Herpetologica 42:282–301.
Kartavtsev, Y. P., and Mamontov, A. M., 1983, Electrophoretic study of protein variability and similarity of Coregonus autumnalis, two forms of whitefish (Coregonidae) and greyling (Thymallidae) from the Baikal Lake, Genetika 19:1895–1902.
Kartavtsev, Y. F., Gulbukovskii, M. K., and Chereshnev, I. A., 1983, Genetic differentiation and the level of variability of two sympatric chan species (Salvelinus: Salmonidae) from Chukat National Okrug (USSR), Genetika 19:584–593.
Kawamoto, Y., and Ischak, T. M., 1981, Genetic differentiation of the Indonesian crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis): I. Preliminary report on blood protein, Primates 22:237–252.
Kawamoto, Y., Shotake, T., and Nozawa, K., 1982, Genetic differentiation among three genera of the family Cercopithecidae, Primates 23:272–286.
Kijima, A., Moni, K., and Fujio, Y., 1984, Population differences in gene frequency of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis on the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido (Japan), Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50:241–248.
Kijima, A., Taniguchi, N., Makino, H., and Ochai, A., 1985, Degree of genetic divergence and breeding structure in jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicas, Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Inst. Kochi Univ. 1985:49–60.
Kijima, A., Taniguchi, N., and Ochiai, A., 1986, Genetic divergence and morphological difference between the spotted mackerel and the common mackerel, Jpn. J. Ichythol. 33:151–161.
Kilpatrick, C. W., 1984, Molecular evolution of the Texas mouse, Peromyscus attwateri, in: Festschrift for Walter W Dalquest in Honour of his 65th Birthday (N. V. Homer, ed.), Department of Biology, Midwestern State University, Witchita Falls, Texas, pp. 87–96.
Kilpatrick, C. W., and Crowell, K. L., 1985, Genic variation of the rock vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, J. Mammal. 66:94–101.
Kilpatrick, C. W., and Zimmerman, E. G., 1975, Genetic variation and systematics of four species of mice of the Peromyscus boylii species group, Syst. Zool. 24:143–162.
Kilpatrick, C. W., and Zimmerman, E. G., 1976, Biochemical variation and systematics of Peromyscus pectoralis, J. Mammal. 57:506–522.
Kim, Y. J., Gorman, G. C., Papenfuss, T., and Roychoudhury, A. K., 1976, Genetic relationships and genetic variation in the amphisbaenian genus Bipes, Copeia 1976:120–124.
Kimura, M., and Yamamoto, S., 1982, Protein polymorphism in a feral population of the pigeon Columba livia domestica, Anim. Blood Groups Biochem. Genet. 13:299–304.
Kimura, M., Oniwa, K., and Shinichi, I., 1984, Protein polymorphism in two populations of the wild quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, Anim. Blood Groups Biochem. Genet. 15:13–22.
King, M.-C., and Wilson, A. C., 1975, Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees, Science 188:107–116.
Kirkpatrick, M., and Selander, R. K., 1979, Genetics of speciation in lake white fishes in the Allegash Basin, Evolution 33:478–485.
Knight, A. J., Hughes, R. N., and Ward, R. D., 1987, A striking example of the founder effect in the mollusc Littorina saxatilis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 32:417–426.
Kornfield, I. L., Ritte, V., Richler, C., and Wahrman, S., 1979, Biochemical and cytological differentiation among cichlid fishes of the Sea of Galilee, Evolution 33:1–14.
Kornfield, I. L., Beland, K. F., Moring, J. R., and Kircheis, F. W., 1981, Genetic similarity among endemic Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), and implications for their management, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:32–39.
Kovacic, D. A., and Guttman, S. I., 1979, Electrophoretic comparison of genetic variability between eastern and western populations of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), Am. Midl. Nat. 101:269–277.
Krepp, S. R., and Smith, M. H., 1974, Genic heterozygosity in the 13-year cicada, Magicicada, Evolution 28:396–401.
Kuhl, S., and Schneppenheim, R., 1986, Electrophoretic investigation of genetic variation in two krill species Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias (Euphaisiidae), Polar Biol. 6:17–23.
Lambert, D. M., 1983, A population genetic study of the African mosquito Anopheles marshallii (Theobold), Evolution 37:484–495.
Larson, A., 1980, Paedomorphosis in relation to rates of morphological and molecular evolution in the salamander Aneides flavipunctatus (Amphibia, Plethodontidae), Evolution 34:1–17.
Larson, A., 1983, A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the origins of a lowland tropical salamander fauna: I. Phylogenetic influences from protein comparisons, Herpetologica 39:85–99.
Larson, A., and Highton, R., 1978, Geographic protein variation and divergence in the salamanders of the Plethodon welleri group (Amphibia, Plethodontidae), Syst. Zool. 27:431–448.
Lawson, R., and Dessauer, H. C., 1979, Biochemical genetics and systematics: Garter snakes of the Thamnophis elegans, Thamnophis couchii and Thamnophis ordinoides complex, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana 56:1–24.
Leary, R., and Booke, H. E., 1982, Genetic stock analysis of yellow perch from Green Bay and Lake Michigan, U.S.A., Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111:52–57.
Lees, J. H., and Ward, R. D., 1987, Genetic variation and biochemical systematics of British Nemouridae, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 15:117–125.
Lemus, L. G. L., 1988, Biochemical systematic analysis of evolutionary relationships of groupers from the Gulf of California, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 16:79–87.
Levenson, H., Hoffmann, R. S., Nadler, C. S., Deutsch, L., and Freeman, S. D., 1985, Systematics of the holarctic chipmunks (Tamias), J. Mammal. 66:219–242.
Liebherr, J. K., 1986, Comparison of genetic variation in two carabid beetles (Coleoptera) of differing vagility, Ann. Entomol. Soc. 79:424–433.
Loudenslager, E. J., and Gall, G. A. E., 1980, Geographic patterns of protein variation and subspeciation in cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, Syst. Zool. 29:27–42.
Loudenslager, E. J., Rinne, J. N., Gall, G. A. E., and David, R. E., 1986, Biochemical genetic studies of native Arizona and New Mexico trout, Southwest. Nat. 31:221–234.
Lynch, J. F., Yang, S. Y., and Papenfuss, T. J., 1977, Studies of neotropical salamanders of the genus Pseudoeurycea. 1: Systematic status of Pseudoeurycea unguidentis, Herpetologica 33:46–52.
Lynch, J. F., Wake, D. B., and Yang, S. H., 1983, Genic and morphological differentiation in Mexican Pseudoeurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) with a description of a new species, Copeia 1983:884–894.
Magnusson, K. P., and Ferguson, M. M., 1987, Genetic analysis of four sympatric morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, from Thingvallavatn, Iceland, Environ. Biol. Fishes 20:67–73.
Manlove, M. N., Baccus, R., Pelton, M. R., Smith, M. H., and Grabster, D., 1978, Biochemical variation in the black bear, in: Bears—Their Biology and Management (C. J. Montuika and K. L. McArthur, eds.), pp. 37–41, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Marten, J. A., and Johnson, N. K., 1986, Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches, Condor 88:409–420.
Mascarello, J. T., 1978, Chromosomal, biochemical, mensural, penile and cranial variation in desert woodrats (Neotoma lepida), J. Mammal. 59:477–495.
Matthews, T. C., 1975, Biochemical polymorphism in populations of the Argentine toad, Bufo arenarum, Copeia 1975:454–465.
Matthews, T. C., and Craig, G. B., 1980, Genetic heterozygosity in natural populations of the tree-hole mosquito Aedes triseriatus, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 73:739–743.
Matthews, T. C., and Munstermann, L. E., 1983, Genetic diversity and differentiation in northern populations of the tree-hole mosquito Aedes hendersoni (Diptera: Culicidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76:1005–1010.
Mayer, Von, W., 1981, Electrophoretic investigations on European species of the genus Lacerta and Podarcis. III. Podarcis tiliguerta—Species or subspecies?, Zool. Anz. 207:151–157.
Mayer, W., and Tiedemann, F., 1981, Electrophoretic investigations on European species of the genus Lacerta and Podarcis. II. To the systematic status of the lizards of the island Piperi (N. Sporades, Greece), Zool. Anz. 207:143–150.
McCleod, M. J., Wynes, D. L., and Guttman, S. I., 1980, Lack of biochemical evidence for hybridization between two species of darters, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 67B:323–325.
McKaye, K. R., Kocher, T., Reinthal, P., and Kornfield, I., 1982, A sympatric sibling species complex of Petrotilapia trewavas from Lake Malawi analysed by enzyme electrophoresis (Pisces: Cichlidae), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 76:91–96.
McKinney, C. O., Selander, R. K., Johnson, W. E., and Yang, A. S., 1972, Genetic variation in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, Stud. Genet. VII Univ. Tex. Pub. 7213:307–318.
Medwaldt, W. T., and Jenkins, S. H., 1986, Genetic variation of woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on montane habitat islands in the Great Basin, Great Basin Nat. 46:577–580.
Melnick, D. J., Jolly, C. J., and Kidd, K. K., 1986, Genetics of a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): II. The Dunga Gali population in a species-wide perspective, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 71:129–140.
Meredith, M., Meredith, A., and Sin, F. Y. T., 1988, Genetic variation of four populations of the Little Blue Penguin, Eudyptula minor, Heredity 60:69–76.
Merrit, R. B., Rogers, J. F., and Kurz, B. J., 1978, Genic variability in the longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae, Evolution 32:116–124.
Millet, M. C., Britton-Davidison, J., and Orsini, P., 1982, Comparative biochemical genetics of Macrotus cabrerae and three other species of Mediterranean Arvicolidae, Mammalia 46:381–388.
Miyamoto, M. M., Hayes, M. P., and Tennant, M. R., 1986, Biochemical and morphological variation in Floridian populations of the bark anole (Anolis distichus), Copeia 1986:76–86.
Morafka, D. J., and Adest, G. A., 1984, Biochemical, behavioral and body size differences between Rana aurora aurora and R. a. draytoni, Copeia 1984:1018–1022.
Moran, C., Wilkinson, P., and Shaw, D. D., 1980, Allozyme variation across a narrow hybrid zone in the grasshopper, Caledia captiva, Heredity 44:69–81.
Morgan, R. P., Block, S. B., Vlanowicz, N. I., and Buys, C., 1978, Genetic variation in the soft-shelled clam Mya arenaria, Estuaries 1:255–258.
Mork, J., and Fris-Sorensen, E., 1983, Genetic varaition in capelin Mallotus villosus from Norwegian waters, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12:199–206.
Mulley, J. C., and Latter, B. D. H.. 1980, Genetic variation and evolutionary relationships within a group of thirteen species of Penaeid prawns, Evolution 34:904–916.
Murphy, R. W., Cooper, W. E., Jr., and Richardson, W. S., 1983, Phylogenetic relationships of the North America five lined skinks, genus Eumeces (Sauria:lguanidae), Herpetologica 39:200–211.
Murphy, R. W., McCollum, F. C., Gorman, G. C., and Thomas, R., 1984, Genetics of hybridizing populations of Puerto Rican Sphaenodactylis, J. Herpetol. 18:93–105.
Nascetti, G., Paggi, L., Orecchia, P., Smith, J. W., Mattiucci, S., and Bullini, L., 1986, Electrophoretic studies on the Anisakis simplex complex (Ascaridida: Anisakidae) from the Mediterranean and North Atlantic, Int. J. Parasitol. 16:633–640.
Nemeth, S. T., and Tracey, L. T., 1979, Allozyme variability and relatedness in six crayfish species, J. Hered. 70:37–43.
Nevo, E., 1981, Genetic variation and climatic selection in the lizard Agama stellio in Israel and Sinai, Theor. Appl. Genet. 60:369–380.
Nevo, E., and Shaw, C. R., 1972, Genetic variation in a subterranean mammal, Spalax ehrenbergi, Biochem. Genet. 7:235–241.
Nevo, E., and Yang, S. Y., 1979, Genetic diversity and climatic determinants of tree frogs in Israel, Oecologia 41:47–63.
Nevo, E., and Yang, S. Y., 1982, Genetic diversity and ecological relationships of marsh frog populations in Israel, Theor. Appl. Genet. 63:317–330.
Nevo, E., Kim, Y. S., Shaw, C. R., and Thaeler, Jr., C. S., 1974, Genetic variation, selection and speciation in Thomomys talpoides pocket gophers, Evolution 28:1–23.
Nevo, E., Dessauer, H. C., and Chuang, K. C., 1975, Genetic variation as a test of natural selection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:2145–2149.
Nevo, E., Bar-El, C., Bar, Z., and Beiles, A., 1981, Genetic structure and climatic correlates of desert landsnails, Oecologia 48:199–208.
Nicklas, N. L., and Hoffmann, R. J., 1979, Genetic similarity between two morphologically similar species of Polychaetes, Mar. Biol. 52:53–59.
Nottebohm, F., and Selander, R. K., 1972, Vocal dialects and gene frequencies in the chingolo sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis), Condor 74:137–143.
Nozawa, K., Shotake, T., Ohkura, Y., and Tanabe, Y., 1977, Genetic variation within and between species of Asian macaques, Jpn. J. Genet. 52:15–30.
O’Brien, S. J., Martenson, J. S., Packer, C., Herbst, L., de Vos, V., Joslin, P., Ott-Joslin, J., Wildt, D. E., and Bush, M., 1987, Biochemical genetic variation in geographical isolates of African and Asiatic lions, Natl. Geogr. Res. 3:114–124.
Okazaki, T., 1982, Genetic study on population structure in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. 19:25–116.
Oniwa, K., and Kimura, M., 1986, Genetic variability and relationships in six snail species of the genus Semisulcospira, Jpn. J. Genet. 61:503–514.
Pashley, D. P., 1983, Biosystematic study in Tontricidae (Lepidoptera) with a note on evolutionary rates of allozymes, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76:139–148.
Pashley, D. P., and Johnson, S. J., 1986, Genetic population structure of migratory moths: The velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:26–30.
Pashley, D. P., Johnson, S. J., and Sparks, A. N., 1985, Genetic population structure of migrating moths: The fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78:756–762.
Patton, J. C., and Avise, J. C., 1985, Evolutionary genetics of birds: IV. Rates of protein divergence in waterfowl (Anatidae), Genetica 68:129–144.
Patton, J. L., Selander, R. K., and Smith, M. H., 1972, Genic variation in hybridizing populations of gophers (genus Thomomys), Syst. Zool. 21:263–270.
Patton, J. L., Yang, S. Y., and Myers, P., 1975, Genetic and morphological divergence among introduced rat populations (Rattus rattus) of the Galapagos archipelago, Ecuador, Syst. Zool. 24:296–310.
Patton, J. L., Macarthur, M., and Yang, S. Y., 1976, Systematic relationships of the four-toed populations of Dipodomys heermanni, J. Mammal. 59:159–163.
Patton, J. L., Sherwood, S. W., and Yang, S. Y., 1981, Biochemical systematics of chaetodipine pocket mice, genus Perognathus, J. Mammal. 62:477–492.
Pemberton, J. M., and Smith, R. H., 1986, Lack of biochemical polymorphism in British fallow deer, Heredity 55:199–204.
Philipp, D. P., Childers, W. F., and Whitt, G. S., 1982, Biochemical Genetics of Large Mouth Bass, Final Report, Research project 1063–1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California.
Picariello, O., and Scillitani, G., 1988, Genetic distances between the populations of Cyrtodactylus kotschyi (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Apulia and Greece, Amphibia-Reptilia 9:245–250.
Pope, M., and Highton, R., 1980, Geographic genetic variation in the Sacramento mountain salamander (Aneides hardii), J. Herpetol. 14:343–346.
Prakash, S., 1977, Genetic divergence in closely related sibling species Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila persimilis, and Drosophila miranda, Evolution 31:14–23.
Present, T. M. C., 1987, Genetic differentiation of disjunct Gulf of California and Pacific outer coast populations of Hypsoblennius jenkinsi, Copeia 1987:1010–1024.
Rafinski, J., and Arntzen, J. W., 1987, Biochemical systematics of the Old World newts, genus Triturus: Allozyme data, Herpetologica 43:446–457.
Ramsey, P. R., and Wakeman, J. M., 1987, Population structure of Sciaenops ocellatus and Cynoscion nebulosus (Pisces: Sciaenidae): Biochemical variation, genetic subdivision and dispersal, Copeia 1987:682–695.
Ramsey, P. R., Avise, J. C., Smith, M. H., and Urbston, D. F., 1979, Biochemical variation and genetic heterogeneity in South Carolina deer populations, J. Wildl. Manage. 43:136–142.
Renaud, C. B., Speers, L. J., Qadri, S. V., and McAllister, D. Z., 1986, Biochemical evidence of speciation in the cod genus Gadus, Can. J. Zool. 64:1563–1566.
Rennert, P. D., and Kilpatrick, C. W., 1987, Biochemical systematics of Peromyscus boylii. II. Chromosomally variable populations from eastern and southern Mexico, J. Mammal. 68:799–811.
Rice, M. C., Gardner, M. B., and O’Brien, S. J., 1980, Genetic diversity in leukemia-prone feral house mice infected with murine leukemia virus, Biochem. Genet. 18:915–928.
Richardson, B. J., Rogers, P. M., and Hewitt, G. M., 1980, Ecological genetics of the wild rabbit, north Australia. II. Protein variation in British, French and Australian rabbits and the geographical distribution of the variation in Australia, Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 33:371–383.
Ritte, V.. and Pashtan, A., 1982, Extreme levels of genetic variability in two Red Sea Cerithium species (Gastropoda: Cerithidae), Evolution 36:403–407.
Roed, K. H., 1986, Genetic variability in Norwegian wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), Hereditas 104:293–298.
Ryman, N., Reuterwall, C., Nygren, K., and Nygren, T., 1980, Genetic variation and differentiation in Scandinavian moose (Alves alces): Are large mammals monomorphic?, Evolution 34:1039–1049.
Saavedra, C., Zapata, C., Guerra, A., and Alvarez, G., 1987, Genetic structure of populations of Flat oyster (Ostrea edulis [Linneo, 1758]) from the NW of the Iberian penninsula, Invest. Pesq. 51:225–241.
Sage, R. D., and Selander, R. K., 1975, Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 72:4669–4673.
Sakaizumi, M., 1986, Genetic divergence in wild populations of medaka, Oryzias latipes (Pisces: Oryziatidae) from Japan and China, Genetica 69:119–125.
Salini, J., and Shaklee, J. B., 1988, Genetic structure of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) stocks from Northern Australia, Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 39:317–329.
Saura, A., Halkka, O., and Lokki, J., 1973, Enzyme gene heterozygosity in small island populations of Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Homoptera), Genetica 44:459–473.
Sbordoni, J., Allegrucci, G., Caccone, A., Cesaroni, D., Sbordoni, M. C., and De Matthaeis, E., 1981, Genetic variability and divergence in cave populations of Troglophilus cavicola and Troglophilus andreinii (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae), Evolution 35:226–233.
Sbordoni, S., Allegrucci, G., Cesaroni, D., Sbordoni, M. C., and De Matthaeis, E., 1985, Genetic structure of populations and species of Dolichopoda cave crickets: Evidence of peripatric divergence, Boll. Zool. 52:139–156.
Schmitt, L. H., 1975, Genetic variation in isolated populations of the Australian bush rat, Rattus fuscipes, Evolution 32:1–14.
Schneppenheim, R., and MacDonald, C. M., 1984, Genetic variation and population structure of krill (Euphasia superba) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters off the Antarctic peninsula, Polar Biol. 3:19–28.
Scribner, K. T., and Warren, R. J., 1986, Electrophoretic and morphological comparisons of Sylvilagus floridanus and Sylvilagus audubonii in Texas, Southwest. Natl. 31:65–71.
Seeb, L. W., and Gunderson, D. R., 1988, Genetic variation and population structure of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus), Can. J. Fish. Aquas. Sci. 45:78–88.
Seeb, J. E., Seeb, L. W., Oates, D. W., and Utter, F. M., 1987, Genetic variation and postglacial dispersal of populations of northern pike (Esox lucius) in North America, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:556–561.
Seidel, M. E., Reynolds, S. L., and Lucchino, R. V., 1981, Phylogenetic relationships among musk turtles (genus Sternotherus), and genic variation in Sternotherus odoratus, Herpetologica 37:161–165.
Selander, R. K., Hunt, W. G., and Yang, S. Y., 1969, Protein polymorphism and genic heterozygosity in two European subspecies of the house mouse, Evolution 23:379–390.
Selander, R. K., Yang, S. Y., Lewontin, R. C., and Johnson, W. E., 1970, Genetic variation in the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus); a phylogenetic “relic”, Evolution 24:402–414.
Selander, R. K., Smith, M. H., Yang, S. Y., Johnson, W. E., and Gentry, J. B., 1971, Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. 1. Variation in the old-field mouse (Peromyscus polionotus), Stud. Genet. VI Univ. Tex. Tech. Pub. 7103:49–90.
Sene, F. M., and Carson, H. L., 1977, Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. IV. Allozymic similarity between Drosophila silvestris and Drosophila heteroneura from the islands of Hawaii, Genetics 86:187–198.
Shaffer, H. B., 1983, Biosystematics of Ambystoma rosaceum and Ambystoma tigrinum in north-west Mexico, Copeia 1983:67–78.
Shaklee, J. B., and Tamuru, C. S., 1981, Biochemical and morphological evolution of Hawaiian bonefishes (Albula), Syst. Zool. 30:125–146.
Shotake, T., 1981, Population genetic study of natural hybridization between Papio anubis and Papio hamadryas, Primates 22:285–308.
Siegismund, H. P., Simonsen, V., and Kolding, S., 1985, Genetic studies of Gammarus. I. Genetic differentiation of local populations, Hereditas 102:1–13.
Siebenaller, J. F., 1978, Genetic variability in deep-sea fishes of the genus Sebastolobus (Scorpaenidae), in: Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology and Evolution (B. Battaglia and J. A. Beardmore, eds.), pp. 95–122, Plenum Press, New York.
Simonsen, V., 1982, Electrophoretic variation in large mammals. II. The red fox, Vulpes vulpes, the stoat, Mustela erminea, the weasel, Mustela nivalis, the pole cat, Mustela putorius, the pine marten, Martes martes, the beech marten, Martes foina, and the badger, Meles meles, Hereditas 96:299–305.
Sin, F. Y. T., and Jones, M. B., 1983, Enzyme variation in marine and estuarine populations of a mud crab Macrophthalamus hurtipes (Geypodidae), N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 17:367–372.
Singh, R. S., Choudhary, M., and David, J. R., 1987, Contrasting patterns of geographic variation in the cosmopolitan sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans, Biochem. Genet. 25:27–40.
Sites, J. W.. Jr., and Greenbaum, I. F., 1983, Chromosome evolution in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus grammicus: II. Allozyme variation, Evolution 37:54–65.
Skadsheim, A., and Siegismund, H. R., 1986, Genetic relationships among North-Western European Gammaridiae (Amphipoda), Crustaceana 51:163–175.
Sluss, T. P., Sluss, E. S., Graham, H. M., and Dubois, M., 1978, Allozyme differences between Heliothis virescens and Heliothis zea, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32:191–195.
Sluss, T. P., Graham, H. M., and Sluss, E. S., 1982, Morphometric, allozymic and hybridization comparisons of four Lygus species. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 75:448–456.
Smith, A. M. A., 1983, The subspecific biochemical taxonomy of Autechinus minimus, Autechinus swainsonii and Sminthopsis leucopus (Marsupials: Dosyuvidae), Aust. J. Zool. 32:753–762.
Smith, J. K., and Zimmerman, E. G., 1976, Biochemical genetics and evolution of North American blackbirds, (family Icteridae), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 53B:319–324.
Smith, M. F., 1979, Geographic variation in genic and morphological characters in Peromyscus californicus, J. Mammal. 60:705–722.
Smith, M. F., and Patton, J. L., 1980, Relationships of pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) populations of the lower Colorado river, J. Mammal. 61:681–696.
Smith, M. H., Selander, R. K., and Johnson, W. E., 1973, Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. III Variation in the Florida deer mouse (Peromyscus floridanus), a Pleistocene relict, J. Mammal. 54:1–13.
Smith, M. H., Britton, J., Burke, P., Chesser, R. K., Smith, M. W., and Hagen, J., 1979, Genetic variation in Corbicula, an invading species, in: Proceedings First International Corbicula Symposium. Texas Christian University, pp. 243–248.
Smith, P. J., 1986, Genetic similarity between samples of the orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus from the Tasman Sea, southwest Pacific Ocean and northeast Pacific Ocean, Mar. Biol. 91:173–180.
Smith, P. J., Francis, R. I. C. C., and Paul, L. J., 1978, Genetic variation and population structure in the New Zealand snapper, N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 12:343–350.
Smith, P. J., McKoy, J. L., and Machin, P. J., 1980, Genetic variation in the rock lobsters Jasus edwardsii and Jasus novaehollandiae, N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 14:55–63.
Smith, P. J., Wood, B. A., and Benson, P. G., 1980, Electrophoretic and meristic separation of blue maomao (Scorpis violaceus) and sweep (Scorpis aequipinnis), N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 13:549–551.
Steiner, W. W., Kitzmiller, J. B., and Osterbur, D. L., 1980, Gene differentiation in chromosome races of Anopheles nuneztovari, Mosq. Syst. 12:306–319.
Stock, M. W., and Castroville, P. J., 1981, Genetic relationships among representative populations of five Choristoneura species, C. occidentalis, C. retiniana, C. biennis, C. lambertiana, and C. fiumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Can. Entomol. 113:857–865.
Stoneking, M., Wagner, D. J., and Hildebrand, A. C., 1981, Genetic evidence suggesting subspecific differences between northern and southern populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Copeia 1981:810–819.
Straney, D. O., O’Farrell, M. J., and Smith, H., 1976, Biochemical genetics of Mvotis californicus and Pipistrellus hesperus from southern Nevada, Mammalia 40:344–347.
Sullivan, R. M., 1985, Phyletic, biogeographic and ecologic relationships among montane populations of least chipmunks (Eutamias minimus) in the southwest (U.S.A.), Syst. Zool. 34:419–448.
Sumantadinata, K., and Taniguchi, N., 1982, Biochemical genetic variations in Black Sea bream, Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48:143–150.
Sweeney, B. W., Funk, D. H., and Vanotte, R. L., 1986, Population genetic structure of two mayflies (Ephemerella subvaria, Eurylophella verisimilis) in the Delaware river drainage basin, J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 5:253–262.
Taniguchi, N., Seki, S., and Inada, Y., 1983, Genic variability and differentiation of amphidromous, landlocked and hatchery populations of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49:1655–1663.
Taylor, C. E., and Gorman, G. C., 1975, Population genetics of a “colonizing” lizard: Natural selection for allozyme morphs in Anolis grahami, Heredity 35:241–247.
Thompson, P., and Sites, J. W., 1986, Comparison of population structure in chromosomally polytypic and monotypic species of Sceloporus (Saura; Iguanidae) in relation to chromosomally-mediated speciation, Evolution 40:303–314.
Tilley, S. G., and Schwerdtfeger, P. M., 1981, Electrophoretic variation in Appalachian populations of the Desmognathus fuscus complex (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), Copeia 1981:109–119.
Tolliver, D. K., Choate, J. R., Kaufman, D. W., and Kaufman, G. A., 1986, Microgeographic variation of morphometric and electrophoretic characters in Peromyscus leucopus, Am. Midl. Nat. 117:420–427.
Tracey, M. L., Nelson, K., Hedgecock, D., Shlesser, R. A., and Pressick, M. L., 1975, Biochemical genetics of lobsters: Genetic variation and the structure of American lobster (Homarus americanus) populations, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:2091–2107.
Turner, K., and Lyerla, T. M., 1980, Electrophoretic variation in sympatric mud crabs from North Inlet, South Carolina, U.S.A., Biol. Bull. 159:418–427.
Van Wagner, C. E., and Baker, A. J., 1986, Genetic differentiation in populations of Canada geese (Branca canadensis), Can. J. Zool. 64:940–947.
Verheyen, E., van Rompaey, J., and Selens, M., 1985, Enzyme variation in haplochromine cichlid fishes from Lake Victoria (Central Africa), Neth. J. Zool. 35:469–478.
Vuorinen, J., Himberg, M. K. J., and Lankinen, P., 1981, Genetic differentiation in Coregonus albula (L.) (Salmonidae), Hereditas 94:113–122.
Wake, D. B., and Yanev, K. P., 1986, Geographic variation in allozymes in a “ring species”, the plethodontid salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii of western North America, Evolution 40:702–715.
Wake, D. B., Maxson, L. R., and Wurst, G. F., 1978, Genetic differentiation, albumin evolution, and their biogeographic implications in plethodontid salamanders of California and southern Europe, Evolution 32:529–539.
Ward, R., Rutledge, C. J., and Zimmerman, E. G., 1987, Genetic variation and population subdivision in the cricket frog Acris crepitans, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 15:377–384.
Ward, R. D., and Beardmore, J. A., 1977, Protein variation in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., Genet. Res. 30:45–62.
Ward, R. D., and Galleguillos, R. A., 1978, Protein variation in the plaice, dab and flounder and their genetic relationships, in: Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology and Evolution (B. Battaglia and J. A. Beardmore, eds.), pp. 71–94, Plenum Press, New York.
Ward, R. D., and Warwick, T., 1980, Genetic differentiation in the molluscan species Littorina rudis and Littorina arcana (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae), Biol. J Linn. Soc. 14:417–428.
Webster, T. P., 1975, An electrophoretic characterization of the hispaniolan lizards.4 nolis cybotes and Anolis marcanoi, Breviora 431:1–8.
Webster, T. P., Selander, R. K., and Yang, S. Y., 1972, Genetic variability and similarity in the Anolis lizards of Bimini, Evolution 26:523–535.
Wilson, R. R., Jr., and Waples, R. S., 1984, Electrophoresis and biometric variability in the abyssal grenadier Coryphaenoides armatus of the western north Atlantic, eastern south Pacific and eastern north Pacific oceans, Mar. Biol. 80:227–238.
Winans, G. A., 1980, Geographic variation in the milkfish, Chanos chanos: I. Biochemical evidence, Evolution 34:558–574.
Woodruff, D. S., McMeekin, L. L., Mulvey, M., and Carpenter, M. P., 1986, Population genetics of Crepidula onyx: Variation in a Californian slipper snail recently established in China, Veliger 29:53–63.
Wright, J., Tennant, B. C., and May, B., 1987, Genetic variation between woodchuck populations with high and low prevalence rates of woodchuck hepatitus virus infection, J. Wildl. Dis. 23:186–191.
Yanev, K. P., and Wake, D. B., 1981, Genic differentiation in a relict desert salamander, Batrachoseps campi, Merpetologica 37:16–28.
Yang, S. Y., and Patton, J. L., 1981, Genic variability and differentiation in the Galapagos finches, Auk 98:230–242.
Yang, S. Y., Wheeler, L. L., and Bock, I. R., 1972, Isozyme variations and phylogenetic relationships in the Drosophila bipectinata species complex, Stud. Genet. VII Univ. Tex. Pub. 7213:213–227.
Yang, S. Y., Soulé, M., and Gorman, C., 1974, Anolis lizards of the eastern Carribean: A case study in evolution. I. Genetic relationships, phylogeny, and colonization sequence of the roquet group, Syst. Zool. 23:387–399.
Yates, T. L., and Greenbaum, I. F., 1982, Biochemical systematics of North American moles (Insectivora: Talipidae), J. Mammal. 63:368–374.
Zera, A. J., 1981, Genetic structure of two species of water-striders (Gerridae; Hemiptera) with differing degrees of winglessness, Evolution 35:218–225.
Zimmerman, E. G., and Nejtek, M. E., 1977, Genetics and speciation of three semispecies of Neotoma, J. Mammal. 58:391–402.
Zimmerman, E. G., and Wooten, M. C., 1981, Allozymic variation and natural hybridization in sculpins, Cottus confitsus and Cottus cognatus, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 9:341–346.
Zink, R. M., 1982, Patterns of genic and morphologic variation among sparrows in the genera Zonotrichia, Nelospiza, Juneo and Passerella, Auk 99:632–649.
Zink, R. M., and Johnson, N., 1984, Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers: I. Sibling species in the genera Empidonax and Contopus, Syst. Zool. 33:205–316.
Zink, R. M., and Winkler, D. W., 1983, Genic and morphological similarity of two Californian gull (Larus californicus) populations with different life-history traits, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 11:397–404.
Zink, R. M., Lott, D. F., and Anderson, D. W., 1987, Genetic variation, population structure, and evolution of California quail, Condor 89:395–405.
Zouros, E., 1973, Genic differentiation associated with early stages of speciation in the mulleri subgroup of Drosophila, Evolution 27:601–621.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ward, R.D., Skibinski, D.O.F., Woodwark, M. (1992). Protein Heterozygosity, Protein Structure, and Taxonomic Differentiation. In: Hecht, M.K., Wallace, B., Macintyre, R.J. (eds) Evolutionary Biology. Evolutionary Biology, vol 26. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3336-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3336-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6470-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3336-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive