Resumen
Los biosurfactantes (BS) son un grupo de moléculas de origen microbiano que se caracterizan por ser anfipáticas, es decir que sus moléculas presentan dos partes diferentes, una hidrofóbica y otra hidrofílica. Son un grupo estructuralmente diverso de moléculas tensoactivas, que presentan en general menor toxicidad y mayor biodegradabilidad que los surfactantes sintéticos. Entre las aplicaciones más estudiadas de los BS están aquellas relacionadas con la industria del petróleo y la bioremediación de sitios o residuos contaminados con hidrocarburos. No obstante, los biosurfactantes pueden ser utilizados para otro tipo de compuestos xenobióticos, como es el caso de los plaguicidas. Estos compuestos permiten controlar la proliferación de plagas y enfermedades de los cultivos y del ganado, así como reducir o evitar las pérdidas en la producción de alimentos y contribuir al control de los vectores de diversas enfermedades. No obstante la importancia económica de los plaguicidas, es necesario destacar que su aplicación indiscriminada y sin control ha generado diversos problemas como intoxicación a seres humanos, efectos carcinogénicos, teratogénicos y mutagénicos, además de numerosos problemas ambientales como contaminación de mantos freáticos, aguas continentales y costeras; contaminación del suelo y bioacumulación en las cadenas alimentarias. Generalmente los plaguicidas son de naturaleza hidrofóbica, por lo que el uso de los BS puede ser prometedor en la remediación de sitios contaminados o en el tratamiento biotecnológico de residuos de plaguicidas.
Abstract
Biosurfactants (BS) are a group of microbial molecules that are characterized as amphipathic, meaning that have two distinct parts, one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic. These compounds are a group structurally diverse which generally have lower toxicity and higher biodegradability than synthetic surfactants. Typical applications of BS studied are those related to oil and bioremediation of sites contaminated with hydrocarbons or residues. However, BS can be used for other types of xenobiotics, such as pesticides. These compounds can control the spread of pests and diseases of crops and livestock, as well as reduce or prevent losses in food production and contribute to the control of vectors of various diseases. Despite the economic importance of pesticides, it should be noted that the indiscriminate and uncontrolled application has generated various problems like toxicity to humans, carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects, besides numerous environmental problems such as superficial water, soil and groundwater pollution plus bioaccumulation in food chains. Pesticides are generally hydrophobic in nature; therefore, the use of BS can be promising for the remediation of contaminated sites or biotech treatment of pesticide residues.
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De la Rosa Cruz, N., Sánchez-Salinas, E. & Ortiz-Hernández, y. Erratum to: Biosurfactantes y su papel en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados con plaguicidas. Rev Latinoam Biotecnol Ambient Algal 5, 8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.7603/s40682-014-0008-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.7603/s40682-014-0008-4