Abstract
Alcohol consumption triggers toxic effect to organs and tissues in the human body. The risks are essentially thought to be related to ethanol content in alcoholic beverages. The identification of ethanol in blood samples requires rapid, minimal sample handling, and non-destructive analysis, such as Raman Spectroscopy. This study aims to apply Raman Spectroscopy for identification of ethanol in blood samples. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized to obtain Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) spectra of blood samples. The SERS spectra were used for Partial Least Square (PLS) for determining ethanol quantitatively. To apply PLS method, 920~820 cm−1 band interval was chosen and the spectral changes of the observed concentrations statistically associated with each other. The blood samples were examined according to this model and the quantity of ethanol was determined as that: first a calibration method was established. A strong relationship was observed between known concentration values and the values obtained by PLS method (R2 = 1). Second instead of then, quantities of ethanol in 40 blood samples were predicted according to the calibration method. Quantitative analysis of the ethanol in the blood was done by analyzing the data obtained by Raman spectroscopy and the PLS method.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Change history
26 June 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-024-00245-0
References
Lachenmeier, D.W, Kanteres, F. and Rehm, J. (2014) Alcoholic beverage strength discrimination by taste may have an upper threshold. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 38, 2460–2467.
Rehm, J., Kanteres, F. and Lachenmeier, D.W. (2010) Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences. Drug Alcohol. Rev., 29, 426–436.
Corrao, G., Bagnardi, V., Zambon, A. and Vecchia, C.L. (2004) A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev. Med., 38, 613–619.
Macchia, T., Mancinelli, R., Gentili, S., Lugaresi, E.C, Raponi, A. and Taggi, F. (1995) Ethanol in biological fluids: headspace GC measurement. J. Anal. Toxicol., 19, 241–246.
Dawson, D., Li, T. and Grant, B. (2008) A prospective study of risk drinking: at risk for what? Drug Alcohol. Depend., 95, 62–72.
Das, R.S. and Agrawal, Y.K. (2011) Raman spectroscopy: recent advancements, techniques and applications. Vib. Spectrosc., 57, 163–176.
Triplett, J.S., Hatfield, J.A, Kaeff, T.L., Ramsey, C.R., Robinson, S.D. and Standifer, A.F. (2013) Raman spectroscopy as a simple, rapid, nondestructive screening test for metham-phetamine in clandestine laboratory liquids. J. Forensic Sci., 58, 1607–1614.
Grasselli, J. (1981) Chemical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Virkler, K. and Lednev, I.K. (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Sci. Int., 188, 1–17.
Chalmers, J.M., Edwards, H.G.M. and Hargreaves, M.D. (2012) Infrared and raman spectroscopy in forensic science (1st edition) (Chalmers, J.M., Edwards, H.G.M. and Hargreaves, M.D. Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 6.
Tan, K.S. and Cheong, K.Y. (2013) Advances of Ag, Cu, and Ag-Cu alloy nanoparticles synthesized via chemical reduction route. J. Nanopart. Res., 15, 1537.
Eustis, S. and El-Sayed, M.A. (2006) Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem. Soc. Rev., 35, 209–217.
Sharma, B., Cardinal, M.F., Kleinman, S.L., Greeneltch, N.G., Frontiera, R.R., Blaber, M.G., Schatz, G.C. and Duyne, R.P.V. (2013) High-performance SERS substrates: advances and challenges. MRS Bull., 38, 615–624.
Lee, P.C. and Meisel, D. (1982) Adsorption and surface-enhanced raman of dyes on silver and gold sols. J. Phys. Chem., 86, 3391–3395.
Hopke, P.K. (2003) The evolution of chemometrics. Anal. Chim. Acta, 500, 365–377.
Shah, R.B., Tawakkul, M.A. and Khan, M.A. (2007) Process analytical technology: chemometric analysis of Raman and near infra-red spectroscopic data for predicting physical properties of extended release matrix tablets. J. Pharm. Sci., 96, 1356–1365.
Sikirzhytskaya, A., Sikirzhytski, V., McLaughlin, G. and Lednev, I.K. (2013) Forensic identification of blood in the presence of contaminations using Raman microspectroscopy coupled with advanced statistics: effect of sand, dust, and soil. J. Forensic Sci., 58,1141–1148.
Sikirzhytski, V., Virkler, K. and Lednev, I.K. (2010) Discriminant analysis of Raman spectra for body fluid identification for forensic purposes. Sensors, 10, 2869–2884.
Virkler, K. and Lednev, I.K. (2010) Raman spectroscopic signature of blood and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 396, 525–534.
An, J.H, Shin, K.J, Yang, W.I. and Lee, H.Y. (2012) Body fluid identification in forensics. BMB Rep., 45, 545–553.
Zapata, F., Gregório, I. and García-Ruiz, C. (2015) Body fluids and spectroscopic techniques in forensics: a perfect match? J. Forensic Med., 1, 101.
Hayward, I.P., Kirkbride, T.E., Batchelder, D.N. and Lacey, R.J. (1995) Use of a fiber optic probe for the detection and identification of explosive materials by Raman spectroscopy. J. Forensic Sci., 40, 883–884.
Açıkgöz, G. (2017) Investigation of Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy methods of advantages in forensic medicine applications. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey.
Ryder, A.G., O’Connor, G.M. and Glynn, T.J. (1999) Identifications and quantitative measurements of narcotics in solid mixtures using near-IR Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. J. Forensic Sci., 44, 1013–1019.
Pérez-Ponce, A., Rambla, F.J, Garrigues, J.M, Garrigues, S. and Guardia, M. (1998) Partial least-squares-Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of methanol and ethanol by vapour-phase generation. Analyst, 123, 1253–1258.
Mobili, P., Londero, A., Antoni, G.D. and Gómez-Zavaglia, A. (2010) Multivariate analysis of Raman spectra applied to microbiology: discrimination of microorganisms at the species level. Rev. Mex. Fis., 56, 378–385.
Bankapur, A., Zachariah, E., Chidangil, S., Valiathan, M. and Mathur, D. (2010) Raman tweezers spectroscopy of live, single red and white blood cells. PLoS ONE, 5, e10427.
Park, T.J., Choi, C.W., Oh, H.K., Kim, J.O., Kim, B.K., Kang, H.K., Kwon, E.J., Gweon, E.J., Park, S.J., Kang, H.I., Jung, K.K., Park, S.M., Kim, J.H., Han, K.W. and Jeong, J.Y. (2017) Stability evaluation of national reference standards for blood Products in Korea. Toxicol. Res., 33, 225–231.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Açikgöz, G., Hamamci, B. & Yildiz, A. Determination of Ethanol in Blood Samples Using Partial Least Square Regression Applied to Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Toxicol Res. 34, 127–132 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2018.34.2.127
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2018.34.2.127