Abstract
Recent events are easy to recall, but they also interfere with the recall of more distant, non-recent events. In many computational models, non-recent memories are recalled by using the context associated with those events as a cue. Some models, however, do little to explain how people initially activate non-recent contexts in the service of accurate recall. We addressed this limitation by evaluating two candidate mechanisms within the Context-Maintenance and Retrieval model. The first is a Backward-Walk mechanism that iteratively applies a generate/recognize process to covertly retrieve progressively less recent items. The second is a Post-Encoding Pre-Production Reinstatement (PEPPR) mechanism that formally implements a metacognitive control process that reinstates non-recent contexts prior to retrieval. Models including these mechanisms make divergent predictions about the dynamics of response production and monitoring when recalling non-recent items. Before producing non-recent items, Backward-Walk cues covert retrievals of several recent items, whereas PEPPR cues few, if any, covert retrievals of that sort. We tested these predictions using archival data from a dual-list externalized free recall paradigm that required subjects to report all items that came to mind while recalling from the non-recent list. Simulations showed that only the model including PEPPR accurately predicted covert recall patterns. That same model fit the behavioral data well. These findings suggest that self-initiated context reinstatement plays an important role in recall of non-recent memories and provides a formal model that uses a parsimonious non-hierarchical context representation of how such reinstatement might occur.
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Data Availability
Data and code used in this manuscript are available at https://osf.io/kd9c5/?view_only=711e57606acc46b0a78bcfd5866776e6.
Notes
To avoid using different terminology when discussing list-before-last recall and dual-list recall paradigms, we will refer to the targeted non-recent list as “List 1” and the recent list as “List 2”.
Though, the choice of including an unchanging list context is sometimes described as a convenient but unnecessary simplifying assumption (Lehman and Malmberg , 2009).
We chose to focus only on the younger adult data; developing and testing the model blind to the older adult data. Our hope is that the model we present here can eventually be used to examine cognitive aging by identifying the aspects of the model that would need to change to account for age-related recall differences.
We thank an anonymous reviewer for making this suggestion.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Lynn J. Lohnas for many helpful discussions and Mitchell G. Uitvlugt for help producing the figures.
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This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1848972.
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Healey, M.K., Wahlheim, C.N. PEPPR: A post-encoding pre-production reinstatement model of dual-list free recall. Mem Cogn 52, 163–181 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-023-01453-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-023-01453-z