Abstract
In the present study, we focus on the effect of eDNA on the initial bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and the mature biofilms of 17 different Salmonella serovars. We evaluated the roles of eDNA on the initial microbial adhesion, and found that some of Salmonella serotypes formed significantly more biomass in the presence of DNase I, during the early stages of biofilm formation at 28°C for 24 hours, while same strains were not produce biofilm at 37°C. We suggested that the reason for divesity among biofilm production abilities of different serovars may be due to the variability of gene expression levels at different growth temperatures. It was observed that eDNA had a notable negative effect on the initial attachment of these serovars. 45.8% of all pre-established biofilm samples of serovars were eradicated at high concentrations of DNase I (50 μg/mL). Our study highlights the serotype based role of eDNA in Salmonella strains. This report is one of the few that represents the inhibitive effect of eDNA on biofilm formation of Salmonella strains. Also, this is the fisrt evidence that eDNA has either inhibitive or stimulative effects dependind on the serovars.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Majowicz, S.E., Musto, J., Scallan, E., Angulo, F.J., Kirk, M., O’Brien, S.J., et al., The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis, Clin. Infect. Dis., 2010, vol. 50, pp. 882–889.
Davies, D., Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery, 2003, vol. 2, pp. 114–122.
Hall–Stoodley, L., Costerton, J.W., and Stoodley, P., Bacterial biofilms: From the environment to infectious disease, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 2, pp. 95–108.
Steenackers, H., Hermans, K., Vanderleyden, J., and de Keersmaecker, S.C.J., Salmonella biofilms: An overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication, Food Res. Int., 2012, vol. 45, pp. 502–531.
Costerton, J.W., Stewart, P.S., and Greenberg, E.P., Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections, Science, 1999, vol. 284, pp. 1318–1322.
Donlan, R.M. and Costerdon, J.W., Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2002, vol. 15, pp. 167–193.
Flemming, H.C. and Wingender, J., The biofilm matrix, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 8, pp. 623–633.
Finkel, S.E. and Kolter, R., DNA as a nutrient: Novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs, J. Bacteriol., 2001, vol. 183, pp. 6288–6293.
Spoering, A.L. and Gilmore, M.S., Quorum sensing and DNA release in bacterial biofilms, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 9, pp. 133–137.
Mulcahy, H., Charron–Mazenod, L., and Lewenza, S., Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces an extracellular deoxyribonuclease that is required for utilization of DNA as a nutrient source, Environ. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 12, pp. 1621–1629.
Conover, M.S., Mishra, M., and Deora, R., Extracellular DNA is essential for maintaining Bordetella biofilm integrity on abiotic surfaces and in the upper respiratory tract of mice, PLoS One, 2011, vol. 6, p. e16861.
Whitchurch, C.B., Tolker–Nielsen, T., Ragas, P.C., and Mattick, J.S., Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation, Science, 2002, vol. 295, p. 1487.
Tetz, G.V., Artemenko, N.K., and Tetz, V.V., Effect of DNase and antibiotics on biofilm characteristics, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, vol. 53, pp. 1204–1209.
Manzenreiter, R., Kienberger, F., Marcos, V., Schilcher, K., Krautgartner, W.D., Obermayer, A., et al., Ultrastructural characterization of cystic fibrosis sputum using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, J. Cystic Fibrosis, 2012, vol. 11, pp. 84–92.
Das, T., Sharma, P.K., Busscher, H.J., van der Mei, H.C., and Krom, B.P., Role of extracellular DNA in initial bacterial adhesion and surface aggregation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 76, pp. 3405–3408.
Berne, C., Kysela, D.T., and Brun, Y.V., A bacterial extracellular DNA inhibits settling of motile progeny cells within a biofilm, Mol. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 77, pp. 815–829.
Wang, H., Huang, Y., Wu, S., Li, Y., Ye, Y., Zheng, Y., et al., Extracellular DNA inhibits Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar Typhi biofilm development on abiotic surfaces, Curr. Microbiol., 2014, vol. 68, pp. 262–268.
Tetz, V.V. and Tetz, G.V., Effect of extracellular DNA destruction by DNase I on characteristics of forming biofilms, DNA Cell Biol., 2010, vol. 29, pp. 399–405.
Johnson, L., Horsman, S.R., Charron–Mazenod, L., Turnbull, A.L., Mulcahy, H., Surette, M.G., et al., Extracellular DNA–induced antimicrobial peptide resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, BMC Microbiol., 2013, vol. 13, p. 115.
Mulcahy, H., Charron–Mazenod, L., and Lewenza, S., Extracellular DNA chelates cations and induces antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, PLoS Pathog., 2008, vol. 4, no. 11, p. e1000213.
Römling, U., Sierralta, W.D., Eriksson, K., and Normark, S., Multicellular and aggregative behavior of Salmonella typhimurium strains is controlled by mutations in the agfD promoter, Mol. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 28, pp. 249–264.
Römling, U. and Rohde, M., Flagella modulate the multicellular behavior of Salmonella typhimurium on the community level, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1999, vol. 180, no. 1, pp. 91–102.
Römling, U., Rohde, M., Olsen, A., Normark, S., and Reinköster, J., AgfD, the checkpoint of multicellular and aggregative behavior in Salmonella typhimurium regulates at least two independent pathways, Mol. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 36, pp.10–23.
Stepanovic, S., Cirkovic, I., Ranin, L., and Svabic–Vlahovic, M., Biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes on plastic surface, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 38, pp. 428–432.
Vestby, L.K., Møretrø, T., Langsrud, S., Heir, E., and Nesse, L.L., Biofilm forming abilities of Salmonella are correlated with persistence in fish meal and feed factories, BMC Vet. Res., 2009, vol. 5, p. 20.
Wilson, K., Preparation of genomic DNA from bacteria, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol., 2001. doi 10.1002/0471142727.mb0204s56/abstract
Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W., Standard ethanol precipitation of DNA in microcentrifuge tubes, Cold Spring Harbor Protoc., 2006. doi 10.1101/pdb.prot4456
Lin, A.W., Usera, M.A., Barrett, T.J., and Goldsby, R.A., Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis to differentiate strains of Salmonella enteritidis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1996, vol. 34, pp. 870–876.
Karatan, E. and Watnik, P., Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2009, vol. 73, pp. 310–347.
Lappann, M., Claus, H., van Alen, T., Harmsen, M., Elias, J., Molin, S., et al., A dual role of extracellular DNA during biofilm formation of Neisseria meningitidis, Mol. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 75, pp. 1355–1371.
Böckelmann, U., Janke, A., Kuhn, R., Neu, T.R., Wecke, J., Lawrence, J.R., et al., Bacterial extracellular DNA forming a defined network–like structure, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2006, vol. 262, pp. 31–38.
Shields, R.C., Mokhtar, N., Ford, M., Hall, M.J., Burgess, J.G., ElBadawey, M.R., et al., Efficacy of a marine bacterial nuclease against biofilm forming microorganisms isolated from chronic rhinosinusitis, PLoS One, 2013, vol. 8, p. e55339.
Hall–Stoodley, L. and Stoodley, P., Evolving concepts in biofilm infections, Cell. Microbiol., 2009, vol. 11, pp. 1034–1043.
Vilain, S., Pretorius, J.M., Theron, J., and Brozel, V.S., DNA as an adhesin: Bacillus cereus requires extracellular DNA to form biofilms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, vol. 75, pp. 2861–2868.
Kaplan, J.B., Izano, E.A., Gopal, P., Karwacki, M.T., Kim, S., Bose, J.L., et al., Low levels of beta–lactam antibiotics induce extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus, mBio, 2012, vol. 3, p. e00198–12.
Frederiksen, B., Pressler, T., Hansen, A., Koch, C., and Høiby, N., Effect of aerosolized rhDNase (Pulmozyme ®) on pulmonary colonization in patients with cystic fibrosis, Acta Paediatr., 2006, vol. 95, pp. 1070–1074.
Tabak, M., Scher, K., Hartog, E., Romling, U., Matthews, K.R., Chikindas, M.L., et al., Effect of triclosan on Salmonella typhimurium at different growth stages and in biofilms, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2007, vol. 267, pp. 200–206.
Tabak, M., Scher, K., Chikindas, M.L., and Yaron, S., The synergistic activity of triclosan and ciprofloxacin on biofilms of Salmonella typhimurium, FEMS Microbiol, Lett., 2009, vol. 301, pp. 69–76.
Vestby, L.K., Lönn–Stensrud, J., Møretrø, T., Langsrud, S., Aamdal–Scheie, A., Benneche, T., et al., A synthetic furanone potentiates the effect of disinfectants on Salmonella in biofilm, J. Appl. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 108, pp. 771–778.
White, A.P., Gibson, D.L., Collinson, S.K., Banser, P.A., and Kay, W.W., Extracellular polysaccharides associated with thin aggregative fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, J. Bacteriol., 2003, vol. 185, pp. 5398–5407.
Wu, J. and Xi, C., Evaluation of different methods for extracting extracellular DNA from the biofilm matrix, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, vol. 75, pp. 5390–5395.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
About this article
Cite this article
Özdemir, C., Akçelik, N. & Akçelik, M. The Role of Extracellular DNA in Salmonella Biofilms. Mol. Genet. Microbiol. Virol. 33, 60–71 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3103/S089141681801010X
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S089141681801010X